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Any posterior midline cystic or soft tissue scalp mass in an infant needs evaluation with MRI brain and MRV brain to look for intracranial extension of the lesion. One of the differential considerations is an atretic cephalocele, which can be a difficult diagnosis, especially when the cystic lesions are small. The presence of a small calvarial defect adjacent to the cystic mass and a persistent primitive falcine vein, which points towards the cystic mass, are imaging clues to this diagnosis. Correct diagnosis is needed prior to surgical resection to avoid potentially serious postoperative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: A 17‐year‐old girl with a congenital, painless right forehead swelling obstructing her visual field was diagnosed with sinus pericranii. Radiological imaging confirmed extracalvarial arteriovenous malformation with serpentine vessels and bony erosion. Endovascular surgery was chosen for management, highlighting the necessity of considering SP in differential diagnosis for scalp swellings. Despite its rarity, awareness of it is essential to prevent complications from injury, misdiagnosis, or invasive procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinus pericranii is a rare venous anomaly characterized by abnormal communication between intracranial and subperiosteal veins, and reports of trauma-induced sinus pericranii are even rarer. Herein, we report a case of delayed-onset sinus pericranii resulting from a traumatic injury to the left side of the midline of the forehead sustained in early childhood. The anomaly was successfully resected via a coronal incision within the hairline, followed by meticulous bone wax sealing. In this paper, we aim to provide details on the diagnosis and surgical techniques of trauma-induced sinus pericranii, contributing valuable insights for the management of such rare condition.

Congenital anomalies and defects of the skull base and calvarium encompass a broad and complex spectrum of pathologies. The clinical presentation is highly variable, and these anomalies may be discovered incidentally in asymptomatic individuals. Radiological assessment plays a pivotal role in precisely characterizing these abnormalities, facilitating the diagnostic process, and assisting in any preoperative preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message A 17‐year‐old girl with a congenital, painless right forehead swelling obstructing her visual field was diagnosed with sinus pericranii. Radiological imaging confirmed extracalvarial arteriovenous malformation with serpentine vessels and bony erosion. Endovascular surgery was chosen for management, highlighting the necessity of considering SP in differential diagnosis for scalp swellings. Despite its rarity, awareness of it is essential to prevent complications from injury, misdiagnosis, or invasive procedures.

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to investigate the association of atretic cephalocele (AC) with sinus pericranii (SP) in order to improve the management of AC. Methods: Pediatric patients with AC who underwent repair surgeries were retrospectively analyzed. Anomalies including SP were evaluated using computed tomography angiography and venography (CTA/V) as well as magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Fourteen patients were identified, comprising of 5 males and 9 females. The AC was located interparietally in 8 cases and occipitally in 6 cases. Seven cases (50%) were found to be associated with SP, all of which did not involve major intracranial venous circulation. Five out of 8 parietal ACs (63%) were accompanied by SP, while 2 out of 6 occipital ACs (33%) exhibited SP. All of the SP associated with AC only contributed to a small portion of the venous outflow, and the repair surgeries were successfully performed without excessive bleeding. Conclusion: More than half of the ACs were associated with SP, with a higher prevalence in the parietal region compared to the occipital region. For the appropriate management of AC, preoperative investigation of SP using CT venography is considered important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinus pericranii (SP) are abnormal vascular connections between extracranial scalp venous channels and intracranial dural sinuses. This vascular abnormality rarely results in significant sequelae, but in select cases, it can be symptomatic. We describe the case of a 7-year-old girl with an SP who experienced intermittent visual, motor, and sensory symptoms not previously described in the literature. Her symptoms resolved after surgical treatment of the SP. We propose a mechanism for her symptoms and the rationale for the role of neurosurgical intervention along with a review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare vascular malformation characterized by abnormal communication between the intracranial and extracranial venous systems [1]. Sinus pericranii is most commonly seen in the distribution areas of the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses [2]. There are no uniform criteria for the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment options, or prognosis of sinus pericranii [3]. Case description: In this paper, we present the diagnosis and treatment of a child admitted to our neurosurgery department in 2019 with rapidly growing frontal sinus pericranii, as well as the 3-year postoperative follow-up. Discussion: The authors summarize the clinical presentation characteristics, diagnosis and treatment methods, and prognosis of this disease using relevant domestic and international literature to improve clinicians' understanding of this disease. Conclusion: It is rare to see a significant growing of the sinus pericranii within a short period, and the mechanism of their occurrence needs to be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sinus pericranii is a rare cranial venous malformation resulting in a subcutaneous mass due to abnormal communication between intracranial and subperiosteal/interperiosteal veins. To date, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of sinus pericranii associated with syntelencephaly, a subtype of lobar holoprosencephaly. We herein report a case of sinus pericranii associated with syntelencephaly. This report can provide us better understanding of the etiology of sinus pericranii, the potential risks, and the treatment options for these patients. Case presentation A 2-year-4-month old female patient who received the diagnosis of syntelencephaly as a neonate presented with a subcutaneous mass in the parietal region. The mass was soft, nonpulsatile, 3 × 2 cm in size, and showed enlargement in the lying position. Color cranial Doppler ultrasound, head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cerebral angiography revealed a dilated vessel passing through the parietal bone and forming a communication between the superior sagittal sinus and scalp veins. Based on these findings, sinus pericranii was diagnosed. The head MRI also showed coronal craniosynostosis, a tight posterior fossa. At age 2 years and 7 months, the patient underwent a transection of the sinus pericranii and the mass resolved without any complications or recurrences for more than 2.5 years to date. Conclusion Sinus pericranii is a rare cranial and venous malformation sometimes accompanied by brain malformations or craniosynostosis that may become more apparent as the brain and skull develop. Since this condition can be complicated by intracranial hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis, early detection is necessary to determine the treatment options. Physicians should be alert to the possibility of this condition if they observe a soft cranial mass that appears to decrease in size in the sitting position and bulge in the lying position.

Abstract Background Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare venous anomaly abnormally connecting the intracranial dural sinuses with the epicranial venous channels. Various authors have attempted to classify this entity to decide management for this potentially life-threatening condition. With approximately 200 cases reported in world literature till date, no definitive guidelines for management have emerged. Case presentation A female child aged 7 years presented to us with complaints of occipital swelling since birth. This swelling was gradually increasing in size as reported by the parents. On examination, the swelling was located in the right parieto-occipital region, size 10 cm diameter in lying position, soft, non-tender, fluid-like diffuse swelling with underlying areas of palpable bony defects, partially reducible in sitting up position, and cough impulse was present. On evaluation, a case of dominant SP was established. Conclusion Traditionally, SP has been reported mostly in paediatric population and managed surgically or endovascularly for selected cases, while the remaining cases have been observed. Profuse haemorrhage has been a major deterrent to manage these lesions surgically. Long-term complications like trauma, haemorrhage, infection and thrombosis have been reported in conservatively managed cases. The neurosurgical community has thus been left searching for the optimal management of SP. The authors report this case attempting to classify this case according to the available classification systems and hence decide the best possible management.

Background: Sinus pericranii is a rare cranial venous malformation resulting in a subcutaneous mass due to abnormal communication between intracranial and subperiosteal/interperiosteal veins. To date, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of sinus pericranii associated with syntelencephaly, a subtype of lobar holoprosencephaly. We herein report a case of sinus pericranii associated with syntelencephaly. This report can provide us better understanding of the etiology of sinus pericranii, the potential risks, and the treatment options for these patients.Case Presentation: A 2-year-4-month old female patient who received the diagnosis of syntelencephaly as a neonate presented with a subcutaneous mass in the parietal region. The mass was soft, nonpulsatile, 3 × 2 cm in size, and showed enlargement in the lying position. Color cranial Doppler ultrasound, head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cerebral angiography revealed a dilated vessel passing through the parietal bone and forming a communication between the superior sagittal sinus and scalp veins. Based on these findings, sinus pericranii was diagnosed. The head MRI also showed coronal craniosynostosis, a tight posterior fossa. At age 2 years and 7 months, the patient underwent a transection of the sinus pericranii and the mass resolved without any complications or recurrences for more than 2.5 years to date.Conclusion: Sinus pericranii is a rare cranial and venous malformation sometimes accompanied by brain malformations or craniosynostosis that may become more apparent as the brain and skull develop. Since this condition can be complicated by intracranial hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis, early detection is necessary to determine the treatment options. Physicians should be alert to the possibility of this condition if they observe a soft cranial mass that appears to decrease in size in the sitting position and bulge in the lying position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinus pericranii is a rare lesion found most commonly in a pediatric population but can be presented at any age. There are many theories explaining pathomorpogenesis, but any of them are proven correct. There are some distinguishing features of this rare pathology. This case report describes them and also describes the treatment course of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare venous anomaly abnormally connecting the intracranial dural sinuses with the epicranial venous channels. Various authors have attempted to classify this entity to decide management for this potentially life-threatening condition. With approximately 200 cases reported in world literature till date, no definitive guidelines for management have emerged. Case presentation: A female child aged 7 years presented to us with complaints of occipital swelling since birth. This swelling was gradually increasing in size as reported by the parents. On examination, the swelling was located in the right parieto-occipital region, size 10 cm diameter in lying position, soft, non-tender, fluid-like diffuse swelling with underlying areas of palpable bony defects, partially reducible in sitting up position, and cough impulse was present. On evaluation, a case of dominant SP was established. Conclusion: Traditionally, SP has been reported mostly in paediatric population and managed surgically or endovascularly for selected cases, while the remaining cases have been observed. Profuse haemorrhage has been a major deterrent to manage these lesions surgically. Long-term complications like trauma, haemorrhage, infection and thrombosis have been reported in conservatively managed cases. The neurosurgical community has thus been left searching for the optimal management of SP. The authors report this case attempting to classify this case according to the available classification systems and hence decide the best possible management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare venous anomaly consisting of an aberrant communication between the intra- and extra-cranial venous systems forming a venous malformation in the scalp. It is usually defined as midline frontal or parietal fluctuating bluish tumour that increases in size with Valsalva manoeuvre. The gold standard for its diagnosis is digital subtraction angiography, but initial test of choice is magnetic angio-resonance imaging. Although being a benign condition it usually poses aesthetic concerns and fear of complications. This is the reason why, although conservative management is accepted, treatment is usually considered, either endovascular or surgical. We herein review the current management of these rare vascular lesions and illustrate it with a case of a large frontal SP in which surgical excision was decided and performed with an excellent long-term result. We underline the importance of careful haemostasis and multidisciplinary work for the safe management of complex vascular anomalies. Level of evidence: Level V, therapeutic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinus pericranii is a rare vascular anomaly characterized by an abnormal communication between the intra‐ and extracranial venous systems through a calvarial defect(s). We present three cases of congenital sinus pericranii with facial involvement, emphasizing its cutaneous presentation with diagnostic pitfalls and discuss the multidisciplinary management of this vascular anomaly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sinus pericranii is a vascular anomaly with extra- and intracranial venous connections. Sinus pericranii is categorized into 2 groups according to its contribution to the normal venous circulation. The accessory type sinus pericranii, which does not contribute to the normal major venous circulation, can be managed. Despite several proposed operative maneuvers, a standardized technique is yet to be established to control intraoperative bleeding. Case Presentation: A 2-week-old neonate underwent examination of a subcutaneous mass in the parieto-occipital region. The subcutaneous mass had a major venous connection to the superior sagittal sinus on ultrasonography. The subcutaneous mass was partially thrombolized on magnetic resonance imaging and was minimally enhanced on computed tomography venography. The subcutaneous mass seemed not to contribute to the normal venous circulation. Surgical removal of the subcutaneous mass was performed due to its increased size at the age of 1 year and 3 months. While subcutaneous mass was detached from the scalp, the major venous connection was manually compressed, and minor venous connections were easily detected. The intraoperative bleeding was controllable. The pathological diagnosis was sinus pericranii. The patient is now followed up in the outpatient clinic. No recurrence was seen 18 months after the surgery. Discussion/Conclusion: Intraoperative hemostasis is essential while sinus pericranii is detached from the cranium. Hemostatic agents such as bone wax or absorbable gelatin and heat coagulation seem to be useful. However, complicative hemorrhage concerning to the preceded technique has been also reported. As seen in our case, to detect minor shunting points between the sinus pericranii and the intracranial veins, the major venous connection was manually compressed. Intraoperative manual compression of a major venous connection of sinus pericranii can be an option to manage intraoperative bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal venous drainage in patients with craniofacial anomalies is relativity uncommon. Sinus pericranii is a rare vascular malformation characterized by communication between intracranial dural sinuses and extracranial venous drainage systems. The association between sinus pericranii and amniotic band syndrome has not been described. We report on a 7-month-old girl diagnosed with amniotic band sequence who underwent posterior fossa decompression due to intracranial hypertension and Chiari malformation type I. The computed tomography and magnetic resonance identified the connection between the sagittal sinus and the scalp. During the operation, the presence of sinus pericranii was a complicating factor limiting the proper exposure because of the risk of bleeding. Patients with craniofacial anomalies and sinus pericranii present an increased risk of serious surgical complications and consequences from craniofacial surgery, especially from cranioplasty and posterior decompression. Special attention must be paid to abnormal venous drainage, and vascular imaging studies are sometimes required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to better understand the pathological process of sinus pericranii and the safety of the surgical intervention. Methods: patients’ archive review of patients who underwent surgical management for sinus pericranii with a confirmed diagnosis and with follow up period greater than 6 months. Results: 6 infants were included; all underwent disconnection surgically with good outcome in all cases. Conclusion: disconnection surgery for sinus pericranii is a safe procedure with a good prognosis.

Purpose: to better understand the pathological process of sinus pericranii and the safety of the surgical intervention. Methods: patients' archive review of patients who underwent surgical management for sinus pericranii with a confirmed diagnosis and with follow up period greater than 6 months. Results: 6 infants were included; all underwent disconnection surgically with good outcome in all cases. Conclusion: disconnection surgery for sinus pericranii is a safe procedure with a good prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Significant advances have been reported recently in the genetic and mechanistic characterization of extracranial venous malformations. However, intracranial purely venous malformations (icVM) analogous to those outside the CNS have not been systematically described. Purpose: We sought to ascertain whether such an entity as icVM could in fact be identified, distinct from previously described CNS venous anomalies and analogous to extracranial venous malformations. Methods: Our prospectively collected pediatric cerebrovascular database was reviewed to identify patients with icVM; 1458 consecutive angiograms and/or angiographic interventions performed on 706 children at our institution from October, 2006 through May, 2019 were evaluated, in addition to outside imaging studies on 192 additional patients sent to our Vascular Anomalies Center for cerebrovascular review during the same time period. Thus, the cohort consisted of 898 children. Results: Nineteen of 898 patients (2.1%) were found to harbor icVM, including 9 (47.3%) with sinus pericranii, 15 (78.9%) with associated large, complex extracranial venous malformations, and 3 (15.7%) with neurocognitive delay. There was no intracranial hemorrhage or venous hypertension seen in the cohort. Asymptomatic venous thrombosis in the superior sagittal sinus was seen in three patients. Conclusion: Venous malformations, both extracranial and icVM, share many characteristics that are distinct from developmental venous anomalies. icVM were not associated with venous hypertension. The underlying genetic mutations involved in the development of icVM, germ-line or somatic, remain to be elucidated, but may very well involve shared mechanisms and pathways with extracranial venous malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinus pericranii is a rare vascular anomaly, and most cases occur in children and develop at the midline. In previous reports of sinus pericranii, T2 hyperintensity lesion has not been regarded as a common sequela. We report an extremely rare case of orbital sinus pericranii with associated T2 hyperintensity lesion. A 50-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a history of right upper eyelid swelling that had been present for several years. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and digital subtraction angiography demonstrated a connection between the lesion and normal cerebral venous system. Thus, we diagnosed the lesion as a sinus pericranii despite its atypical features. We elected to observe the patient, and the lesion had remained the same size without any adverse events, such as hemorrhage, occurring throughout the 5-year follow-up. An atypical sinus pericranii should be considered in patients with a soft compressible swelling on the head, even if the lesion is located off the midline.

Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare malformation involving aberrant connections between the dural venous sinuses and extracranial veins. Classically considered congenital pathology, there are reported instances of post-traumatic SP in adults. Very rarely, the upper eyelid is involved and the resulting ptosis can obstruct the visual axis. In these cases, surgical removal may be warranted. Because of the high risk of massive intraoperative hemorrhage, careful preoperative identification and diagnostic workup is essential. The authors report a patient with new onset, asymmetric eyelid ptosis referred for evaluation, and subsequently diagnosed with SP. Through a multi-disciplinary assessment, deferring surgical intervention was determined to be appropriate management. The lesion was monitored clinically, and at 6 months follow-up, there were no noted adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several somatic mutations in TRAF7 have been reported in cancers, whereas a few germline heterozygous mutations have been recently linked to a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, congenital heart defects, and digital anomalies. Cases: We report two subjects harboring de novo heterozygous missense variants in TRAF7, namely the recurrent 1964G>A(p.Arg655Gln) and the novel missense c.1204C>G(p.Leu402Val) variants. In addition to the typical hallmarks of the TRAF7‐related disorder, both subjects presented with a recognizable "pear‐shaped" skull due to multiple craniosynostosis, sinus pericranii, skull base/cranio‐cervical junction anomalies, dysgyria, and inferior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia. Conclusions: Hence, we expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of this neurodevelopmental disorder, discussing possible implications for clinical management of subjects with germline TRAF7 mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare vascular condition that results when abnormal communication between the intracranial and extracranial venous systems is present. Here we report a rare case of hydrocephalus revealed through a SP scalp mass with a review of literature. A 13-year-old girl presented with a history of bulging left eye, bilateral gradual deterioration of vision, nausea, and progressive headaches. The family reported the sudden appearance of a scalp mass prior to these symptoms. Brain imaging showed supra- and infratentorial communicating hydrocephalus and subcutaneous vascular collaterals from the midportion of the superior sagittal sinus. After ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion, interval reduction of the ventricular size and disappearance of extracranial veins without associated intra- or extracranial vascular anomalies was observed. SP is divided into two main types: (1) Spontaneous type, in which lesions are formed due to acquired causes without a syndromic association or other vascular anomalies or stenosis. The most commonly reported cause is trauma in which SP may develop at the trauma site rather than the midline. (2) Congenital type, in which case the most commonly reported association is craniosynostosis. It can also be seen with vein of Galen hypoplasia, vein of Galen malformations, dural sinus malformations, solitary developmental venous anomalies, and intraosseous arteriovenous malformations. We are reporting the first case of idiopathic SP with hydrocephalus without a congenital association or acquired cause, including trauma. The sudden change in SP size can indicate a change in intracranial pressure and the development of hydrocephalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sinus pericranii is a rare vascular anomaly characterized by abnormal venous communication between the inner and outer regions of the cranial cavity. Here, we report a case of sinus pericranii and venous malformations in the right periorbital region of a 2-year-old girl. Radiologic findings showed venous malformations in the right parietal region communicating with the superior sagittal sinus in the intracranial region. There were notable improvements following surgical resection for the abnormal venous lesions and several sclerotherapies. Presence of a bluish and pulsating mass on the scalp, which showed bruit on auscultation, may indicate sinus pericranii, which should be included in the differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare vascular anomaly of the scalp that consists of an abnormal pericranial venous channel connected to adjacent dural venous sinuses. Most SP are asymptomatic and are found in the pediatric age group. We aim to report a case of symptomatic SP in adult and describe the clinical, radiological, and pathohistological findings to help understand and differentiate this lesion from other scalp lesions. A 40-year-old man with a scalp mass was admitted to our hospital complaining of headache. The lesion enlarged when the patient was in a recumbent position or during Valsalva maneuver. The radiologic imaging suggested its diagnosis as an accessory type of SP with bone erosion. Surgical resection and cranioplasty were successfully performed, and the related headache also gradually subsided. At the 3-year follow-up, there was no recurrence on magnetic resonance imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sinus pericranii (SP) involves transosseous vessels that connect the intra- and extracranial venous systems. Accessory-type SP can be cured by surgical or endovascular treatment. Reports of recurrence are, however, rare. Case: A boy presented with a soft-tissue mass on the left parietal region of the head. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed the congenital SP with several small transosseous vessels surrounded by an area of thin bone. At the initial surgery, the vascular mass was completely excised by coagulating and cutting the -transosseous vessels. The skull defect was filled with bone wax. Two years later, SP recurred at the same site. At the second surgery, the skull defect and surrounding area were sealed with acrylic resin. The boy has been followed up for 6 years without recurrence. Discussion: Potential risk factors for recurrence proposed in the existing literature include an unusually large number of emissary veins, rich circulation between intra- and extracranial venous systems, large bone defects, raised intracranial pressure, and association of other developmental venous anomalies. Our case demonstrates that thin skull bone around the original lesion can be another risk factor for recurrence. Conclusion: Removing all abnormal vessels and sealing the skull defect as well as the surrounding thin bone area are important to prevent recurrence of congenital SP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of meningiomas with major dural venous sinus involvement is challenging. We present our case series and perspective on reconstruction of the sinuses. Fifty-five patients underwent operations between 2005 and 2016 and the retrospective data were collected and analyzed. The cohort was younger with a mean of 51.3 years (range, 19–72 years) predominantly involving the superior sagittal sinus (44 patients). Sinus involvement was classified into group 1 (<50% of sinus, n = 28), group 2 (50%–99%, n = 8), and group 3 (total occlusion, n = 19). Venous collateralization was present in 100% of group 2 and 3 and in 36% of group 1 occlusions. Sinus pericranii was seen in 22 patients. Gross total resection was achieved in 87.2%, and sinus reconstruction followed in 38 patients (24 by direct suture and 14 by a patch graft). Pathology showed 36 (65%) World Health Organization grade I, 18 (33%) grade II, and 1 (2%) grade III tumors. During the mean follow-up of 60 months (range, 1–132 months), sinus was patent (74%) or narrowed but patent (24%) in 98%; 2 recurrences (3.6%) were observed (at 24 and 120 months). The mean preoperative/postoperative Karnofsky Performance Status and Kaplan-Meier cumulative overall/recurrence-free survival were 84.2%/88.1% and 90.9%/80.1%, respectively. These meningiomas present in a younger population, are more likely to be World Health Organization grade II or III, necessitating a more aggressive tumor resection strategy. Aggressive resection coupled with sinus reconstruction results in good long-term surgical outcome and low recurrence rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare abnormal connection between the intracranial and extracranial venous drainage pathways through the osseous channels. Herein we present the case of a patient with growing SP, which was successfully treated using endovascular transvenous embolization through external compression with a plastic cup for preventing glue migration into subcutaneous veins. Case Description A 9-month-old boy presented with a gradually growing mass on the midline cranial vertex after his birth, for which transvenous embolization was performed. A microcatheter was successfully navigated into the SP from the superior sagittal sinus. Because the subcutaneous drainages were confirmed to be multidirectional, we compressed the drainages through the skin using a plastic cup during the glue injection step for preventing glue migration. Subsequently, the SP was completely obliterated. The postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusions Manual compression using a plastic cup was useful not only for embolization but also for reducing the physician's exposure to radiation as compared with that in the finger compression method. When a direct puncture is required, a plastic cylinder can also be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le sinus pericranii désigne un ensemble de présentations cliniques qui ont en commun une connexion pathologique entre les veines du scalp et le sinus veineux intracrânien sous-jacent. La nature de cette communication va de la simple dilatation des veines émissaires du crâne, à des connexions larges à travers un os calvarial défectueux laissant quasiment le sinus veineux intracrânien en contact direct avec les structures sous-cutanées. Les auteurs présentent le cas d'un sinus pericranii occipital de découverte peropératoire. Congénitale, post-traumatique ou spontanée, l'anomalie concerne le plus souvent le scalp frontal, et siège sur ou près de la ligne médiane. La présentation clinique habituelle est celle d'une masse souple qui se vide à la pression en position debout, tandis qu'elle se remplit dans toutes les situations qui augmentent la pression intracrânienne (manœuvre de Valsalva ...). Le diagnostic de certitude n'est pas toujours facile à établir, et repose sur un faisceau d'arguments cliniques et radiologiques. À travers une revue de la littérature nous proposons de mettre le point sur les particularités cliniques, moyens diagnostiques et options thérapeutiques de cette entité rare. Summary The sinus pericranii refers to a set of clinical presentations that share a pathological communication between the scalp veins and the underlying cranial venous sinus. The nature of this connection ranges from the simple dilatation of the emissary veins, to wide connections through a calvarial bone loss leaving almost the cranial venous sinus in direct contact with the subcutaneous tissue. The authors present the case of an occipital pericranii sinus of intraoperative discovery. Congenital, post-traumatic or spontaneous, this anomaly is most often frontal and located on or close to the midline. The usual clinical presentation is that of a soft mass that empties to the pressure while standing, while it fills in all situations that increase the intracranial pressure (Valsalva maneuver ...). The diagnosis is not always easy to establish, and relies on a bundle of clinical and radiological arguments. Through a review of the literature we propose to focus on the clinical features, diagnostic means and therapeutic options of this rare entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Sinus pericranii is a rare vascular anomaly. It is characterized by abnormal communication between the extracranial and intracranial venous system, usually involving the superior sagittal sinus and occasionally the transverse sinus. Off the midline lesions are extremely rare. Multiplicity, associated venous lakes, venous angioma and lateral location are unusual and unique presentation of sinus pericranii. Case report. A case of multiple congenital off-midline sinus pericranii in the left frontotemporal and parietal region is presented. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an extracranial vascular anomaly connected with the intracranial venous system through abnormal diploic or emissary veins. The lesions were removed completely by surgery. Conclusion. Sinus pericranii is a rare vascular malformation with unique clinical and radiological features. Sinus pericranii may cause fatal complications, and it must be treated by surgical or endovascular procedures.

Background: Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare vascular malformation consisting of an abnormal communication between the extra- and the intracranial venous system. It occurs due to the adhesion of vessels without a muscular layer or a hemangioma on the outer surface of the skull through diploic vessels, communicating with an intracranial venous sinus. Case Description: A 10-month-old female presented with a pulsatile mass on the posterior parietal region. Investigation with brain vascular examinations showed a venous malformation communicating with the superior sagittal sinus under the scalp, without arterial feeder or nidus. An endovascular embolization with coils and a percutaneous embolization with Onyx ® were performed. The final venography showed complete exclusion of the lesion, which was gradually being absorbed. Conclusion: This is the first case of an SP successfully treated in a single session by embolization with coils and onyx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinus pericranii (SP) is a very rare venous anomaly and characterized by communication of pericranial varicose venous structures with dural sinus. In this case, we present the multimodality imaging Doppler ultrasonography (Doppler US), computed tomography (CT), 3D-volume rendering technique computed tomography (3D-VRT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance venography (MRV), digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and clinical findings of a 47-year-old woman with SP in the left lateral frontal region of the scalp under the guidance of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare venous malformation consisting of a single or multiple abnormal emissary veins communicating between intracranial sinuses and dilated epicranial veins. There is no consensus concerning diagnosis, management, and treatment of SP. Technical note: We report the case of a 4-month-old infant with a SP for whom we used a three-dimensional printed model in order to define the angioarchitecture, improve management, and help parents' understanding of this uncommon condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hair collar sign (HCS) and hair tuft of the scalp (HTS) are cutaneous signs of an underlying neuroectodermal defect, but most available data are based on case reports.Objective: We sought to define the clinical spectrum of HCS and HTS, clarify the risk for underlying neurovascular anomalies, and provide imaging recommendations.Methods: A 10-year multicenter retrospective and prospective analysis of clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features of HCS and HTS in pediatric patients was performed.Results: Of the 78 patients included in the study, 56 underwent cranial and brain imaging. Twenty-three of the 56 patients (41%) had abnormal findings, including the following: (1) cranial/bone defect (30.4%), with direct communication with the central nervous system in 28.6%; (2) venous malformations (25%); or (3) central nervous system abnormalities (12.5%). Meningeal heterotopia in 34.6% (9/26) was the most common neuroectodermal association. Sinus pericranii, paraganglioma, and combined nevus were also identified.Limitations: The partial retrospective design and predominant recruitment from the dermatology department are limitations of this study.Conclusions: Infants with HCS or HTS are at high risk for underlying neurovascular anomalies. Magnetic resonance imaging scans should be performed in order to refer the infant to the appropriate specialist for management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Scalp arterio-venous malformation (AVM) and scalp venous malformation (SVM) are rare conditions that usually need surgical treatment. Here, we have reported our experience of the surgical management of such lesions with a short review of the literature. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 11 patients with scalp AVM and SVM, who underwent surgical excision of lesion in our hospital from 2006 to 2012, were included. All suspected high-flow AVM were investigated with the selective internal and external carotid digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) ± computed tomography (CT) scan of brain with CT angiogram or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain with MR angiogram, and all suspected low-flow vascular malformation (VM) was investigated with MRI of brain + MR angiogram. Eight were high-flow and three were low-flow VM. Results: All lesions were successfully excised. Scalp cosmetic aspects were acceptable in all cases. There was no major post-operative complication or recurrence till last follow-up. Conclusions: With preoperative appropriate surgical planning, scalp AVM and SVM can be excised without major complication.