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The plant Siparuna guianensis is used in traditional medicine and has been the target of studies on the development of new drugs for the control of pests and vector insects. The present study was aimed to evaluate the seasonal influence on the content and composition of the essential oil of S. guianensis. The experiment was conducted for 12 months evaluating the yield of the essential oil of leaves throughout the seasons (autumn, winter, spring and summer). The chemical composition of the essential oil was obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest oil yield was in autumn and winter, comprising 0.33 and 0.29% (w/w), respectively. The major compound identified was β-myrcene (48.59-24.2%), followed by epicurzerenone (27.24-13.7%) being the most abundant; germacrene D showed lower values of 9.93% in autumn and 13.5-14.34% in the other seasons, besides curzerene that had no production in autumn. The E£-elemene component had a higher production of 7.29% in autumn. Compound 2-undecanone did not show significant seasonal changes, with percentages being between 7.26 and 5.43%. The monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes showed similar levels in autumn; however, in the other seasons (winter, spring, and summer), the sesquiterpenes presented higher concentration, reaching 68.54% in summer. The components identified in the essential oil of S. guianensis exhibit interesting biological activities, making this essential oil a promising compound for the development of new biodegradable drugs, repellents, and insecticides. The knowledge about the yield and seasonal composition is fundamental to optimize and maximize the obtainment of compounds of interest for the production of new drugs. Key words: Medicinal plant, negramina, seasonal production, essential oil, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Siparuna guianensis Aublet is a predominant species in the Brazilian Cerrado. Some studies found that its essential oil has properties that could be useful for manufacturing new products. Its quality depends on physicochemical properties, since its degradation, as well as water content and other volatile materials may cause several changes in its features. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the water content in the S. guianensis essential oil in order to evaluate its thermal parameters. The method is based on the hypothesis that the desolvation enthalpy (ΔH desol ) needed for removing n water moles from the essential oil is approximately the enthalpy needed for melting the same n water moles (nΔH f ). Thus, the current study considers the dissociation enthalpy (ΔH diss ) to be negligible. The total number of moles was calculated from the molecular mass value of the main essential oil components mentioned in the literature. The DSC curve in nitrogen atmosphere indicated the melting temperature of 1.6°C (ΔH=18.95 Jg -1 ). Based on the dehydration enthalpies demonstrated in the DSC curve, it was possible to infer that the calculations on the number of water moles and other constant volatile materials found in the S. guianensis essential oil were compatible with Karl Fischer Titration (KFT) method. This method is commonly used to determine the water content in substances. Key words: Siparuna guianensis , differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses.

Background The use of synthetic insecticides is one of the most common strategies for controlling disease vectors such as mosquitos. However, their overuse can result in serious risks to human health, to the environment, as well as to the selection of insecticidal resistant insect strains. The development of efficient and eco-friendly insect control is urgent, and essential oils have been presented as potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Moreover, nanoencapsulation techniques can enhance their efficiency by protecting from degradation and providing a controlled release rate. Results We assessed the potential of chitosan nanoparticles in encapsulating Siparuna guianensis essential oil, and maintaining its efficiency and prolonging its activity for the control of Aedes aegypti larvae. The encapsulation was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), with an encapsulation efficiency ranging from 84.8% to 88.0%. Toxicity studies have demonstrated efficacy against mosquito larvae over 50% for 19 days with 100% mortality during the first week. This persistent action is presumably due to the enhanced contact and slow and maintained release conferred by chitosan nanoparticles. Furthermore, the exposure of aquatic non-target organisms (e.g. embryos and small adult fishes) revealed adequate selectivity of these nanoparticles. Conclusions The encapsulation of S. guianensis essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles showed promising potential as a larvicide control alternative and should be considered within strategies for fighting Ae. aegypti., Author summary Numerous outbreaks of infectious diseases such as dengue, zika, and chikungunya in tropical countries have occurred where the mosquito Aedes aegypti is the transmitting vector. In Brazil, these infections are responsible for deaths and severe sequelae. Thus, many efforts have been made by governmental and research groups to control these outbreaks. However, complete success in this control has so far remained unachieved. Parallel to the need to develop new technologies that contribute to the control of insects that transmit diseases, there is a growing societal awareness regarding the risks associated with the use of synthetic insecticides, which has led to a search for natural alternatives such as essential oils from plants. Thus, our group conducted experiments to evaluate the application of nanotechnology in obtaining an efficient prolonged release system to combat Ae. aegypti larvae using the essential oil of a plant native to the Cerrado and Amazonian forests. These results demonstrate that using a simple and easily scalable encapsulation technique; it is possible to keep the low toxicity against non-target organism and prolong the activity of an essential oil in water and maintain larval mortality at a significant level for more than a week with a single application.

A toxoplasmose, causada pelo protozoário intracelular obrigatório Toxoplasma gondii, é uma doença cosmopolita que atinge um terço da população mundial. Tipicamente a infecção pelo T. gondii é assintomática em indivíduos imunocompetentes, no entanto, várias manifestações clínicas podem acometer, sobretudo indivíduos imunocomprometidos e infectados congenitamente, levando a consequências fatais, o que torna essa doença um importante problema de saúde pública. Embora existam medicamentos para o tratamento da toxoplasmose, estes apresentam eficácia limitada e graves efeitos colaterais, tornando essencial a busca de novas terapias, com melhor perfil de segurança. Neste contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar in vitro o potencial anti-toxoplásmico do extrato etanólico, frações acetato de etila e aquosa, óleo essencial e do α-bisabolol isolado de Siparuna guianensis. Foi realizado teste de viabilidade celular utilizando fibroblastos murinos NIH/3T3, pelo método colorimétrico de MTT. A atividade anti-toxoplásmica foi avaliada por meio do ensaio da β-galactosidase em duas condições experimentais diferentes, utilizando parasitos da cepa RH-2F1 de T. gondii. As amostras foram testadas em diferentes concentrações variando de 15 a 500 μg/mL, sendo utilizado como controle negativo meio RPMI e como controle positivo a enrofloxacina. Verificou-se que o extrato etanólico e a fração acetato de etila apresentaram atividade citotóxica frente aos fibroblastos nas maiores concentrações analisadas (250 e 500 μg/mL) e o óleo essencial na concentração de 500 μg/mL. Para as demais concentrações, nenhuma apresentou efeito citotóxico significativo, sugerindo que a planta seja bem tolerada pelo organismo. Na avaliação da proliferação intracelular do parasito quando o tratamento foi realizado após a infecção celular, observou-se que os compostos da S. guianensis controlaram parcialmente o parasitismo, sendo que apenas a fração acetato de etila demonstrou capacidade toxoplasmicida relevante, apresentando valor de IC 50 de 77,21 μg/mL. Em contraste, a fração aquosa e o óleo essencial, apresentaram nenhum efeito tóxico contra o parasito, indicando que estes não são uma boa alternativa terapêutica. Verificou-se que o efeito inibitório do parasitismo foi mais significativo no pré- tratamento dos parasitos antes da infecção celular, evidenciando um efeito direto sobre o parasito. Em conclusão, os resultados indicam utilização favorável da S. guianensis, especialmente da fração acetato de etila como terapia alternativa da toxoplasmose, devido a sua baixa citotoxidade, sua ação direta contra o parasito, além do seu efeito concentração-dependente, porém estudos futuros utilizando modelos de infecção parasitária in vivo e identificação dos princípios ativos da planta são necessários. Toxoplasmosis, a result of the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is a cosmopolitan disease that affects the character of the world population. Typically T. gondii infection is asymptomatic in immunocompetent examples, however, several manifestations could be more severe, immunocompromised and infected congenitally, leading to fatal consequences, the major public health problem. The treatment of toxoplasmosis is the treatment of toxoplasmosis, the effects of toxoplasmosis, such as stuff based on the density lipids, making essential profile for security. This study evaluates in vitro the anti-toxoplasmic potential of the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate and aquatic fractions, essential oil and bisabolol isolated from Siparuna guianensis. Cell viability tests using NIH/3T3 murine fibroblasts were performed by the MTT colorimetric method. Anti-toxoplasmatics were evaluated using the β-galactosidase assay in two experimental conditions using T. gondii strain RH-2F1. Samples were tested in different variables of 15 to 500 μg/mL, while the testosterone assayed in the test ranged from 15 to 500 μg/mL. It was verified that ethanolic extract and a fraction of euphyl acetate of cytometic activity against the fibroblasts in the highest concentrations analyzed (250 and 500 μg/mL) and the essential oil in the concentration of 500 μg/mL. For the other calories, some have a significant cytotoxic effect, suggesting that the plant is well tolerated by the body. In the intracellular proliferation of the parasite when the treatment was carried out after the cellular activation, the control of the progesterone control and the parasitism was observed, being that only a fraction of standard of acetate demonstrated capacity of relevant toxoplasmosis, presenting IC 50 value of 77,21 μg/ml. In contrast, the aqueous fraction and theessential effect, the thermal effect against the parasite, are not a therapeutic alternative. It was verified that the inhibitory effect of the parasitism was more significant in the pre-treatment of the parasites before the cellular infection, evidencing a direct effect on the parasite. According to protocol specifications, in order to allow the use of data, according to their implications, in vivo parasitic infection models and identification of the major plant components are required. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG

The utilization of synthetic insecticides is one of the most prevalent strategies used to control wax moth infestations, especially when the strength of bee colonies is weak. However, toxicity to bees and contamination of their products has been considered to be consequences of insecticide residues, increasing the risk of hazards to human health and to the environment. Here, we evaluated whether the application of Negramina, Siparuna guianensis Aubl., essential oil would be selective against the honey bees Apis mellifera L. without compromising the control of the wax moths Galleria mellonella L. and Achroia grisella F. The Negramina essential oil was chemically characterized and tested for insecticidal and repellent activities against A. mellifera as well as against both moth pests. The chemical composition of the essential oil revealed β-myrcene (79.7%) and 2-undecanone (14.6%) as the oil’s main constituents. While G. mellonella and A. grisella were similarly susceptible to Negramina oil, the forager bees were five- to 10-fold more tolerant to the actions of the essential oil. Furthermore, the Negramina oil (0.30 μg of essential oil/cm2) did not repel honey bee foragers but did exhibit repellent activities (0.08 μg of essential oil/cm2) against the larvae and adults of both wax moth species. By exhibiting desirable levels of selectivity against A. mellifera and providing relevant control levels against wax moths, the application of Negramina essential oil represents a desirable tool to replace the use of synthetic insecticides against wax moths in weak honey bee colonies as well as in stored honey bee combs.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior A espécie Siparuna guianensis Aublet. (Siparunaceae), conhecida como negramina, capitu, folha santa e limão-bravo, é amplamente distribuída no território nacional. A espécie tem sido tradicionalmente utilizada no combate de sintomas de algumas patologias como febre, inflamação, dores de cabeça e no corpo. O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a atividade antioxidante, antinociceptiva, anti-inflamatória e toxidez oral aguda da partição em diclorometano (PDCM) das folhas de S. guianensis, bem como determinar o perfil químico de PDCM e suas frações. Para tal, as folhas secas foram submetidas à extração em metanol por maceração estática. O extrato metanólico foi então particionado, primeiramente com hexano, seguido de diclorometano, obtendose a PDCM que, por sua vez, foi fracionada e forneceu 14 frações (FD1 a FD14). O perfil químico da PDCM e suas frações foi determinado por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), possibilitando a identificação de constituintes terpênicos e flavonoides. Com relação à atividade antioxidante in vitro, a PDCM foi eficaz em reduzir o radical DPPH (CI50 25 μg/mL); no método do fosfomolibidênio foi encontrado o valor de 0,34 mg/mg de PDCM em equivalentes de ácido ascórbico; no método do TBA a amostra na concentração de 7,5 mg foi capaz de inibir a peroxidação lipídica de forma estatisticamente igual à substância de referência (BHT), na mesma concentração. In vivo, a atividade anti-inflamatória foi avaliada em camundongos pelo método do edema de orelha induzido pelo óleo de cróton e pelo modelo de peritonite induzida por LPS. No primeiro modelo PDCM administrada por via oral (v.o.) foi capaz de reduzir significativamente o edema nas doses de 100 e 300 mg/kg em 54 e 52%, respectivamente. Enquanto que no segundo ensaio, PDCM na dose de 100 mg/kg foi capaz de inibir a migração leucocitária em 53%. O estudo toxicológico agudo, durante 14 dias, mostrou que esta amostra é segura para administração por via oral. PDCM v.o. apresentou ação antinociceptiva em dois dos três modelos utilizados. No modelo de contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético, as doses de 100, 200 e 300mg/kg foram capazes de inibir o número de contorções em 67, 71 e 83%, respectivamente. No teste da formalina, foi observada atividade tanto na nocicepção neurogênica, quanto na nocicepção inflamatória. Na primeira, todas as doses (100, 200 e 300 mg/kg) foram eficazes reduzindo em 56, 54 e 48%, respectivamente, o tempo de lambida. Do mesmo modo, na segunda fase todas as doses foram eficazes, porém de forma menos significativa que na primeira fase, reduzindo o tempo de lambida em 29, 38 e 44%, respectivamente. Devido à natureza comportamental dos ensaios antinociceptivos, o teste do campo aberto mostrou que a amostra não tem atividade sobre a locomoção dos animais. Os resultados indicam que a PDCM de S. guianensis possui potencial antioxidante, antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória, provavelmente relacionados aos constituintes terpênicos e flavonoides presentes na espécie. The species Siparuna guianensis Aublet. (Siparunaceae), known as negramina, capitú, folha-santa e limão-bravo, is widely distributed around the national territory. Species have traditionally been used to combat the symptoms of some pathologies fever, inflammation, headaches and body aches, and other disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities and acute oral toxicity profile of the dichloromethane partition (PDCM), as well as to determine the chemical profile of PDCM and its fractions. For this, the dry leaves were subjected to methanol extraction by static maceration. The methanolic extract was subject to liquidliquid partition, firstly with hexane, followed by dichloromethane, to obtain the dichloromethane partition (PDCM). Then, PDCM was fractionated, and 14 fractions (FD1 – FD14) were collected. The PDCM and fractions chemical profiles was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which allowed the identification of terpenes and flavonoids. According to the in vitro tests, PDCM was effective in reducing the DPPH radical (IC50 25 μg/mL); the value of 0.34 mg/mg of PDCM in ascorbic acid equivalents was determined using the fosfomolybdenium assay; the sample at 7.5 mg was able to inhibit lipid peroxidation with no statistical difference compared to the reference substance (BHT) at the same concentration in the TBA assay. Besides, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in mice by the cróton oil-induced ear edema and by the model of peritonitis induced by LPS. PDCM was capable to reduce the ear edema at 100 and 300 mg/kg by 54% and 52%, respectively. Also, PDCM inhibited the leucocyte migration by 53% at 100 mg/kg. The acute toxicological evaluation, during 14 days, suggested that the oral administration of this sample is safe. PDCM also showed antinociceptive action in two of the three models used. The number of writhing was reduced by 67%, 71% and 83% at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, respectively, in acetic acid-induced writhing test. The neurogenic and inflammatory antinociceptive activity was also observed by the formalin test. All doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) were effective, reducing by 56%, 54% e 48% the licking time during the neurogenic inflammation, respectively. All doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) were also effective in the second phase, however in a less significant manner, reducing the licking time by 29%, 38%, and 44%, respectively. Due to the behavioral nature of the antinociceptive assays, the open field test was carried out to ensure that the sample has no interference on animal locomotion. The results indicated that PDCM from S. guianensis is endowed with antioxidant, antinociceptive and antiinflammatory potential, probably related to the terpenes and flavonoids presented in this species.

A estrongiloidíase é uma doença negligenciada com prevalência subestimada ocasionada principalmente pela espécie Strongyloides stercoralis, geralmente é assintomática, mas potencialmente fatal em indivíduos imunocomprometidos. Trata-se de uma infecção de difícil diagnóstico devido a eliminação de larvas discreta e irregular, e com alto impacto em saúde pública. Dentre os medicamentos disponíveis para o tratamento da estrongiloidíase, estão o albendazol e ivermectina, mas devido aos efeitos colaterais e o desenvolvimento da resistência, tem-se buscado novas alternativas terapêuticas para o controle do gênero Strongyloides sp. Neste contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial anti-helmíntico do extrato etanólico, fração acetato de etila, fração aquosa e óleo essencial rico em alfa bisabolol de Siparuna guianensis bem como do alfa bisabolol isolado no controle de S. venezuelensis. Realizou-se Testes de Eclosão de Ovos (TEO) e Testes de Motilidade Larval (TML) inicialmente com o extrato etanólico, óleo essencial e alfa bisabolol isolado nas concentrações de 0,2 à 1,0 mg/mL e, por fim, foram testadas as frações acetato de etila e aquosa fracionadas do extrato etanólico nas concentrações de 0,05 à 0,8 mg/mL. Foram utilizados como controles positivos o albendazol no TEO e a ivermectina no TML e, como controles, água filtrada e DMSO 1%. Foram utilizadas fezes frescas de gerbilos para realização do TEO e cultura de fezes em vermiculita para o TML. Foi incubado 50 μL dos compostos testados com ovos ou larvas contendo aproximadamente 50 espécimes em tubos eppendorfs para o TEO e TML. Os testes foram feitos em duplicata com réplica, e após incubação à 28°C por 48 horas realizou-se a contagem dos espécimes no TEO, e no TML, as contagens foram realizadas em intervalos de 24, 48 e 72 horas. As contagens nos dois testes foram realizadas em microscopia óptica. Todas as substâncias testadas apresentaram atividade ovicida equivalente ao controle positivo e, provocaram alterações na morfologia dos ovos. Apenas as frações acetato de etila e aquosa apresentaram efeito concentração dependente nos ensaios com ovos. No TML, não houve relação tempo dependente, apenas o extrato etanólico e a fração aquosa de S. guianensis apresentou eficiência equivalente ao controle positivo. Com exceção do alfa bisabolol isolado, os demais compostos apresentaram efeito concentração dependente no TML. A maior concentração do extrato etanólico provocou alterações na cutícula das larvas analisadas. Os testes fitoquímicos do extrato etanólico mostraram a presença de compostos fenólicos, taninos e flavonoides. Infere-se a partir dos resultados que existe sinergismo entre os constituintes químicos dos diferentes compostos analisados no TEO e TML e, que a presença de taninos e flavonoides no extrato etanólico e em suas frações influenciou na atividade ovicida e larvicida observada. Conclui-se que S. guianensis apresentou in vitro potencialidade antiparasitária principalmente do extrato etanólico e suas frações nas diferentes formas de S. venezuelensis. The strongyloidiasis is a neglected disease with prevalence underestimated, is caused mainly by the Strongyloides stercoralis species, is usually asymptomatic but potentially fatal in immunocompromised individuals. It is an infection difficult to diagnose due to low and irregular elimination of larvae, and with a high impact on public health. Among the drugs available for the treatment of strongyloidiasis are albendazole and ivermectin, but due to the side effects and the development of resistance has sought new therapeutic alternatives for the control of the genus Strongyloides sp are being studied. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic potential of the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction, aqueous fraction, and essential oil rich in alpha bisabolol of S. guianensis as well as of the alpha bisabolol isolated in the control of S. venezuelensis. We carried out the Eggs Hatching Tests (EHT) and Larval Motility Tests (LMT) initially with ethanolic extract, essential oil and alpha bisabolol isolated at concentrations of 0.2 to 1.0 mg/mL, and finally fractionated ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract at concentrations of 0.05 to 0.8 mg/mL were tested. We used as positive controls, albendazole in EHT and ivermectin in LMT and as negative controls, filtered water and DMSO 1%. Fresh feces of gerbils were used to perform the EHT and stool culture in vermiculite for LMT. Was incubated with 50μL of tested compounds with eggs or larvae containing approximately 50 specimens in eppendorf tubesfor TEO and TML. The tests were performed in duplicate with the reply, and after incubation at 28 °C for 48 hours was performed counting the specimens in the EHT, and LMT, counts were performed at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours. The counts in the two tests were perfomed under optical microscopy. All the substances tested showed positive ovicidal activity equivalent to the positive control, and caused changes in the morphology of eggs. Only ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions showed a concentration-dependent effect in egg assays. In the TML, there was no time dependent relationship, only the ethanolic extract and the aqueous fraction of S. guianensis presented efficiency equivalent to the positive control. With the exception of alpha bisabolol alone, the other compounds had a concentration-dependent effect on TML. The higher concentration of the ethanolic extract caused changes in the cuticle of the analyzed larvae. The phytochemical tests of the ethanolic extract showed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids. It is suggested from the results that there is synergism between the chemical constituents of the different compounds analyzed in the TEO and TML, and the presence of tannins and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract and its fractions influenced the observed ovicidal and larvicidal activity. It is concluded that S. guianensis showed in vitro antiparasitic potential mainly of the ethanolic extract and its fractions in the different forms of S. venezuelensis. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Siparuna guianensis is a Brazilian plant with extensive ethnobotanical indication and identified as one of the priority species that should be preserved in the Brazilian Cerrado. This work aimed to investigate the chemical composition and the antibacterial effects of the essential oil from leaves of S. guianensis (SG-EO) grown in southeastern Brazil against a representative panel of oral pathogens and mycobacteria. Anticariogenic and antimycobacterial activities of SG-EO were evaluated in terms of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The essential oil from leaves of S. guianensis was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty one compounds were identified, accounting for 92.7 % of the SG-EO composition. E,E-farnesol (18.0 %), β-myrcene (16.0 %), germacrene-D (10.0 %) and siparunone (14.6 %) were the major SG-EO constituents. SG-EO showed the strongest anticariogenic activity against the aerobic bacterium Streptococcus mutans (MIC of 50 µg/mL). SG-EO was also evaluated for its antimycobacterial activity, and showed MIC values of 250 µg/mL against Mycobacterium avium and 500 µg/mL against M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii. These results imply that S. guianensis may be a new alternative source of substances of medicinal interest. This is the first report of anticariogenic and antimycobacterial activities of essential oil of S. guianensis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v0i0.930

RESUMO As Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais ocorrem em alguns locais no Bioma Cerrado, mas estão sendo suprimidas em meio à ampla matriz agropecuária no Brasil Central. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a estrutura horizontal e vertical, as síndromes de dispersão, os grupos sucessionais e a similaridade florística do estrato arbóreo e regenerativo de um trecho de fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no município de Itumbiara, GO. Todos os indivíduos arbóreos vivos com circunferência do tronco a altura do peito (CAP) ≥15 foram identificados e medidos quanto à altura e circunferência do tronco em 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m. A amostragem do estrato regenerativo foi realizada em 25 subparcelas de 10 m x 10 m, totalizando 0,25 ha, alocadas no vértice inferior direito das parcelas utilizadas para a amostragem do estrato arbóreo. Nestas subparcelas foram identificados e contados todos os indivíduos regenerantes de espécies arbóreas com altura maior ou igual a 1 m até aqueles com CAP < 15 cm. Para o estrato arbóreo foi calculado: a densidade, frequência, dominância, valor de importância e a estratificação vertical. Nos dois estratos foram amostradas 100 espécies. A espécie com maior valor de importância no estrato arbóreo foi Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng) Mez, e no estrato regenerativo Siparuna guianensis Aubl teve maior número de indivíduos. Ambos os estratos apresentaram maior proporção de espécies secundárias iniciais e a zoocoria foi a síndrome de dispersão mais frequente. A estrutura fitossociológica atual mostra que o fragmento contém diversas espécies pouco representadas em outras Florestas Semideciduais, o que mostra a sua importância como área de preservação permanente. ABSTRACT Semideciduous forests occur in a few places in the Cerrado biome, but are being suppressed through by agriculture and livestock in central Brazil. The objective of this study was characterize the horizontal and vertical structures, the dispersal syndromes, successional groups and floristic similarity of the tree layer and regeneration in a semideciduous forest fragment in Itumbiara, Goiás state. All trees alive with circumference at breast height (CAP) ≥ 15 were identified and measured for height and diameter in 25 plots of 20 x 20 m. To the regenerative stratum the criteria was the inclusion of individuals with height ≥ 1m until CAP = 14.9 cm in 25 plots of 10 × 10 m. In both layers were sampled 100 species. The species with the highest importance in the tree layer were Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez, and in the regenerative stratum, Siparuna guianensis Aubl. Both layers had a higher proportion of early secondary species and the zoochory dispersion syndrome was more frequent. Several important species are not represented in other semideciduous forests, and then this forest is an important permanent conservation area.

Gas exchange, chlorophyll afluorescence, and photosynthetic pigments of Xylopia sericeaA. St.-Hil. and Siparuna guianensis Aubl. were evaluated during the rainy season and the dry season (2009-2010) in three understories with different ecological conditions (irradiance, water availability, and temperature) located in the União Biological Reserve (known as REBIO União), at Rio de Janeiro State, a natural forest understory, eucalyptus understory under regeneration, and understory of eucalyptus plantation with 18-year-old trees that were removed 1 year before. The lowest values of Fv/Fm e Fm/Fo were observed in the exposed understory for both seasons, with lower values in the dry season, suggesting that reduced water availability potentializes the photoinhibitory process. For both species of the exposed understory it is suggested the occurrence of photoprotection, given that an increased proportion of carotenoid pigments in relation to the chlorophylls were verified. Both species still exhibited dynamic photoinhibition after 1 year of exposure to full sunlight (exposed understory) in both seasons, but more markedly so in the dry season, though they belong to early stages of ecological succession. Based on the results, it is suggested that these species are indicated for planting in degraded areas and that the cutting of eucalyptus trees as management practice should be performed in a gradual manner, during the rainy season, in order to minimize stress on these species.

The purpose of this research was to study the medicinal species Siparuna guianensis Aublet (negramina) in the riverside community of Bom Sucesso, a small location in the municipality of Varzea Grande, Mato Grosso. We conducted interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire containing a set of closed-ended and/or open-ended questions. We concluded that the main form of preparation was the decoction of the leaves used as a topic bath to relieve the symptoms of the flu, such as fever and body pain, and we detected that this knowledge is not being handed down to new generations.

As pesquisas realizadas a partir de recursos genéticos de espécies medicinais nativas somente serão aplicadas se o material genético estiver seguro quanto à sobrevivência e disponibilidade. O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica adotando como critério a escolha de artigos publicados em conceituadas revistas nacionais e internacionais, que permitissem melhor entendimento dos aspectos etnobotânicos, ecológicos e químicos de importante planta medicinal e aromática: Siparuna guianensis Aublet. Como tem sido apontada como uma das espécies prioritárias de conservação para a região do cerrado brasileiro, os estudos da propagação devem ser incentivados para que este recurso genético esteja disponível às gerações futuras. Studies with genetic resources of native medicinal species will only be applied if their genetic material is safe regarding survival and availability. The aim of this study was to do a literature review adopting as criterion the choice of papers published in renowned national and international journals to allow better understanding on ethnobotanical, ecological and chemical aspects of an important medicinal and aromatic plant, Siparuna guianensis Aublet. Since the latter has been considered one of the major species for the conservation of Brazilian cerrado, studies on its propagation should be encouraged in order to make this genetic resource available to future generations.

This survey was performed in a fragment of the savanna in Pirassununga (SP, southeastern Brazil), using 34 plots of 10 x 10 m each, where individuals with PBH equal or higher than 10 cm were sampled. In total 730 individuals were marked belonging to 33 families, 60 genera and 80 species. The most important species were Copaifera langsdorfi i, Anadenanthera falcata and Siparuna guianensis. The families with the highest number of species were Myrtaceae, Lauraceae and Euphorbiaceae. The Shannon diversity index was 3.45 nats/individuals and the equability (J) was 0.78 nats/individuals

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a possível correlação dos fatores edáficos na distribuição dos indivíduos de espécies arbóreas e a similaridade florística entre as populações, em dois trechos distintos de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, em Viçosa, MG (20°46' S e 42°52' W). No trabalho, foram amostrados os indivíduos arbóreos superiores ou iguais a 15 cm (CAP), presentes em 20 parcelas de 25×10 m, estando metade dessas alocadas (10) em cada trecho de floresta. Na área das parcelas, foram coletadas amostras de solo (0-10 cm) e submetidas às análises química e física. Os resultados dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo indicaram variações conforme as mudanças na topografia do terreno. A análise de correspondência canônica (CCA) indicou correlação significativa entre a distribuição das espécies arbóreas avaliadas no perfil topográfico e a fertilidade do solo, enquanto a comparação entre as espécies pertencentes às florestas inicial e avançada apontou baixa similaridade florística. Verificou-se ainda que espécies como Casearia arborea, Ocotea laxa, Myrcia fallax, Siparuna guianensis, Apuleia leiocarpa, Matayba elaeagnoides e Sparattosperma leucanthum estão associadas a solos argilosos mais ácidos, de encostas e com maior teor de alumínio, permitindo o uso delas em programas de recuperação ambiental. This study aimed to analyze the possible correlations among soil factors at the tree species distribution and the floristic similarity among populations in two sites of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, located in Viçosa, MG (20°46' S and 42°52' W). The tree species with ≤ 15 cm circumference at breast height (CBH) were sampled in 20 plots of 25 x 10 m (10 plots in each site). The soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm depth and submitted to chemical and physical analysis. The result of the chemical and physical attributes of the soil indicated variations according to topographical gradient. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated significant correlation between the distribution of trees species evaluated in the topographic profile and the fertility of the soil. The comparison between species from initial and advanced forests revealed low floristic similarity. Species such as Casearia arborea, Ocotea laxa, Myrcia fallax, Siparuna guianensis, Apuleia leiocarpa, Matayba elaeagnoides and Sparattosperma leucanthumwere associated to more acid clayed soils, from hillside and with larger aluminum content, suggesting their use in environmental recovery.

Survival and dynamics of forests depend largely on the seed rain. Thus, studies on the densities of seed rain can provide important information for the conservation and management of forest fragments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed rain in a fragment of semideciduous Atlantic forest in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, in order to: identify the species and frequency of seeds that were dispersed; and relations between the occurrence of seeds and the edge effect of the fragment, at different times. We used a nested model analysis of variance. We verified differences in frequency among times and between interior and edge, for some species. The most frequent species over the collections were Styrax sp., Ficus sp., Copaifera langsdorffii, Siparuna guianensis, Byrsonima crassifolia, Duguetia lanceolata.

The essential oils of three types of Siparuna guianensis collected at different places of the Amazon were analyzed by GC/MS. The main constituents found in the oil of the sample collected at Moju (PA) were epi-α-bisabolol (25.1%) and spathulenol (15.7%). The oil of the sample collected at Rio Branco (AC) was dominated by spathulenol (22.0%), selin-11-en-4α-ol (19.4%), β-eudesmol (10.0%) and elemol (10.0%). The major components found in the oil of the sample collected at Belem (PA) were germacrone (23.2%), germacrene D (10.9%), bicycliogermacrene (8.6%), germacrene B (8.0%) and atractylone (31.4%).

Despite the large use of the Plantago major and Siparuna guianensis in traditional medicine, there are no studies demonstrating the effectiveness from extracts of these plants in the healing process by the present methodology. This study reported the effects and toxicity of the P. major and S. guianensis extracts in the wound healing compared with a commercial product used in Brazil by macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Following injury in cervical dorsal area of the mice, the extract from P. major and S. guianensis and ointment was applied after an injury in cervical dorsal area of the mice. Wound healing rates were calculated at 4, 9, 15 and 21 d after the wounding, and tissues were obtained on the ninth day for histological analysis. Moreover, mutagenic assay of extracts was performed. Mutagenicity studies carried out with plant extracts showed not mutagenic with or without metabolic activations. Reduction of the wound area occurred earlier in mice treated with P. major and control treatment. On the 15th day, the complete wound closure occurred in P. major-treated wounds. Throughout ointment and S. guianensis treatment it was not observed the wound closured. Microscopic analyses of the wound, on the ninth day, showed the more efficient formation of the neoepithelium and skin appendages in animals treated with S. guianensis and P. major, while ointment treatment presented no re-epithelialization and absent skin appendages in wound. Thus, P. major extract showed good effects on wound healing processes rendering it a promising candidate for the treatment of wounds what also justified its traditional usage in wound treatment.

Chemical study of three medicinal plants: from leaves of Piper renitens (Miq.) Yunck, Piperaceae, and Siparuna guianensis Aubl., Siparunaceae, and from flowers of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze, Amaranthaceae, resulted in isolation of nine compounds: three steroids, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol from P. renitens and sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from A. brasiliana, the diterpene kaurane ent-kauran-16α,17-diol from P. renitens, two derivatives kaempferol-methylether, kumatakenine (kaempferol-3,7-dimethylether) and kaempferol-3,7,3'-trimethylether from S. guianensis and three flavones, crysoeriol (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone), tricin (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone) and 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-5,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone from A. brasiliana. Compounds structures were determinate using 1D and 2D ¹H NMR and 13C spectral data, mass and IR spectra, comparing with literature data.

Siparuna guianensis Aubl., Siparunaceae, is used as anxiolytic plants in folk medicine by South-American indians, "caboclos" and river-dwellers. This work focused the evaluation of phenolic composition of hydroethanolic extract of S. guianensis through HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS/MS. The constituents exhibited protonated, deprotonated and sodiated molecules and the MS/MS fragmentation of protonated, deprotonated and sodiated molecules provided product ions with rich structural information. Vicenin-2 (apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside) was the main constituent found in S. guianensis together quercetin-3,7-di-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3,7di-O-rhamnoside. A commercial extract of Passiflora incarnata (Phytomedicine) was used as surrogate standard and also was analyzed through HPLC-DAD-ESI/ MS/MS, showing flavones C-glycosides as constituents, among them, vicenin-2 and vitexin. The main constituent was vitexin. Flavonols triglycosides was also found in low content in S. guianensis and were tentatively characterized as quercetin-3O-rutinoside-7-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-pentosyl-pentoside-7-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3-O-pentosyl-pentoside-7-O-rhamnoside. Apigenin and kaempferol derivatives had been reported as anxiolytic agents. Flavonoids present in this extract were correlated with flavonoids reported as anxiolytics.

The essential oils obtained by steam distillation of the leaves, stem bark, stem wood, root bark, root wood and fruits of Siparuna guianensis were analyzed using a combination of GC/MS, retention indices and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Epi-α-cadinol was the major component (11.9–39.9%) in almost all oils, except for the fruit and stem bark oils that contained 2-undecanone (52.7%) and terpinolene (33.3%) as main constituents, respectively.

This work describes the volatile composition obtained by hidrodistillation of fresh leaves of Siparuna guianensis Aublet collected from Cuiaba (MT), Brazil. The composition of DCM extract of hydrolate was determined by GC-MS analysis and the results showed that the specie present a range of components according to their phenology and period of the leaves were collects. The highest volatile components yield was obtained during the reproductive period and the principal compound was the siparunone.

The essential oil of Siparuna guianensis Aublet leaves collected during different months of the year were analyzed by GC/MS. (E)-Nerolidol was the major component of the oil of S. guianensis, collected in June during flowering. A large seasonal variation in the nerolidol content (0-99–3%) of S. guianensis oil was observed.

The essential oils from leaves and fruits of Siparuna guianensis collected in southeastern Brazilian cerrado were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents found in the leaf oil were decanoic acid (46.6%) and 2-undecanone (31.7%). The fruit oil consisted mainly of 2-undecanone (32.5%), β-pinene (19.6%) and limonene (13.6%).