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Sinus arrest and inappropriate sinus bradycardia are sinus node dysfunction (SND), which cause loss of consciousness. Cardiac pacing is recommended in patients with symptoms, such as syncope or dizziness. Several conditions can induce these arrhythmias; however, whether or not intracranial infectious diseases, such as herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), can cause secondary SND is unclear. We encountered a patient with sinus arrest and transient sinus bradycardia associated with HSE. Since cardiac pause was never monitored and the bradycardia improved after HSE treatment, HSE was suspected to be the cause of SND. Although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been completely elucidated, HSE may cause secondary SND.

We present a case of sinus arrest and junctional escape rhythm from sinus node artery (SNA) thrombus in a 55-year-old man after revascularisation of right coronary and proximal circumflex arteries for infero-posterior wall ST-segement elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Sinus arrest from occlusion of the SNA is uncommon. The ensuing bradycardia may have haemodynamic consequences requiring temporary pacing but is almost always self-limited., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Paroxysmal atrioventricular block (PAVB) is rare in children. A 1-year-old boy presented with PAVB and sinus arrest that resulted in refractory life-threatening symptomatic long pauses. Continuous heart rate variability analysis with high time resolution (wavelet analysis) revealed an abrupt increase in parasympathetic activity just before a long pause, which indicated a vagal reflex. Although a pacemaker is not always effective because of a concomitant vasodepressive response in such cases, the complete stabilization after pacemaker implantation in this case supports the necessity and usefulness of pacemaker implantation in patients with reflex-induced highly symptomatic bradycardia., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring is the standard to screen for high-risk arrhythmias. We evaluated the clinical utility of a novel, leadless electrode, single-patient-use ECG monitor that stores up to 14 days of a continuous recording to measure the burden and timing of potentially high-risk arrhythmias., Methods: We examined data from 122,815 long term continuous ambulatory monitors (iRhythm ZIO® Service, San Francisco) prescribed from 2011 to 2013 and categorized potentially high-risk arrhythmias into two types: (1) ventricular arrhythmias including non-sustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia and (2) bradyarrhythmias including sinus pauses >3 s, atrial fibrillation pauses >5 s, and high-grade heart block (Mobitz Type II or third-degree heart block)., Results: Of 122,815 ZIO® recordings, median wear time was 9.9 (IQR 6.8-13.8) days and median analyzable time was 9.1 (IQR 6.4-13.1) days. There were 22,443 (18.3%) with at least one episode of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), 238 (0.2%) with sustained VT, 1766 (1.4%) with a sinus pause >3 s (SP), 520 (0.4%) with a pause during atrial fibrillation >5 s (AFP), and 1486 (1.2%) with high-grade heart block (HGHB). Median time to first arrhythmia was 74 h (IQR 26-149 h) for NSVT, 22 h (IQR 5-73 h) for sustained VT, 22 h (IQR 7-64 h) for SP, 31 h (IQR 11-82 h) for AFP, and 40 h (SD 10-118 h) for HGHB., Conclusions: A significant percentage of potentially high-risk arrhythmias are not identified within 48-h of ambulatory ECG monitoring. Longer-term continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring provides incremental detection of these potentially clinically relevant arrhythmic events.

Vagoglossopharyngeal neuralgia (VGPN) is a very rare condition. VGPN with convulsive like attack is even rarer All of the cases had their head turned to the opposite side of facial pain. Hemifacial spasm occurring concurrently with VGPN has never been reported. Herein, we present the first case of VGPN that had ipsilateral hemifacial spasm and versive seizure-like movement to the same side of facial pain. We reported a 71-year-old man presenting with multiple episodes of intermittent sharp shooting pain arising on the right middle neck, followed by hemifacial spasm on right face. Then the patient became syncope while his head and gaze turned to the same side of the painful neck. Electrocardiography showed sinus arrest. Interictal Electroencephalography was normal. This patient initially responded to pregabalin for two weeks, then the symptoms became worse. Microvascular decompression and carbamazepine resulted in the complete remission of all symptoms after six months of follow-up. We could not explain the pathophysiology of unilateral versive seizure like movement.

Purpose: Previous studies have shown that the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism in children with breath holding may be generalised autonomic dysregulation. Thus, we performed cardiac rhythm and heart rate variability analyses using 24-hour Holter monitoring to evaluate the cardiac effects of autonomic dysregulation in children with breath-holding spells., Methods: We performed cardiac rhythm and heart rate analyses using 24-hour Holter monitors to evaluate the cardiac effects of autonomic dysregulation in children during a breath-holding spell. Our study group consisted of 68 children with breath-holding spells - 56 cyanotic type and 12 pallid type - and 39 healthy controls., Results: Clinical and heart rate variability results were compared between each spell type - cyanotic or pallid - and the control group; significant differences (p<0.05) in standard deviation of all NN intervals, mean of the standard deviations of all NN intervals for all 5-minute segments, percentage of differences between adjacent RR intervals >50 ms, and square root of the mean of the sum of squares of the differences between adjacent NN intervals values were found between the pallid and cyanotic groups., Conclusions: Holter monitoring for 24 hours and heart rate variability parameters, particularly in children with pallid spells, are crucial for evaluation of cardiac rhythm changes.

An 88-year-old man was admitted with fatigue, dizziness, and heart palpitations. Both the electrocardiogram and Holter confirmed the existence of sinus bradycardia and sinus arrest. One hour prior to the onset of symptoms, he received levobunolol hydrochloride solution topically. The levobunolol hydrochloride solution was discontinued and the bradycardia resolved. He was diagnosed as having intermittent sinus bradycardia and sinus arrest, induced by topical β-blocker therapy. Levobunolol hydrochloride solution is an effective therapy for ocular hypertension, probably by reducing aqueous fluid production. However, it can induce cardiac side effects such as bradyarrhythmia and should be used with caution in elderly patients or patients with cardiac disease.

A 52-year-old man with Turkish background presented with nausea, emesis, one experience of syncope with loss of consciousness for a few seconds, and documented sinus bradycardia. During monitoring, several phases of bradycardia were observed. After 24 h of monitoring, the patient was free of complaints. The patient's wife reported regular consumption of pontin honey. Because of the anamnesis and the typical characteristics, grayanotoxin poisoning was diagnosed. Typical symptoms of this poisoning are hypotension, bradycardia, syncope, and loss of consciousness. When these symptoms are found and a typical anamnesis exists, this kind of intoxication has to been taken into consideration as part of the differential diagnosis.

Syncope is defined as a transient, self-limiting loss of consciousness and postural tone due to transient global cerebral hypoperfusion. After syncope the following questions have to be answered: was it a syncopal episode, has the etiological diagnosis been determined, are there data suggestive of a high risk of cardiovascular events or death and what are the therapeutic options? Therefore, a standardized diagnostic work-up is necessary. This diagnostic work-up with differential diagnostic considerations is given for three clinical cases: a 52-year-old man experienced syncope while driving a car and on the morning of the same day syncope had previously occurred while in a standing position. The initial cardiological and neurological evaluation revealed no pathological findings but after implantation of a loop recorder a further syncope with a sinus arrest of 17 s occurred 1 year later. The patient received a single chamber pacemaker. The second case is a 79-year-old female with Parkinson's disease for many years and a primary autonomic dysfunction leading to dizziness and syncope due to pronounced blood pressure fluctuations with hypertensive and hypotensive phases. The last patient is a 22-year-old female with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and recurrent syncope. The diagnostic evaluation and treatment proved to be difficult.

We describe asymptomatic sinus arrest and post-hiccup cough syncope in a patient with medullary infarction. A 78-year-old woman developed arrhythmia, hiccup, and cough syncope attacks. Neurological examination was not remarkable. Cough syncope occurs after hiccup attacks. Bradycardia and decreased blood pressure were also present after the beginning cough. Holter 24-hour electrocardiography monitor exhibited 65 episodes of asymptomatic sinus arrest more than 3 seconds. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed acute infarction in the bilateral medial regions and the right tegmentum of the upper and middle medulla oblongata. Cerebral angiography showed severe atherosclerotic changes in the vertebral arteries. These clinicoradiological findings suggested that a distinct topography of medullary lesions could cause a series of cardiovascular and respiratory dysfunction. Thus, physicians should pay more attention to the medullary lesion in patients with arrhythmia and syncope., (Copyright © 2014 National Stroke Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Concomitant surgical atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is a safe and feasible procedure, recommended in guidelines. Pacemaker dependency is a known complication of AF ablation. We sought to determine independent predictors for pacemaker implantation after surgical AF ablation., Methods: Between January 2003 and November 2012, 594 patients underwent concomitant surgical AF ablation. Various energy sources, including cryoablation (n = 139), unipolar radiofrequency (n = 278), and bipolar radiofrequency (n = 177), were used. Left atrial (n = 463, 77.9%) and biatrial (n = 131, 22.1%) ablation was performed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors for pacemaker implantation within 30 days after surgical AF ablation., Results: The mean patient's age was 68.6 ± 9.4 years, and 66.8% were male. No major ablation-related complications occurred. A total of 41 (6.9%) of patients received pacemaker implantation during the 30-day follow-up period. Indications for pacemaker implantation were atrioventricular block in 25 (60.9%) of patients, sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest in 9 (22.0%) of patients, and bradyarrhythmia in 7 (17.1%) of patients. Demographic data, type of surgical procedure, and type of energy source did not have a significant impact on pacemaker implantation rate. However, biatrial ablation led to a significant pacemaker implantation rate compared with isolated left-sided ablation (6.3% vs 13.6%; P = .028)., Conclusions: Concomitant surgical AF ablation showed a pacemaker implantation rate of 6.9% after 30-day follow-up. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed biatrial lesion set as the only statistically significant predictor for pacemaker implantation after surgical AF ablation., (Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Although patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) and prolonged sinus pauses [tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (TBS)] are generally treated by permanent pacemaker, catheter ablation has been reported to be a curative therapy for TBS without pacemaker implantation. The purpose of this study was to define the potential role of successful ablation in patients with TBS., Methods and Results: Of 280 paroxysmal AF patients undergoing ablation, 37 TBS patients with both AF and symptomatic sinus pauses (age: 62 ± 8 years; mean maximum pauses: 6 ± 2 s) were analysed. During the 5.8 ± 1.2 years (range: 5-8.7 years) follow-up, both tachyarrhythmia and bradycardia were eliminated by a single procedure in 19 of 37 (51%) patients. Repeat procedures were performed in 14 of 18 patients with tachyarrhythmia recurrence (second: 12 and third: 2 patients). During the repeat procedure, 79% (45 of 57) of previously isolated pulmonary veins (PVs) were reconnected to the left atrium. Pulmonary vein tachycardia initiating the AF was found in 46% (17 of 37) and 43% (6 of 14) of patients during the initial and second procedure, respectively. Finally, 32 (86%) patients remained free from AF after the last procedure. Three patients (8%) required pacemaker implantation, one for the gradual progression of sinus dysfunction during a period of 6.5 years and the others for recurrence of TBS 3.5 and 5.5 years after ablation, respectively., Conclusion: Catheter ablation can eliminate both AF and prolonged sinus pauses in the majority of TBS patients. Nevertheless, such patients should be continuously followed-up, because gradual progression of sinus node dysfunction can occur after a long period of time.

Background: the objective of this study is to investigate the detection rate of undiagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF) with short intermittent ECG recordings during four weeks among out-of-hospital patients, having at least one additional risk factor (CHADS2) for stroke., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: Eight family practice centres and two hospital-based out-patient clinics in Sweden., Subjects: 989 out-of-hospital patients, without known AF, having one or more risk factors associated with stroke (CHADS2)., Interventions: All individuals were asked to perform 10-second handheld ECG recordings during 28 days, twice daily and when having palpitations., Main Outcome Measures: Episodes of AF on handheld ECG recordings were defined as irregular supraventricular extrasystoles in series with a duration of 10 seconds., Results: 928 patients completed registration. AF was found in 35 of 928 patients; 3.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.7-5.2). These 35 patients had a mean age of 70.7 years (SD ± 7.7; range 53-85) and a median CHADS2 of 2 (range 1-4)., Conclusions: Intermittent handheld ECG recording over a four week period had a detection rate of 3.8% newly diagnosed AF, in a population of 928 out-of-hospital patients having at least one additional risk factor for stroke. Intermittent handheld ECG registration is a feasible method to detect AF in patients with an increased risk of stroke in whom oral anticoagulation (OAC) treatment is indicated.

A 52-year-old man presented with vomiting, dysphagia, left-sided ataxia and dissociated sensory loss. Diffusion-weighted MRI showed evidence of acute infarct in the left lateral medulla and left medial cerebellar hemisphere, probably secondary to thromboembolism from left vertebral artery dissection. While making an uneventful recovery as an inpatient, a routine 24 h ECG was performed 2 weeks after the stroke to investigate possible paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The recording instead revealed 56 asymptomatic episodes of sinus arrest, necessitating implantation of a permanent pacemaker to prevent sudden cardiac death. The medulla contains key structures involved in autonomic regulation, including the dorsal vagal nucleus and the nucleus tractus solitarius. Acute infarction may disrupt cardiac autonomic regulation pathways, resulting in altered parasympathetic and sympathetic outflow to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, with potentially life-threatening effects.

Objectives: Important adjustments in the autonomic nervous system occur during sleep. Bradycardia, due to increased vagal tone, and hypotension, caused by reduction of sympathetic activity, may occur during non rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (NREM). Increased sympathetic activity, causing increased heart rate, is conversely a feature of phasic REM sleep. During REM sleep, sinus arrests and atrioventricular (AV) blocks unrelated to apnea or hypopnea have been described. These arrhythmias are very rare and only a few cases have been reported in the literature., Patients/methods: Following an ECG performed for other reasons, two patients with no history of sleep complaints nor symptoms of heart failure or heart attack were referred to our center for nocturnal brady-arrhythmias., Results: 24h ECG Holter recorded several episodes of brady-arrhythmia with sinus arrest in the first patients and brady-arrhythmias with complete AV block in the second patient. In both patients, episodes of brady-arrhythmia were prevalent in the second part of the night. Nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) demonstrated that episodes occurred only during REM sleep, particularly during phasic events. Treatment with pacemaker was considered only for the patient with complete AV blocks., Conclusions: These types of brady-arrhythmias are usually detected accidentally due to their lack of symptoms. It has been suggested that in some patients they may lead to sudden unexpected death. Thus, the identification of predisposing factors is mandatory in order to prevent potentially dangerous arrhythmic events., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with established safety for the treatment of depression. Among the common adverse effects associated with sertraline are nausea, insomnia, diarrhea, somnolence, and dizziness. Cardiac arrest had not been reported in the literature, although tachycardia was frequently seen. In this case report, a patient was presented who had adverse reactions such as nausea, dizziness, insomnia under citalopram treatment, and after his drug was changed to sertraline, developed sinus arrest on the fourth day of treatment.

Radiofrequency ablation has been associated with changes in autonomic function. In this case, a 52-year-old woman was referred for electrophysiologic study of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia. Typical slow/fast atrioventricular node re-entry tachycardia was induced and confirmed during the study. Radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway of the atrioventricular node led to sinus arrest, which resolved once ablation was stopped. Given the distance of the ablation site from the sinus node, we inferred that mechanisms other than direct injury to the sinus node were involved. To our knowledge, this is only the 2nd reported finding of sinus arrest during slow-pathway ablation of the atrioventricular node. This case highlights the complex interaction between the autonomic nervous system and the cardiac conduction system. Possible mechanisms include a Bezold-Jarisch reflex and modification of the intrinsic autonomic nervous system.