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In addition to the benefits derived from nanotechnology, there is also concernabout the potential risks of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) when released into the environment. Their possible accumulation and effects in agricultural soils and crops are closely linked to food and agriculture safety. Particular attention has been focused on the reuse of biosolids from wastewater treatment plants that are considered a cost-effective practice for the improvement of nutrients and organic matter in agricultural soils and, but also a sink of contaminants such as nanoparticles (NPs). TiO2NPs have a global production of about 10.000 tons/year and it are among the most extensively used ENPs. Moreover, dissimilar or inconclusive results have been reported concerning the impact of TiO2 NPs on the soil-crop system, thus more information regarding their behavior are necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of TiO2 NPs (anatase and rutile) and larger particles (bulk) on the availability of soil nutrients and on the nutritional status of Pisum sativum plants, simulating low (80 mg/kg) and high load of TiO2 (800 mg/kg ) in a biosolid-amended soil. Treated soils were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, soil microbial community, and plants grown in laboratory for 30d were analyzed for growth, pigments and mineral nutrition. Results showed that the treatment with TiO2 at macro- and nano-scale significantly reduced the availability of Mn, Fe and P in soils, this last more evident for the NPs treatments. Indeed, the soil bacterial diversity was reduced when the mixture of anatase and rutile were spiked in the biosolid-amended soil at high concentration. Moreover, the pea plants from treated soils showed an imbalance in the mineral nutrition, with reduction in the plant tissues of Mn and K and increase of N. This study pose a reflection on the use of biosolid, which could act as a vehicle for the spread and accumulation of ENPs in agro-ecosystems.

A syntaxonomical revision of the class Querco-Fagetea sylvaticae in Sicily, based on literature data and unpublished relevés, is presented. This class groups the mesophilous woods characterized by the dominance of deciduous trees (e.g. Fagus sylvatica, Quercus sp. pl., Acer sp. pl.), and more rarely by conifers (Taxus baccata, Pinus nigra subsp. calabrica), as well as by other broadleaved trees, such as Betula aetnensis, Populus tremula, Castanea sativa. In Sicily, these woody communities are widespread in the northern and north-eastern districts of the island, chiefly on the highest peaks (Madonie, Nebrodi, Peloritani, and Etna). This class is represented in Sicily by two, both floristically and ecologically well differentiated orders: Fagetalia sylvaticae, with the sole alliance Geranio versicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae, and Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae, with the endemic alliance Pino calabricae-Quercion congestae. On the whole, 22 associations have been recognized within the class Querco-Fagetea and for each of them nomenclature, floristic assessment, ecology, syndinamic relationships, and chorology are examined.

The role of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis is now widely recognized. However, there is a dearth of research on variability and practice effects of neuropsychological measures when repeated over time. The objective was to assess reliability and practice effects for Rao’s Brief Repeatable Battery of neurophysiological tests and the Stroop Test, and to provide data for correction for variability and practice effects in serial assessments.In 54 healthy controls (34 women, mean age 38.3 ± 9.1 years, mean education 12.9 ± 3.3 years), the Brief Repeatable Battery and Stroop Test were administered 3 times with an 18-month interval. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient and practice effects by an analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s correction for repeated measures. Test—retest reliability was from adequate to good on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Stroop Test, and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. The great majority of tests showed at least a moderate practice effects. Data for calculation of an individual’s change in cognitive performance for each test of the Brief Repeatable Battery and the Stroop Test were provided. Our results provide relevant information for planning and interpreting longitudinal studies on cognition and cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.

Basing on literature data and unpublished relevés from Sicily, a survey of the syntaxa belonging to the class Lygeo-Stipetea Rivas-Martínez 1978 is presented. This perennial vegetation is characterized by the dominance of big caespitose hemicryptophytes, and it is widely distributed in Sicily from the sea level up to 1500 m a.s.l. The class is represented in Sicily by two orders, floristically and ecologically well differentiated: Lygeo-Stipetalia, including the sole alliance Moricandio-Lygeion exclusively of clayey substrates, and Hyparrhenietalia hirtae, including five alliances (Hyparrhenion hirtae, Avenulo cincinnatae-Ampelodesmion mauritanici, Thero-Brachypodion ramosi, Bromo-Oryzopsion miliaceae, and Arundion collinae) occurring on various substrates. Within the class, 50 associations have been recognized. To support the syntaxonomic proposal, a multivariate numerical analysis, considering literature and personal data, has been performed. Nomenclature, floristic settlement, ecology, syndynamism and chorology are examined for each syntaxon.

none 23 no Objective: To assess pregnancy and fetal outcomes after in utero exposure to interferon-beta (IFN beta) in all pregnancies occurring in women with multiple sclerosis (MS) during the study period, with a specific focus on the risk of spontaneous abortion. Methods: In this cohort study, data were gathered through a standardized, semi-structured interview. Patients who discontinued IFN beta less than 4 weeks from conception (exposed) were compared with those who had discontinued the drug at least 4 weeks from conception or who were never treated (not exposed). Possible confounders were handled through multivariate analyses adjusted for propensity score (PS). Results: We collected data on 396 pregnancies in 388 women, 88 classified as exposed (mean exposure 4.6 +/- 5.8 weeks). IFN beta exposure was not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (PS-adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4 to 2.9, p = 0.88), although it was associated with both lower baby weight (PS-adjusted beta -113.8, p < 0.0001) and length (PS-adjusted beta -1.102, p < 0.0001). Proportion of spontaneous abortion in exposed patients fell within the range expected for the Italian population in the same period. IFN beta exposure (PS-adjusted OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.78, p = 0.012) and cesarean delivery were the only predictors of preterm delivery. In the exposed group, we did not observe any significant fetal complications, malformations, or developmental abnormalities over a median follow-up of 2.1 years. Conclusions: Our findings point to the relative safety of IFN beta exposure times of up to 4 weeks and can assist neurologists facing therapeutic decisions in women with MS with a pregnancy plan. Neurology (R) 2010;75:1794-1802 none Amato MP; Portaccio E; Ghezzi A; Hakiki B; Zipoli V; Martinelli V; Moiola L; Patti F; La Mantia L; Mancardi GL; Solaro C; Tola MR; Pozzilli C; De Giglio L; Totaro R; Lugaresi A; Di Tommaso V; Paolicelli D; Marrosu MG; Comi G; Pellegrini F; Trojano M MS Study Group of the Italian Neurological Society; De Luca G Amato MP; Portaccio E; Ghezzi A; Hakiki B; Zipoli V; Martinelli V; Moiola L; Patti F; La Mantia L; Mancardi GL; Solaro C; Tola MR; Pozzilli C; De Giglio L; Totaro R; Lugaresi A; Di Tommaso V; Paolicelli D; Marrosu MG; Comi G; Pellegrini F; Trojano M MS Study Group of the Italian Neurological Society; De Luca G

On the basis of literature data and numerous unpublished relevès, a syntaxonomic revision of Quercetea ilicis class in Sicily is given. The surveyed associations are represented by evergreen, deciduous o mixed plant communities forming shrubland, maquis, bushland and woodland. They are communities dominated by sclerophylls or deciduous trees, widespread from the shoreline up to 1400 (1600) m of altitude, within the bioclimatic belts between the inframediterranean dry lower one and the mesomediterranean subhumid-humid one, extending to the supramediterranean belt. The study, regarding all the Sicilian territory including the neighboring islets, was carried out through the elaboration of synoptic tables with presence values, which allow a better comparison among the investigated plant communities. Within the Quercetea ilicis class, two orders can be identified, one more termophilous (Quercetalia calliprini) and another more mesophilous (Quercetalia ilicis). The first one includes the alliances Periplocion angustifoliae (6 associations), Juniperion turbinatae (2 associations), Oleo-Ceratonion (14 associations), Ericion arboreae (2 associations) and Arbuto-Laurion (1 association), while the second one groups the alliances Quercion ilicis (9 associations) and Erico-Quercion ilicis (13 associations). In this work ten new syntaxa are described too.

Basing on literature data and unpublished relevés from Sicily, a survey of the syntaxa belonging to the class Rumici-Astragaletea siculi Pignatti & Nimis 1980 em. Mucina 1997 (= Cerastio-Carlinetea nebrodensis Brullo 1984) is presented. The class groups orophilous plant communities dominated by dwarf- shrubs, often with a pulvinate and thorny growth form. The class is represented in Sicily by two orders: Rumici-Astragaletalia siculi Pignatti & Nimis 1980, including the sole alliance Rumici-Astragalion siculi Poli 1965, restricted to Mount Aetna, and Erysimo-Jurinetalia bocconei Brullo 1984, including two alliances: the acidophilous Armerion nebrodensis Brullo 1984 and the basiphilous Cerastio-Astragalion nebrodensis Pignatti & Nimis ex Brullo 1984. Within the class, nineteen associations have been recognized. Nomenclature, floristic settlement, ecology and chorology are examined for each syntaxon. The floristic autonomy of the class Rumici-Astragaletea siculi is examined from the phytogeographic viewpoint and is confirmed by numerical analyses including not only the Sicilian phytocoenoses, but also those occurring in Sila and Aspromonte (Calabria) and ascribed to the same class by Brullo, Scelsi & Spampinato 2001 and Brullo, Gangale & Uzunov 2004. It is, as well, highlighted that the Pollino massif represents the southernmost limit to the distribution range of the class Festuco-Brometea, whose southward expansion is hampered by the lack carbonatic highlands in the southernmost tip of the Italian Peninsula.

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The results of a phytosociological investigation on the beech forests occurring in Sicily are given. On the basis of literature and unpublished data, four well differentiated associations have been identified and classified within the Doronico-Fagion, alliance of Querco-Fagetea. All the surveyed woodlands are localized in the mountain belt of North and North-Eastern Sicily. The associations have been examined from the floristical, ecological, chorological and nomenclatural point of view. Besides, a numerical analysis applied to the phytosociological relevés emphasizes the differences among the associations.