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1. Economic valuation and characterization of heavy metal contamination in Dal Lake Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Author

Siraj Yousuf Parray, Simranjeet Singh, Bhupendra Koul, Nadeem A. Khan, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, and Joginder Singh

Subjects
Heavy metal, Economic valuation, TCM, CVM, Floating gardens, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Dal Lake, the world-famous tourist attraction has been polluted by allochthonous and autochthonous sources, as a result the heavy metal (HMs) concentrations within the water body has reached the toxic levels which is endangering the lives of the people. A study was carried out during the year 2021 (i) to determine the concentration of HMs (molybdenum: Mo, arsenic: Ar, cadmium: Cd, lead: Pb) at the four designated sites of Dal Lake, and (ii) a public survey (400 persons) involving economic valuation of water body in terms of recreational use and other benefits. The highest values of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) within the Dal Lake were recorded at site A, which were 31 ± 1.10 mg/l and 76 ± 0.64, respectively. Similarly, maximum nitrate nitrogen was found at site A (865 ± 0.86 μg/l). The highest value of Pb was reported (6.828 ± 0.003 ppb) from site A whereas, the lowest from site B (2.492 ± 0.002 ppb). The mean values of Mo concentrations (in ppb) were found to be 2.538 ± 0.002, 1.703 ± 0.003, 3.627 ± 0.004 and 4.787 ± 0.002 at the four sites respectively. The observed values of HMs (in ppb) were much higher than the permissible values (WHO, 2006) and those reported earlier. A huge amount of money (Rs 16,18,66,000/) is being generated from the floating gardens of Dal Lake, calculated by TCM and CVM methods. During the survey, 68 % of people showed a willingness to pay (WTP) for the restoration of the Dal Lake and improved services (mean value: Rs 62,852.20/). Thus, the monitoring and assessment were done to find out how the Dal Lake contributes to the economy of the state by way of its different services and the major attraction for tourists besides the possible reasons for the deterioration of water quality, in order to find a long-lasting solution for the sustainable conservation of Dal Lake.

Published
2024
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2. Contributors

Author

E.A. Adebayo, Sevinc Adiloglu, Rishabh Agrahari, Sakshi Agrawal, S.O. Ajao, Luis H.C. Andrade, Prathmesh Anerao, Gilberto J. Arruda, Sara Julliane Ribeiro Assunção, Sneha Bandyopadhyay, Cácio Luiz Boechat, Marcela Rebouças Bomfim, Marcelo L. Bueno, Adrián Cabo, Anderson R.L. Caires, Claudio Cameselle, Emanuelle Burgos Cardoso, Kaíque Mesquita Cardoso, María Celeste Schierano, Srishti Chakraborty, Archi Chaurasia, Gabriela Cristina Sanchez, Daniel Gomes Coelho, Valéria F.B. da Silva, Moumita Das, Saurav Das, Sohel Das, Suchismita Das, Bidyalaxmi Devi, Chinmayee M. Devi, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Gisela Alfonsina Di Luca, Nawal Kishore Dubey, Sandra Ester Caffaratti, Sarah Farrukh, Deepak Ghimire, Dipita Ghosh, Susana Gouveia, Renato Grillo, Bharat Arjun Gudade, Hernán Ricardo Hadad, Fengxiang X. Han, Anindita Hazarika, Deniz Izlen Cifci, Sadaf Jan, Javaria Kanwal, Kavitha Ramamoorthy, Roshan Kaware, Akshay Kumar Khedikar, Komal Prasad, Fanlong Kong, Bhupendra Koul, Akshay Kumar, Hemant Kumar, Manish Kumar, Santosh Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Vineet Kumar, Lavanya Muthusamy, Sandro M. Lima, Arjun Mahato, María Alejandra Maine, Subodh Kumar Maiti, Manikandan Rajendran, Mathiyazhagan Narayanan, Kisholay Mazumdar, Süreyya Meric, Rafael de Souza Miranda, Arti Mishra, Sonali Mohanty, Swati Mohapatra, Uma Sankar Mondal, María de las Mercedes Mufarrege, Sara Mussaddiq, Kiran Mustafa, Emanuel Nocetti, A.F. Ogundola, Özge Bahar Özkoç, Parul Parihar, Siraj Yousuf Parray, Subhankar Paul, María del Carmen Pedro, Montcharles S. Pontes, Jitendra Prasad, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, Vivek Rana, Krishna R. Reddy, Sabariswaran Kandasamy, Nadia Saddiq, Shilpa Sakia, Etenaldo F. Santiago, Jaqueline S. Santos, Jorge Antonio Gonzaga Santos, Ankush D. Sawarkar, Sushil Kumar Shahi, Iqra Shakeel, Chitrakshi Shandilya, Shailja Sharma, Bijendra Kumar Singh, Lal Singh, Simranjeet Singh, Joginder Singh, Ashish K. Singh, Balaji Bhaskar Maruthi Sridhar, Yi Su, T.S. Swapna, Simran Takkar, Nagendra Thakur, Shikha Tiwari, Ajit Varma, Kanchan Vishwakarma, Sen Wang, Meera Yadav, Hardeo Singh Yadav, Günay Yildiz Töre, and Muhammad Younas

Published
2022

4. Comparative assessment of dominant macrophytes and limnological parameters of Dal lake and Chatlam wetlands in the Union territory of Jammu & Kashmir, India

Author

Siraj Yousuf Parray, Maulin P. Shah, and Bhupendra Koul

Subjects
Biochemical oxygen demand, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Nymphoides peltata, Soil Science, Wetland, Forestry, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, Azolla, Macrophyte, Dominance (ecology), Environmental science, Ammoniacal nitrogen, Eutrophication, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the physico-chemical properties of water, with respect to the anthropogenic stresses on the growth and dominance of aquatic macrophytes at the four selected sites in Dal lake and Chatlam wetlands, during the year 2020. We have identified 12 species of macrophytes from the Dal lake and 20 species from the Chatlam wetlands. Highest importance value index (IVI) was observed in Nymphoides peltata (48.98) during summer and the lowest IVI was in Mentha sp. (1.93) during winter in the Chatlam wetlands. On the contrary, in Dal lake the highest IVI values were reported for Azolla sp. (175.34) during summer and lowest for Hydrocharis dubia (10.60) during winters. The average values of Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen and orthophosphate content in Chatlam were 19.85 ± 0.91(mg/l), 62.5 ± 1.29 (mg/l), 516.25 ± 1.10 ( μ g/l), 291.75 ± 1.55 ( μ g/l) and 136.75 ± 0.47 ( μ g/l) respectively. While in Dal lake, the observed values of these parameters were 27.5 ± 1.49 (mg/l), 61.75 ± 0.85 (mg/l), 636.5 ± 1.04 ( μ g/l), 137 ± 1.31( μ g/l), and 44.6 ± 0.18 ( μ g/l), respectively. We found that the Chatlam wetland (sub-urban area) harbored more macrophytic diversity than the Dal lake (urban). Unplanned development and agricultural activities in the catchment area have significantly contributed to the cultural eutrophication. In lieu of these findings we propose that joint efforts of the researchers, government and the non-governmental organizations be put in for the sustainable conservation of these two wetlands.

Published
2021

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