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Tiivistelmä. Musiikin hyvinvointivaikutukset ovat aiheena erittäin moniulotteinen ja ajankohtainen. Tutkimustiedon alati lisääntyessä ja kasvavassa määrin löytäessä tiensä myös yhteiskunnalliseen keskusteluun herää kysymyksiä siitä, kuinka hyvin tutkimustieto lopulta saavuttaa tulevia sukupolvia. Tutkimuskirjallisuuden valossa tällä voidaan nähdä olevan merkitystä yksilöllisen hyvinvoinnin tukemisesta lähtien aina kansanterveydelliselle tasolle asti. Tämän tutkimuksen teoriaosuudessa tarkastelen hyvinvoinnin käsitettä ja sen esiintymistä tuoreimmissa lukion opetussuunnitelman perusteissa. Luon myös katsauksen musiikin vaikutuksia koskevaan tutkimukseen ja esittelen esimerkinomaisesti musiikin hyvinvointivaikutuksia niin psyykkisellä, fyysisellä kuin sosiaalisella tasolla nojautuen 2000-luvulla julkaistuun tutkimuskirjallisuuteen. Lisäksi nostan esiin alan kirjallisuudesta kumpuavia kriittisempiäkin näkökulmia aiheeseen. Tutkimukseni empiirisessä osuudessa tarkastelen lukion musiikinopettajien käsityksiä ja opetuksen sisältöjä musiikin hyvinvointivaikutuksiin liittyen. Tutkimukseni on toteutettu laadullisena kyselytutkimuksena ja aineisto analysoitu käyttäen laadullista sisällönanalyysiä. Tutkimustulosteni perusteella lukion musiikinopettajat hallitsevat aiheeseen liittyvää tutkimustietoa kollektiivisella tasolla kattavasti mutta yksilöllisesti tarkasteltuna vaihtelevasti. Aiheen hallinnan laajuudesta riippumatta jokainen raportoi opettavansa musiikin hyvinvointivaikutuksista tavalla tai toisella, mikä viittaa aiheen arvostukseen opettajien keskuudessa. Tutkimukseni luotettavuuteen vaikuttavat kuitenkin monet tekijät ja näitä erittelen raporttini Pohdinta-luvussa seikkaperäisesti.

Tiivistelmä. Opetustyön taitoihin ja edellytyksiin perehtymätön soitonopettaja voi toiminnallaan aiheuttaa ongelmia oppilaidensa oppimisessa ja musiikkisuhteen kehittymisessä. Tällaisten uhkakuvien välttämiseksi kartoitan narratiivisena kirjallisuuskatsauksena toteutetussa tutkimuksessani alan kirjallisuudesta kumpuavia valmiuksia, joita laadukas pianonsoiton alkuopetus opettajalta edellyttää. Aiheen valinta pohjautuu omiin kokemuksiini pianonsoiton vasta-alkajien opettamisen haasteista kokemattomana opettajana. Työssäni käyn läpi pianonsoiton alkuopetuksen osa-alueita ja lapsen musiikillista kehitystä 6–9 vuoden ikäryhmässä sekä esittelen lähdekirjallisuuden valossa oleellisia opettajan valmiuksia ja teen niistä yhteenvetoa. Tutkimukseni perusteella laadukas pianonsoiton alkeiden opettaminen edellyttää opettajalta laaja-alaisia valmiuksia. Opettajan tulee hallita soittimensa korkealla tasolla niin teknisesti kuin taiteellisesti. Musiikilliset taidot palvelevat paitsi soittoteknisten, teoreettisten ja taiteellisten asioiden opettamisessa, myös inspiraation lähteenä soitto-oppilaille heidän kehittäessään omia taitojaan. Opetuksen kannalta jopa tärkeämmäksi muodostuu kuitenkin pedagoginen osaaminen ja panostaminen opetuksen suunnitteluun, jossa tulee huomioida oppilaan aiemman osaamisen ohella myös tämän musiikillisen ja motorisen kehityksen vaiheet. Oppilaan oppimisen ja motivaation tukemisen kannalta oleellisia tekijöitä ovat opetuksen vuorovaikutteisuus ja hyvä opettaja–oppilas-suhde. Opetuksen laadun ja opettajan ammatillisen kasvun takaamisessa korostuu kaiken toiminnan taustalla vaikuttava jatkuva oman työn reflektointi. Vaikka tutkielma on lähtökohtaisesti osa omaa ammatillista kasvuani, saattaa tämän kaltaiselle tietopaketille olla käyttöä laajemminkin, erityisesti yksityisopettajiksi ryhtyneiden musiikinopiskelijoiden tai muuten kokemattomien soitonopettajien piirissä. Tutkimukseni luotettavuuden kannalta tulee kuitenkin ottaa huomioon, että vaikka olenkin pyrkinyt käyttämään yksinomaan laadukasta lähdeaineistoa, on aiheen laajuuden vuoksi mukaan mahtunut vain murto-osa kaikesta saatavilla olevasta materiaalista. Lisäksi on syytä tiedostaa kokemattomuuteni tutkimuksen tekijänä ja lähdemateriaalin kriittisenä arvioijana.

Atmospheric new-particle formation (NPF) affects climate by contributing to a large fraction of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) drive the early particle growth and therefore substantially influence the survival of newly formed particles to CCN. Nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) is known to suppress the NPF driven by HOMs, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we examine the response of particle growth to the changes of HOM formation caused by NOₓ. We show that NOₓ suppresses particle growth in general, but the suppression is rather nonuniform and size dependent, which can be quantitatively explained by the shifted HOM volatility after adding NOₓ. By illustrating how NOₓ affects the early growth of new particles, a critical step of CCN formation, our results help provide a refined assessment of the potential climatic effects caused by the diverse changes of NOₓ level in forest regions around the globe.

The formation of secondary particles in the atmosphere accounts for more than half of global cloud condensation nuclei. Experiments at the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber have underlined the importance of ions for new particle formation, but quantifying their effect in the atmosphere remains challenging. By using a novel instrument setup consisting of two nanoparticle counters, one of them equipped with an ion filter, we were able to further investigate the ion-related mechanisms of new particle formation. In autumn 2015, we carried out experiments at CLOUD on four systems of different chemical compositions involving monoterpenes, sulfuric acid, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia. We measured the influence of ions on the nucleation rates under precisely controlled and atmospherically relevant conditions. Our results indicate that ions enhance the nucleation process when the charge is necessary to stabilize newly formed clusters, i.e., in conditions in which neutral clusters are unstable. For charged clusters that were formed by ion-induced nucleation, we were able to measure, for the first time, their progressive neutralization due to recombination with oppositely charged ions. A large fraction of the clusters carried a charge at 1.5 nm diameter. However, depending on particle growth rates and ion concentrations, charged clusters were largely neutralized by ion–ion recombination before they grew to 2.5 nm. At this size, more than 90 % of particles were neutral. In other words, particles may originate from ion-induced nucleation, although they are neutral upon detection at diameters larger than 2.5 nm. Observations at Hyytiälä, Finland, showed lower ion concentrations and a lower contribution of ion-induced nucleation than measured at CLOUD under similar conditions. Although this can be partly explained by the observation that ion-induced fractions decrease towards lower ion concentrations, further investigations are needed to resolve the origin of the discrepancy., published version, peerReviewed

Tiivistelmä. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kuvailla sosiaalisen median hyödyntämistä hoitotyössä. Tavoitteena on kuvailevan kirjallisuuskatsauksen keinoin koostaa tietoa sosiaalisen median käyttömahdollisuuksista ja käyttöön liittyvistä kokemuksista hoitotyössä. Tutkielma toteutettiin kuvailevana kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen aineiston tiedonhaku toteutettiin heinäkuussa 2019 neljään eri tietokantaan: CINAHL, Medic, Scopus ja ProQuest. Sisäänottokriteerien perusteella lopulliseksi aineistoksi valikoitui seitsemän kansainvälistä, vertaisarvioitua artikkelia. Aineisto analysoitiin kuvailevan synteesin avulla. Tutkimustulosten mukaan sosiaalisella medialla on potentiaalia viestintävälineenä hoitotyössä, mutta verkkoyhteisöjen käyttämiseen hoitotyössä liittyy kehitettävää ja haasteita. Sosiaalista mediaa hyödynnetään potilasohjauksessa ja sen avulla voidaan antaa terveyttä edistävää tai hoitoon liittyvää tietoa, sekä tukea asiakkaiden omahoidon toteutumista ja vertaistuen saamista. Suurin uhka liittyy asiakkaiden tai potilaiden tietosuojaan liittyviin ongelmiin ja lisäksi kaikkien asiakkaiden mielestä verkossa tapahtuva etäviestintä ei korvaa kasvotusten tapahtuvaa viestintää laadullisesti. Tutkimustulosten mukaan sosiaalisen median avulla on mahdollista uudistaa nykyaikaista terveydenhuoltoa. Tutkimuksessa saatua tietoa voidaan hyödyntää hoitotyössä palveluiden ja hoitotyön interventioiden kehittämistyössä. Suomalaista tutkimustietoa sosiaalisen median käyttämisestä hoitotyössä tarvitaan lisää.

A recent CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber study showed that sulfuric acid and dimethylamine produce new aerosols very efficiently, and yield particle formation rates that are compatible with boundary layer observations. These previously published new particle formation (NPF) rates are re-analyzed in the present study with an advanced method. The results show that the NPF rates at 1.7 nm are more than a factor of 10 faster than previously published due to earlier approximations in correcting particle measurements made at larger detection threshold. The revised NPF rates agree almost perfectly with calculated rates from a kinetic aerosol model at different sizes (1.7 nm and 4.3 nm mobility diameter). In addition, modeled and measured size distributions show good agreement over a wide range (up to ca. 30 nm). Furthermore, the aerosol model is modified such that evaporation rates for some clusters can be taken into account; these evaporation rates were previously published from a flow tube study. Using this model, the findings from the present study and the flow tube experiment can be brought into good agreement. This confirms that nucleation proceeds at rates that are compatible with collision-controlled (a.k.a. kinetically-controlled) new particle formation for the conditions during the CLOUD7 experiment (278 K, 38% RH, sulfuric acid concentration between 1×106 and 3×107 cm-3 and dimethylamine mixing ratio of ~40 pptv). Finally, the simulation of atmospheric new particle formation reveals that even tiny mixing ratios of dimethylamine (0.1 pptv) yield NPF rates that could explain significant boundary layer particle formation. This highlights the need for improved speciation and quantification techniques for atmospheric gas-phase amine measurements.

Measurements of OH and HO2 radicals were conducted in a pine-dominated forest in southern Finland during the HUMPPA-COPEC-2010 (Hyytiälä United Measurements of Photochemistry and Particles in Air – Comprehensive Organic Precursor Emission and Concentration study) field campaign in summer 2010. Simultaneous side-by-side measurements of hydroxyl radicals were conducted with two instruments using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), indicating small systematic disagreement, OHLIF / OHCIMS = (1.31 ± 0.14). Subsequently, the LIF instrument was moved to the top of a 20 m tower, just above the canopy, to investigate the radical chemistry at the ecosystem–atmosphere interface. Comprehensive measurements including observations of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the total OH reactivity were conducted and analysed using steady-state calculations as well as an observationally constrained box model. Production rates of OH calculated from measured OH precursors are consistent with those derived from the steady-state assumption and measured total OH loss under conditions of moderate OH reactivity. The primary photolytic sources of OH contribute up to one-third to the total OH production. OH recycling, which occurs mainly by HO2 reacting with NO and O3, dominates the total hydroxyl radical production in this boreal forest. Box model simulations agree with measurements for hydroxyl radicals (OHmod. / OHobs. = 1.00 ± 0.16), while HO2 mixing ratios are significantly under-predicted (HO2mod. / HO2obs. = 0.3 ± 0.2), and simulated OH reactivity does not match the observed OH reactivity. The simultaneous under-prediction of HO2 and OH reactivity in periods in which OH concentrations were simulated realistically suggests that the missing OH reactivity is an unaccounted-for source of HO2. Detailed analysis of the HOx production, loss, and recycling pathways suggests that in periods of high total OH reactivity there are additional recycling processes forming OH directly, not via reaction of HO2 with NO or O3, or unaccounted-for primary HOx sources. Under conditions of moderate observed OH reactivity and high actinic flux, an additional RO2 source of approximately 1 × 106 molec cm−3 s−1 would be required to close the radical budget. Nevertheless, a major fraction of the OH recycling occurs via the reaction of HO2 with NO and O3 in this terpene-dominated environment.

The northern Eurasian regions and Arctic Ocean will very likely undergo substantial changes during the next decades. The Arctic-boreal natural environments play a crucial role in the global climate via albedo change, carbon sources and sinks as well as atmospheric aerosol production from biogenic volatile organic compounds. Furthermore, it is expected that global trade activities, demographic movement, and use of natural resources will be increasing in the Arctic regions. There is a need for a novel research approach, which not only identifies and tackles the relevant multi-disciplinary research questions, but also is able to make a holistic system analysis of the expected feedbacks. In this paper, we introduce the research agenda of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX), a multi-scale, multi-disciplinary and international program started in 2012 (https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex/). PEEX sets a research approach by which large-scale research topics are investigated from a system perspective and which aims to fill the key gaps in our understanding of the feedbacks and interactions between the land-Atmosphere-Aquatic-society continuum in the northern Eurasian region. We introduce here the state of the art for the key topics in the PEEX research agenda and present the future prospects of the research, which we see relevant in this context.

International audience; We report comprehensive, demonstrably contaminant-free measurements of binary particle formation rates by sulfuric acid and water for neutral and ion-induced pathways conducted in the European Organization for Nuclear Research Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets chamber. The recently developed Atmospheric Pressure interface-time of flight-mass spectrometer was used to detect contaminants in charged clusters and to identify runs free of any contaminants. Four parameters were varied to cover ambient conditions: sulfuric acid concentration (105 to 109 mol cm−3), relative humidity (11% to 58%), temperature (207 K to 299 K), and total ion concentration (0 to 6800 ions cm−3). Formation rates were directly measured with novel instruments at sizes close to the critical cluster size (mobility size of 1.3 nm to 3.2 nm). We compare our results with predictions from Classical Nucleation Theory normalized by Quantum Chemical calculation (QC-normalized CNT), which is described in a companion paper. The formation rates predicted by the QC-normalized CNT were extended from critical cluster sizes to measured sizes using the UHMA2 sectional particle microphysics model. Our results show, for the first time, good agreement between predicted and measured particle formation rates for the binary (neutral and ion-induced) sulfuric acid-water system. Formation rates increase with RH, sulfuric acid, and ion concentrations and decrease with temperature at fixed RH and sulfuric acid concentration. Under atmospheric conditions, neutral particle formation dominates at low temperatures, while ion-induced particle formation dominates at higher temperatures. The good agreement between the theory and our comprehensive data set gives confidence in using the QC-normalized CNT as a powerful tool to study neutral and ion-induced binary particle formation in atmospheric modeling.

Atmospheric concentrations of nitrous acid (HONO), one of the major precursors of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the troposphere, significantly exceed the values predicted by the assumption of a photostationary state (PSS) during daytime. Therefore, additional sources of HONO were intensively investigated in the last decades. This study presents budget calculations of HONO based on simultaneous measurements of all relevant species, including HONO and OH at two different measurement heights, i.e. 1 m above the ground and about 2 to 3 m above the canopy (24 m above the ground), conducted in a boreal forest environment. We observed mean HONO concentrations of about 6.5 × 108 molecules cm−3 (26 ppt) during daytime, more than 20 times higher than expected from the PSS of 0.2 × 108 molecules cm−3 (1 ppt). To close the budgets at both heights, a strong additional source term during daytime is required. This unidentified source is at its maximum at noon (up to 1.1 × 106 molecules cm−3 s−1, 160 ppt h−1) and in general up to 2.3 times stronger above the canopy than close to the ground. The insignificance of known gas phase reactions and other processes like dry deposition or advection compared to the photolytic decomposition of HONO at this measurement site was an ideal prerequisite to study possible correlations of this unknown term to proposed HONO sources. But neither the proposed emissions from soils nor the proposed photolysis of adsorbed HNO3 contributed substantially to the unknown source. However, the unknown source was found to be perfectly correlated to the unbalanced photolytic loss of HONO.

Atmospheric H2SO4 / H2O nucleation influencing effects have been studied in the flow tube IfT-LFT (Institute for Tropospheric Research – Laminar Flow Tube) at 293 ± 0.5 K and a pressure of 1 bar using synthetic air as the carrier gas. The presence of a possible background amine concentration in the order of 107–108 molecule cm−3 throughout the experiments has to be taken into account. In a first set of investigations, ozonolysis of olefins (tetramethylethylene, 1-methyl-cyclohexene, α-pinene and limonene) for close to atmospheric concentrations, served as the source of OH radicals and possibly other oxidants initiating H2SO4 formation starting from SO2. The oxidant generation is inevitably associated with the formation of organic oxidation products arising from the parent olefins. These products (first generation mainly) showed no clear effect on the number of nucleated particles within a wide range of experimental conditions for H2SO4 concentrations higher than ~107 molecule cm−3. Also the early growth process of the nucleated particles was not significantly influenced by the organic oxidation products in line with the expected growth by organic products using literature data. An additional, H2SO4-independent process of particle (nano-CN) formation was observed in the case of α-pinene and limonene ozonolysis for H2SO4 concentrations smaller than ~107 molecule cm−3. Furthermore, the findings confirm the appearance of an additional oxidant for SO2 beside OH radicals, very likely stabilized Criegee Intermediates (sCI). A second set of experiments has been performed in the presence of added amines in the concentrations range of a few 107–1010 molecule cm−3 applying photolytic OH radical generation for H2SO4 production without addition of other organics. All amines showed significant nucleation enhancement with increasing efficiency in the order pyridine < aniline < dimethylamine < trimethylamine. This result supports the idea of H2SO4 cluster stabilization by amines due to strong H2SO4↔amine interactions. On the other hand, this study indicates that for organic oxidation products (in presence of the possible amine background as stated) a distinct H2SO4 / H2O nucleation enhancement can be due to increased H2SO4 formation caused by additional organic oxidant production (sCI) rather than by stabilization of H2SO4 clusters due to H2SO4↔organics interactions.

Oxidation processes in Earth's atmosphere are tightly connected to many environmental and human health issues and are essential drivers for biogeochemistry. Until the recent discovery of the atmospheric relevance of the reaction of stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs) with SO2, atmospheric oxidation processes were thought to be dominated by a few main oxidants: ozone, hydroxyl radicals (OH), nitrate radicals and, e.g. over oceans, halogen atoms such as chlorine. Here, we report results from laboratory experiments at 293 K and atmospheric pressure focusing on sCI formation from the ozonolysis of isoprene and the most abundant monoterpenes (α-pinene and limonene), and subsequent reactions of the resulting sCIs with SO2 producing sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The measured total sCI yields were (0.15 ± 0.07), (0.27 ± 0.12) and (0.58 ± 0.26) for α-pinene, limonene and isoprene, respectively. The ratio between the rate coefficient for the sCI loss (including thermal decomposition and the reaction with water vapour) and the rate coefficient for the reaction of sCI with SO2, k(loss) /k(sCI + SO2), was determined at relative humidities of 10 and 50%. Observed values represent the average reactivity of all sCIs produced from the individual alkene used in the ozonolysis. For the monoterpene-derived sCIs, the relative rate coefficients k(loss) / k(sCI + SO2) were in the range (2.0–2.4) × 1012 molecules cm−3 and nearly independent of the relative humidity. This fact points to a minor importance of the sCI + H2O reaction in the case of the sCI arising from α-pinene and limonene. For the isoprene sCIs, however, the ratio k(loss) / k(sCI + SO2) was strongly dependent on the relative humidity. To explore whether sCIs could have a more general role in atmospheric oxidation, we investigated as an example the reactivity of acetone oxide (sCI from the ozonolysis of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene) toward small organic acids, i.e. formic and acetic acid. Acetone oxide was found to react faster with the organic acids than with SO2; k(sCI + acid) / k(sCI + SO2) = (2.8 ± 0.3) for formic acid, and k(sCI + acid) / k(sCI + SO2) = (3.4 ± 0.2) for acetic acid. This finding indicates that sCIs can play a role in the formation and loss of other atmospheric constituents besides SO2.