Search

Qiang Xiao,1,&ast; Shukun Tan,1,2,&ast; Changzhi Liu,3,&ast; Bin Liu,1 Yingxiong Li,1 Yehui Guo,1 Peiyan Hu,1 Zhuoying Su,1 Siqin Chen,1 Wei Lei,1 Xi Li,1 Minhong Su,4 Fu Rong1 1Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (the First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300, People’s Republic of China; 2Respiratory Medicine of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, 528222, People’s Republic of China; 3Critical Care Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (the First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300, People’s Republic of China; 4Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Fu Rong, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), No. 1, Jiazi Road, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Foshan, 528300, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-757-22318689, Email rongfu828@sina.com Minhong Su, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Middle Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-20-62782290, Email 878697159@qq.comPurpose: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most frequently encountered infectious diseases worldwide. Few studies have explored the microbial composition of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) and host metabolites of CAP. We analyzed the microbial composition of the LRT and levels of host metabolites to explore new biomarkers for CAP.Patients and Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected from 28 CAP patients and 20 healthy individuals. Following centrifugation, BALF pellets were used for amplicon sequencing of a variable region of the bacterial 16S rDNA gene to characterize the microbial composition. Non-targeted metabolomics was used to detect host’s metabolites in the supernatant.Results: Compared with healthy individuals, the bacterial alpha diversity in the LRT of CAP patients was significantly lower in CAP patients (p< 0.05). On the bacterial genus level, over 20 genera were detected with lower relative abundance (p< 0.05), while the relative abundance of Ruminiclostridium-6 was significantly higher in CAP patients. The levels of the host metabolites dimethyldisulfide, choline, pyrimidine, oleic acid and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid were all increased in BALF of CAP patients (p< 0.05), while concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC (12:0/0:0)) and phosphatidic acid (PA (20:4/2:0)) were decreased (p< 0.05). Furthermore, the relative abundance of Parvimonas, Treponema-2, Moraxella, Aggregatibacter, Filifactor, Fusobacterium, Lautropia and Neisseria negatively correlated with concentrations of oleic acid (p< 0.05). A negative correlation between the relative abundance of Treponema-2, Moraxella, Filifactor, Fusobacterium and dimethyldisulfide concentrations was also observed (p< 0.05). In contrast, the relative abundance of Treponema-2, Moraxella, Filifactor, and Fusobacterium was found to be positively associated with concentrations of LPC (12:0/0:0) and PA (20:4/2:0) (p< 0.05).Conclusion: The composition of the LRT microbiome differed between healthy individuals and CAP patients. We propose that some respiratory microbial components and host metabolites are potentially novel diagnostic markers of CAP.Keywords: community-acquired pneumonia, microbiome, metabolites, biomarker, diagnosis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) reportedly play critical roles in the pathogenesis of various cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the expression level, clinical significance, and potential function of lncRNA-AC092718.4 in LUAD remain unclear. In this study, we found that AC092718.4 was highly expressed in LUAD and high expression of AC092718.4 was correlated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) in LUAD. Cox regression analysis confirmed that AC092718.4 was an independent factor for LUAD prognosis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) results showed that AC092718.4 was involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, and cell apoptosis. AC092718.4 expression was correlated with immune cell infiltration. Finally, we found that the knockdown of AC092718.4 inhibited lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cell growth and promote cell apoptosis. Our findings confirmed that AC092718.4 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in LUAD.

Leachates from mine tailing ponds, which usually contain a variety of metallic ions, are highly toxic to human and ecological health. The common methods used to remove those trace metallic are difficult due to the extremely acidic conditions and the diverse kinds of metals in mine tailing leachates. Herein, we proposed an economical and efficient soil-assisted alkali suspension approach to remove and reclaim the trace metals. Under the optimum conditions, more than 98% of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cr3+, and 93% of Cd2+ were removed from authentic copper and gold tailing leachates. Multiple characterizations indicated that the quick removal of trace metal ions from leachates was mainly due to the formation of amorphous hydroxides which are easily adsorbed by soil particles. Additionally, small quantities of metal ions and organic matter complexes were formed, which contributed to the removal of trace metals. Furthermore, most of the adsorbed trace metal in authentic tailing leachate can be reclaimed by a simple acid treatment. Life cycle assessment analysis demonstrated the environmental sustainability of this alkali suspension method due to its smaller contribution to global warming. This study provides an efficient and low-cost approach for the disposal and recycling of toxic mine tailing leachates.

Background: The development of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is closely related to extracellular matrix degradation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) transformation from contractile to synthetic type. LGMN (legumain) degrades extracellular matrix components directly or by activating downstream signals. The role of LGMN in VSMC differentiation and the occurrence of TAD remains elusive. Methods: Microarray datasets concerning vascular dissection or aneurysm were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to screen differentially expressed genes. Four-week-old male Lgmn knockout mice (Lgmn –/– ), macrophage-specific Lgmn knockout mice (Lgmn F/F ;LysM Cre ), and RR-11a–treated C57BL/6 mice were given BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate; 1 g/kg/d) in drinking water for 4 weeks for TAD modeling. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to recapitulate transcriptome profile changes. Cell interaction was examined in macrophage and VSMC coculture system. The reciprocity of macrophage-derived LGMN with integrin αvβ3 in VSMCs was tested by coimmunoprecipitation assay and colocalization analyses. Results: Microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database indicated upregulated LGMN in aorta from patients with TAD and mice with angiotensin II–induced AAA. Elevated LGMN was evidenced in aorta and sera from patients with TAD and mice with BAPN-induced TAD. BAPN-induced TAD progression was significantly ameliorated in Lgmn-deficient or inhibited mice. Macrophage-specific deletion of Lgmn alleviated BAPN-induced extracellular matrix degradation. Unbiased profiler polymerase chain reaction array and Gene Ontology analysis displayed that LGMN regulated VSMC phenotype transformation. Macrophage-specific deletion of Lgmn ameliorated VSMC phenotypic switch in BAPN-treated mice. Macrophage-derived LGMN inhibited VSMC differentiation in vitro as assessed by macrophages and the VSMC coculture system. Macrophage-derived LGMN bound to integrin αvβ3 in VSMCs and blocked integrin αvβ3, thereby attenuating Rho GTPase activation, downregulating VSMC differentiation markers and eventually exacerbating TAD development. ROCK (Rho kinase) inhibitor Y-27632 reversed the protective role of LGMN depletion in vascular dissection. Conclusions: LGMN signaling may be a novel target for the prevention and treatment of TAD.

Siqin Chen,1,&ast; Minhong Su,2,&ast; Wei Lei,1,&ast; Zhida Wu,1 Shuhong Wu,1 Jing Liu,1 Xiaoyan Huang,1 Guiyang Chen,1 Qian Zhang,1 Hua Zhong,1 Fu Rong,1 Xi Li,1 Qiang Xiao1 1Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Qiang Xiao; Xi Li, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), No. 1, Jiazi Road, Lunjiao Street, Shunde District, Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-757-22318689 ; +86-757-22318690, Email xiaoqiang@smu.edu.cn; kamaneal@163.comPurpose: There is a high disease burden associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) around the world. A timely and correct diagnosis of CAP can facilitate early treatment and prevent illness progression. The present study aimed to find some novel biomarkers of CAP by metabolic analysis and construct a nomogram model for precise diagnosis and individualized treatment of CAP patients.Patients and Methods: 42 CAP patients and 20 controls were enrolled in this study. The metabolic profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were identified by untargeted LC-MS/MS analysis. With a VIP score ≥ 1 in OPLS-DA analysis and P < 0.05, the significantly dysregulated metabolites were estimated as potential biomarkers of CAP, which were further included in the construction of the diagnostic prediction model along with laboratory inflammatory indexes via stepwise backward regression analysis. Discrimination, calibration, and clinical applicability of the nomogram were evaluated by the C-index, the calibration curve, and the decision curve analysis (DCA) estimated by bootstrap resampling.Results: The metabolic profiles differed obviously between CAP patients and healthy controls, as shown by PCA and OPLS-DA plots. Seven metabolites significantly dysregulated in CAP were established: dimethyl disulfide, oleic acid (d5), N-acetyl-a-neuraminic acid, pyrimidine, choline, LPC (12:0/0:0) and PA (20:4/2:0). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that the expression levels of PA (20:4/2:0), N-acetyl-a-neuraminic acid, and CRP were associated with CAP. After being validated by bootstrap resampling, this model showed satisfactory diagnostic performance.Conclusion: A novel nomogram prediction model containing metabolic potential biomarkers in BALF that was developed for the early diagnosis of CAP offers insights into the pathogenesis and host response in CAP.Keywords: community-acquired pneumonia, biomarker, precision medicine, metabolomics, prediction model, logistic regression

Mutagenesis is a multifactor process associated with increased risk of cancer. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and genetic susceptibility were conductive to genotoxic effects including gene damage, which can increase mutational probability and are potential carcinogenic etiology. We aimed to explore the dose-effect associations of PAHs exposure with damage of exons of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1), as well as their associations whether modified by Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) genotype. 288 coke oven male workers were recruited and we detected the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-pyr) as PAHs exposure biomarker in urine and examined base modification in exons of EGFR and BRCA1 respectively, and genotyped FEN1 rs174538 polymorphism in plasma by PCR methods. Compared to low exposure group, the high exposed workers had significantly higher urinary concentrations of 1-OH-pyr, after adjustment for multiple covariates (P Ptrend < 0.001). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the levels of urinary 1-OH-pyr were both significantly associated with increased EGFR-19 and EGFR-21 in both smokers and nonsmokers (both P P Pinteraction< 0.05). Our findings revealed the linear dose-effect association between exon damage of EGFR and PAHs exposure and highlight differences in genetic contributions to exon damage and have the potential to identify at-risk subpopulations who are susceptible to adverse health effects induced by PAH exposure.

Background: Cardiac resident macrophages are self-maintaining and originate from embryonic hematopoiesis. After myocardial infarction, cardiac resident macrophages are responsible for the efficient clearance and degradation of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (efferocytosis). This process is required for inflammation resolution and tissue repair; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, we aimed to identify the mechanisms of the continued clearance and degradation of phagolysosomal cargo by cardiac resident macrophages during myocardial infarction. Methods: Multiple transgenic mice such as Lgmn −/− , Lgmn F/F ; LysM Cre , Lgmn F/F ; Cx3cr1 CreER , Lgmn F/F ; Lyve Cre , and cardiac macrophage Lgmn overexpression by adenovirus gene transfer were used to determine the functional significance of Lgmn in myocardial infarction. Immune cell filtration and inflammation were examined by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, legumain (Lgmn) expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in the cardiac tissues of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and healthy control subjects. Results: We identified Lgmn as a gene specifically expressed by cardiac resident macrophages. Lgmn deficiency resulted in a considerable exacerbation in cardiac function, accompanied by the accumulation of apoptotic cardiomyocytes and a reduced index of in vivo efferocytosis in the border area. It also led to decreased cytosolic calcium attributable to defective intracellular calcium mobilization. Furthermore, the formation of LC3-II–dependent phagosome around secondary-encountered apoptotic cardiomyocytes was disabled. In addition, Lgmn deficiency increased infiltration of MHC-II high CCR2 + macrophages and the enhanced recruitment of MHC-II low CCR2 + monocytes with downregulation of the anti-inflammatory mediators, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β and upregulationof the proinflammatory mediators interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ. Conclusions: Our results directly link efferocytosis to wound healing in the heart and identify Lgmn as a significant link between acute inflammation resolution and organ function.

Background Genetic polymorphisms may contribute to variable individual susceptibility to DNA damage induced by co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and smoking. Here, we evaluate the joint effects of co-exposure to PAHs and smoking with polymorphisms in XPC, alone or combined, on damage in exons. Methods 288 healthy male coke-oven workers were enrolled into this study, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-pyr), as an indirect and sensitive indicator of PAHs exposure, was detected. Base modification in exons of KRAS and BRAF gene, and polymorphisms of XPC were determined by real-time PCR in plasma samples. Results We observed urinary 1-OH-pyr was positively related to damage index of exon 2 of KRAS gene (KRAS-2) and damage index of exon 15 of BRAF gene (BRAF-15) (both p < 0.001), and KRAS-2 and BRAF-15 were both significantly associated with increased urinary 1-OH-pyr (both p trend < 0.001). A stratified analysis found that urinary 1-OH-pyr was found to be significantly associated with KRAS-2 in both smokers (p < 0.001) and nonsmokers (p < 0.05), while urinary 1-OH-pyr was significantly associated with BRAF-15 only in smokers (p < 0.001). Additionally, rs2228001 in the XPC gene was positively associated with KRAS-2 (p trend < 0.001), and the high levels of 1-OH-pyr were linearly associated with KRAS-2 only in rs2228001 GG+GT genotype carriers (p < 0.001); However, another SNP rs3731055 in the XPC gene was associated with lower KRAS-2 (p trend = 0.006), and the high levels of 1-OH-pyr were linearly associated with KRAS-2 only in rs3731055 GG genotype carriers (p < 0.001). Moreover, KRAS-2 significantly increased with high levels of 1-OH-pyr exposure, smoking, rs2228001 G-allele, and rs3731055 GG homozygote genotype, and we found the most severe KRAS-2 among subjects carrying all 4 of the above risk factors. Conclusions Our findings indicated that the co-exposure effect of PAHs and cigarette smoking could increase the risk of damage in exon 2 of KRAS by a mechanism partly involving XPC polymorphisms.

The adsorption-mediated transcytosis (AMT) induced by the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged surface of carriers and negatively charged cell membrane is a new paradigm enabling nanomedicine's tumor extravasation and infiltration. However, little is known about the correlation between the carrier's charge density and its AMT-induced tumor infiltration efficiency. Herein, we investigate the effect of the cationic polymer's charge on the AMT-induced tumor penetration ability using in vitro multilayer tumor spheroids (MTSs). A cationic polymer, polyethylenimine (PEI), is amidized with acetic anhydride to obtain acetylated PEIs (AcPEIs) with different cationic charge densities. As the amidization ratio increases, the AcPEIs' cytotoxicity, zeta potential, and cell-binding affinity significantly decrease. Notably, not only does the weak cell binding (AcPEIs with high acetylation degrees) lead to slow endocytosis and inefficient transcytosis, so does the strong cell-binding PEI. The PEI with 24% acetylation (AcPEI24%) is found to have the highest transcytosis efficiency because its balanced cell-binding affinity triggers fast adsorption-mediated endocytosis. The subsequent Golgi apparatus/endoplasmic reticulum-mediated exocytosis via extracellular vesicles leads to highly effective transcellular delivery and tumor penetration in MTSs. Therefore, the drug carrier's surface cationic charge density critically influences its AMT-induced tumor penetration efficiency. This study provides mechanistic insights into the design of drug-delivery systems with active transcytosis for improved tumor penetration and enhanced therapeutic efficiency.

Algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) and bacterial granular sludge (BGS, control group) were operated over 240 days to investigate the role of algae in treating synthetic municipal wastewater. The results showed that algae significantly improved the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN). The nitrogen removal load of ABGS was 2.6 mg-N/g-VSS/day (22.8 %, light) and 1.1 mg-N/g-VSS/day (9.6 %, dark) higher than that of BGS, respectively, which was attributed to algae enhanced NH

In this study, two dimensional unsteady flows of cylinder and cylinder with additional fairing close to a free surface were numerically investigated. The governing momentum equations were solved by using the Semi Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations(SIMPLE). The Volume of Fluid(VOF) method applied to simulate a free surface. Non- uniform grid structures were used in the simulation with denser grids near the cylinder. Under the conditions of Reynolds number 150624, 271123, 210874 and 331373, the cylinders were simulated with different depths of invasion. It was shown that the flow characteristics were influenced by submergence depth and Reynolds numbers. When the cylinder close to the free surface, the drag coefficient, lift coefficient and Strouhal numbers will increase due to the effect of free liquid surface on vortex shedding. With additional fairing, can effectively reduce the influence of the free surface on the drag coefficient. Fairing will reduce lift coefficient at high Reynolds numbers, but increase lift coefficient when Reynolds numbers are small. Fairing can effectively reduce Strouhal numbers, thus can well suppress the vortex induced vibration

The ocean covers a much larger area of the earth than the land, in the case of diminishing land resources, the development of seabed resources is imperative. However, compared with the land, the deep-sea environment is more complex, risers and joints are important components in the mining process. In order to ensure the smooth operation process, it is necessary to study its fatigue life. The method is to estimate the fatigue life of the tested component by S-N curve. The device for measuring S-N curve is a resonance fatigue testing machine. According to its structural design, the actual constraints at both ends are not completely hinge constraints, and the mass distribution is mainly concentrated at both ends of the tested part. In order to further analyze its vibration response, the formula is derived again, so as to obtain the response in line with the actual work situation.

Effective anticancer nanomedicines need to exhibit prolonged circulation in blood, to extravasate and accumulate in tumours, and to be taken up by tumour cells. These contrasting criteria for persistent circulation and cell-membrane affinity have often led to complex nanoparticle designs with hampered clinical translatability. Here, we show that conjugates of small-molecule anticancer drugs with the polyzwitterion poly(2-(N-oxide-N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) have long blood-circulation half-lives and bind reversibly to cell membranes, owing to the negligible interaction of the polyzwitterion with proteins and its weak interaction with phospholipids. Adsorption of the polyzwitterion-drug conjugates to tumour endothelial cells and then to cancer cells favoured their transcytosis-mediated extravasation into tumour interstitium and infiltration into tumours, and led to the eradication of large tumours and patient-derived tumour xenografts in mice. The simplicity and potency of the polyzwitterion-drug conjugates should facilitate the design of translational anticancer nanomedicines.

Aim and Objective: Calculus Bovis (CB) has been employed to treat diseases for a long time. It has been identified to play significant anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor roles. However, the mechanism of treating primary liver cancer (PLC) remains to be revealed. This study aims to clarify the molecules and mechanisms of CB in treating PLC. Materials and Methods: After oral bioavailability (OB) and drug-likeness (DL) screening, 15 small molecules were identified as the potential ingredients against PLC. Following this, related targets network constructions and pathways were applied to clarify the mechanism of CB in treating PLC. An in vitro experiment was carried out to identify the function of CB in treating PLC. Results: Eleven compounds of CB were identified that play an anti-PLC role, including oleanolic acid, ergosterol, ursolic acid, etc. The potential targets which were observed include IL6, MAPK-8, VEGFA, Caspase-3, etc. Further analysis showed that the mechanism of CB in the treatment of PLC involved apoptosis-related pathways and immune-related pathways. Conclusion: In summary, the current study combines network pharmacology and in vitro experiments to reveal the mechanism of CB against PLC. We concluded that 11 ingredients of CB have an anti-PLC effect. Furthermore, CB plays a key role in treating PLC mainly by apoptosisrelated pathways and immune-related pathways. Our experiment verifies that CB promotes the apoptosis of SMMC-7721.

Precise nanomedicine has been extensively explored for efficient cancer imaging and targeted cancer therapy, as evidenced by a few breakthroughs in their preclinical and clinical explorations. Here, we demonstrate the recent advances of intelligent cancer nanomedicine, and discuss the comprehensive understanding of their structure-function relationship for smart and efficient cancer nanomedicine including various imaging and therapeutic applications, as well as nanotoxicity. In particular, a few emerging strategies that have advanced cancer nanomedicine are also highlighted as the emerging focus such as tumor imprisonment, supramolecular chemotherapy, and DNA nanorobot. The challenge and outlook of some scientific and engineering issues are also discussed in future development. We wish to highlight these new progress of precise nanomedicine with the ultimate goal to inspire more successful explorations of intelligent nanoparticles for future clinical translations.

Nonviral gene delivery vectors are promising alternatives to viral vectors, but their low transfection efficiency limits their applications. Mimicking virus transfection process has been attempted to enhance the nonviral gene delivery efficiency. Herein, we present a virus-mimicking polymeric vector capable of sticking onto the cell membrane and ejecting DNA into the cytoplasm for efficient gene transfection. This DNA-ejecting vector is advantageous in bypassing endo-/lysosomal DNA degradation, leading to high gene expression efficiency and avoiding the safety concerns of the internalized carrier materials. Linear polyethyleneimine is quaternized to carry N-[(p-acyloxybenzyloxycarbonyl)ethyl]-N-methyl ammonium, which is susceptible to esterase hydrolysis to water-soluble zwitterion. Optimizing the acyl chain lengths gives the polymer, L4 (acyl = octanoyl), which packs DNA into the nano-sized polyplex with pendant octanoyl chains. On contacting a cell, the octanoyl chains can insert into the lipid-bilayer and anchor the polyplex onto the cell membrane. The part of the polyplexes facing the cytoplasm exposes to cytosolic esterases, which hydrolyze the octanoyl esters and turn the polymer zwitterionic, thereby liberalizing the DNA to squeeze into the cytoplasm driven by free DNA’s strong electrostatic repulsion. The polyplex coated with a poly(γ-glutamic acid) layer maintains the DNA-injection ability and has high efficiency for in vivo gene transfection.

We report the first neutral and water-soluble polymer capable of strong mitochondrial targeting in vitro and in vivo, zwitterionic poly[2-(N-oxide-N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (OPDEA). OPDEA is quickly internalized via macropinocytosis by various cancer cells and transferred into the mitochondria, which slightly lowers the mitochondrial membrane potential as determined by the JC-1 assay.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sources. GHG emissions from the waste sector could rely on the disposal process greatly, and the corresponding GHG emission intensity (GHG emissions from per kg disposed MSW) might reflect the city’s waste management level. Shanghai, as the popular megacity in China, has witnessed the evolution of the waste disposal processes from landfill dominated to incineration dominated from 2005 to 2015, and the detailed GHG emission estimation was implemented combining the method recommended by IPCC and the bottom-up method. It was found that landfill contributed to 81.88% of total GHG emissions from 2005 to 2015, while the GHG emissions from incineration plants increased from 1.8 × 108 to 3.8 × 108 kg CO2-eq (CO2 equivalent) in the same period, with the amount of incinerated MSW increasing from 1.02 × 109 to 2.50 × 109 kg. The GHG emission intensity of the MSW management system reached 0.363 kg CO2-eq per kg MSW in 2012 but declined to 0.354 kg in 2015. And the GHG emission intensity of incineration was lower than that of landfill and composting, which fluctuated between 0.147 and 0.177 kg CO2-eq per kg MSW. Both the scale and the operation conditions of the waste disposal facilities could influence the GHG emission intensity. With the implementation of waste source sorting and incineration dominated in disposal processes, around 54.07% of GHG emissions could be reduced under the 2030 NP (New policy) scenario. GHG emission intensity could be employed as an indicator for waste disposal development levels.

Doing research on vortex-induced vibration (VIV), not only should we do some numerical simulation but also need to experiment. The existence of the free surface and bottom will influence the drag. We analyzed the drag under different velocity of water under different flow fields, then compared the results. The results show that the water depth will influence vortex shedding thus increase the drag. With a decrease of velocity, the effect of drag will be reduced. Nevertheless, it’s not always decreasing, when velocity lower than 0.8m/s, the effect would be steady.

Triphenyltin is an endocrine disruptor that has polluted the global environment, and thus far, information regarding the mechanisms of triphenyltin biodegradation and cellular metabolic responses is severely limited. The question of whether dephenylation during degradation occurs successively or synchronously is also not clear. Here, these processes were illuminated through experiments involving surfactant-enhanced biodegradation of triphenyltin and its metabolites by Bacillus thuringiensis. Tea saponin significantly enhanced phenyltin solubility, biosorption, membrane permeability, protein expression, cell density and Cl− and PO43− use, reduced intracellular Na+, NH4+, K+ and Mg2+ release, and accordingly increased phenylation biodegradation. Phenyltin biodegradation was initially triggered by benzene ring cleavage, which occurred individually and synchronously, producing diphenyltin, monophenyltin, and tin. After degradation by cells in the presence of 60 mg L−1 tea saponin for 7 d, residual concentrations of triphenyltin, diphenyltin, and monophenyltin were decreased to 283, 270, and 235 μg L−1, respectively.

Actinidia macrosperma is a medicinal plant in China and has been well known for its attraction to cats and activities against leprosy and cancers. The compositions and the antimicrobial activity of its leaf oil were reported for the first time. The oil obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS, was characterized by the high content of monoterpenes. Linalool (48.14%) is the major component identified, followed by 1,2-dimethyl-lindoline (7.94%), linolenic acid methylester (6.57%) and (E)-phytol (5.29%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated against four bacterial and three fungal species. The results showed that it exhibited a mild antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), a significant activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), and no activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The test fungi were more sensitive to the oil, with a MIC range of 0.78-1.56 microL mL(-1) than bacteria in the range which were significantly higher from 0.78 to 25.50 microL mL(-1).

A surface micromachined miniature switch has been made on silicon substrate using an electroplated gold micro-beam as the cantilevered arm, a chromium-to-gold electrical contact, and electrostatic actuation as the switching mechanism. The switch has an electrical isolation of -30dB in the 'off' state and an insertion loss of 4-7dB form 1 to 10 Ghz with a return loss of -15dB in the 'on' state. The high insertion loss has attributed to generation of parasitic current in low resistivity of the silicon substrate.