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Malaysia is home to a sizeable ethnic Chinese community that speaks several Sinitic languages. As such, it is not only an importer of Sinophone culture, but also an important site of Sinitic-lan-guage cultural production. In the field of popular music, Malaysia has been a hotbed of many transnational Sinophone talents whose Malaysianness, however, has often gone unnoticed. Nevertheless, some international artists such as Ah Niu have consistently showcased their Malaysian identity. Through a close reading of his songs, this paper aims to show how the use of Sinitic languages conveys Malaysianness and presents local features, thus challenging the opinion that only culture expressed in Bahasa Malaysia has the right to be considered of national value. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the use of Sinitic languages in Ah Niu's musical production is an example of how such languages can express a thriving local identity that goes beyond Chineseness and the center-periphery dynamics Malasia alberga una importante comunidad étnica china que habla distintas lenguas siníticas. Como tal, no sólo es un país importador de cultura sinófona, sino también un importante lugar de producción cultural en lenguas siníticas. En el contexto de la música popular, Malasia es la tierra de origen de muchos talentos sinófonos transnacionales cuya malasianidad, sin embargo, ha pasado a menudo desapercibida. No obstante, algunos artistas internacionales, como Ah Niu, han mostrado constantemente su identidad malasia. A través del análisis de sus canciones, este trabajo quiere mostrar cómo el uso de lenguas siníticas puede transmitir la identidad malasia a través y presentar la realidad local, desafiando así la opinión de que sólo la cultura expresada en Bahasa Malaysia es de alcance nacional. Además, el estudio pretende demostrar que el uso de lenguas siníticas en la producción musical de Ah Niu es un ejemplo de cómo dichas lenguas pueden expresar una próspera identidad local que va más allá de la sinidad y de dinámicas centro-periferia.

International audience

介词悬空 ‘Preposition stranding’，即一种介词后面不出现宾语的句法结构。相较正式书面语，这种句法现象更常在口语体中使用。英语有介词悬空现象（通常出现在句末），也常见于其他日耳曼（Germanic）语言或方言中，或一些尼日尔-刚果（Niger-Congo）语系语言中，但在普通话中几乎不存在。然而，我们可以在方言中见到悬空（‘hanging’, ‘dangling’）的介词，如在（河北省）张家口方言中。具体可参见宗守云（2019）、郭锐（2009）、张谊生（2009）等人的研究著作。也有不少人认为，介词悬空在上古汉语中更为普遍（尤其是介词‘以’和‘为’的情况），在中古汉语中也是如此，只是比例较少。但是，目前学界对中古汉语介词悬空现象的系统研究很少，不论是中古早期（Early Medieval即魏晋南北朝时期) 还是中古晚期（Late Medieval即唐宋时期）。中古汉语介词‘以’和‘为’（伴随格、工具格、处所格、夺格、向格、予格，等标记）已经渐渐被其他介词所取代，参见刘丹青（2017）。本文试图填补这一研究空缺，并说明上古（先秦）汉语到中古及后来的近代（Modern Chinese）和现代汉语 (Contemporary Chinese），经历了【多介词悬空】>【少介词悬空】的类型演变。

International audience

This dissertation explores the language contact between the modern Beijing dialect, a dialect used in and near Beijing, and Manchu, who is currently “critically endangered” according to UNESCO. These two languages intensely interacted and influenced each other in Beijing during the Qing dynasty (1644-1912). Their contact triggered a decline in the usage of Manchu, and gave birth to the contemporary Beijing dialect, based on which Standard Chinese (Putonghua) was developed. The influence of Manchu on the modern Beijing dialect is the core of our research. After an updated description of the linguistic contact between these two languages, we provide a diachronic and comparative analysis of their relationship using an enriched corpus. Our study aims at examining the different ways in which the Manchu vocabulary entered modern Beijing dialect and at tracing the development of loanwords from Manchu in the modern Beijing dialect. Based on 96 concrete examples, we analyse phonetic transcription, transliteration and bilingual composition to uncover the integration of Manchu loanwords into the modern Beijing dialect. Different borrowing chains are also identified to showcase some previous language contacts between the spoken language in Beijing and the Mongolian language, or the Jurchen language. Subsequently, we develop four case studies to illustrate the importance of Manchu's influence on the modern Beijing dialect. Some of loanwords from Manchu have been kept in the contemporary Beijing dialect and have become some of its defining characteristics.; Dans le contexte du contact des langues, le pékinois moderne, un dialecte utilisé à Pékin et dans ses alentours, et la langue mandchoue, une langue « en voie de disparition » selon la définition de l’UNESCO, ont interagi à Pékin au cours de la dynastie des Qing (1644-1912). Leur interaction a conduit au déclin du mandchou en faveur du pékinois et a par la suite donné naissance au pékinois contemporain, sur la base duquel le mandarin standard (Putonghua) s'est construit. L'influence du mandchou dans le pékinois moderne constitue le cœur de la recherche dans cette thèse. Après une description actualisée du contact entre ces deux langues, notre travail en offre une étude diachronique et comparative avec l’appui d’un corpus enrichi. Notre objectif est d’observer les manières dont le lexique mandchou intègre le pékinois moderne et l’évolution des emprunts au mandchou dans le pékinois moderne. A travers 96 exemples d’emprunts lexicaux, nous examinons l'entrée du lexique mandchou par la transcription, la translittération et la composition bilingue. Des chaînes d'emprunt sont également identifiées afin de mettre en valeur des contacts de langues précédents entre la langue parlée à Pékin et le mongol ou le jürchen. Ensuite, quatre études de cas sont présentées pour illustrer l'importance de l'influence du mandchou sur le pékinois moderne. Les emprunts au mandchou se conservent partiellement dans le pékinois contemporain et forment des caractéristiques propres au pékinois.

Orlandi Giorgio.. On the classification of the Ng Yap dialects: some thoughts on the subgrouping of Sinitic languages. Journal of Language Relationship, 17, 1-2, 128. https://doi.org/10.31826/jlr-2019-171-212., The Ng Yap (formerly Sze Yap) dialects are routinely considered a branch of the Yue subfamily. This paper seeks to demonstrate that, contrary to this widespread opinion, these dialects show a wide range of distinctive features which, for formal purposes of language/dialect classification, may warrant their separation from the Yue subfamily. This paper also discusses the criteria which are often at the basis of language subgrouping in the field of Chinese linguistics. Nevertheless, this work should be regarded only as an attempt of stimulating a further discussion into a topic which has been overlooked for far too long.

This dissertation is a comparative study of the morphosyntax of the constituents referred to as noun phrases in traditional grammar. In line with Abney’s (1987) Determiner Phrase (DP) Hypothesis, this study investigates the syntactic structures of Sinitic nominal phrases by means of a thorough study of lexical elements, such as numerals, classifiers, possessives, adjectives, and nouns, and functional elements, such as plural/collective markers, force particles, and modification markers. It is argued that the syntactic structure of the nominal phrase is universal regardless of the presence of lexical items which realise the heads of the functional projections. This study further proposes a unified account of the articulated structure of nominal phrases, as a full-fledged DP, to explain the syntactic phenomena in both classifier and non-classifier languages. More specifically, a Probe-Goal feature-valuing model is proposed to account for parametric variation among Sinitic and other languages within the framework of Chomsky’s (2000, 2001, 2004) Phase-based Minimalist Programme. Furthermore, given the assumption of the Split-DP Hypothesis, this study proposes that the DP in Sinitic languages is also not a unitary projection but an articulated array of functional projections, including DforceP, DfocusP, DtopicP and DdefiniteP. As their counterparts in the clausal domain, these functional projections encode discourse-related properties, such as illocutionary force, topic, and focus. As far as modification structures are concerned, this study argues that the bare modifier is base-generated in the Spec of a functional or lexical projection, whereas the marked modifier is adjoined to the left of the nominal phrase by the operation Adjunction., 1. Studying Abroad Scholarship, Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan) 2. Outstanding Theses and Dissertations on Hakka Studies, Hakka Affairs Council, Republic of China (Taiwan)

Most of the data brought on by research on Sinitic languages remain widely ignored by typological studies, which still heavily rely upon works on Standard written Mandarin. We show here how research on non-standard Chinese is likely to give a slightly different picture of Chinese typological characteristics. Our first case study deals with diminutive derivation and inflected forms of the verb, which question our general view of Chinese as an analytical, isolating language. Tonal alternation or vocalic alternation, for instance, put the Sinitic languages where they occur quite high up the scale of phonological fusion of formatives to their host, as proposed in Bickel & Nichols (2005, 2007). The second case study deals with the status of Chinese in Talmy’s typology of motion events. We suggest through an investigation of cross-dialectal variation in the relative position of patient NP and directionals that southern Sinitic is less neatly “satellite-framed” than northern Sinitic. In both cases, we can observe phenomena which characterize dialect contact and koinéization (described in Trudgill 1986) such as levelling, elimination of marked forms, and reallocation., Les avancées de la recherche sur la variation interne aux langues sinitiques restent assez peu accessibles en langues occidentales et largement ignorées des travaux de typologie. Nous montrons ici que leurs résultats peuvent pourtant parfois nuancer une vision des langues sinitiques trop souvent fondée sur un chinois standard analysé sous sa forme écrite. Nous examinons d’abord la dérivation diminutive, et certaines formes verbales « fléchies », qui relativisent nos certitudes sur le chinois « langue isolante ». Les phénomènes d’alternance tonale ou vocalique, par exemple, placent les dialectes où elles se produisent assez haut dans l’échelle proposée par Bickel & Nichols (2005, 2007) pour mesurer la fusion phonologique de la base et du formant. Quant au deuxième cas traité, celle du statut du chinois dans la typologie de l’expression des événements de déplacement (Talmy 2007), l’examen de la position respective du nom patient et du directionnel, susceptible de varier selon la langue sinitique envisagée, fait apparaître une tendance plus marquée au cadrage satellitique au nord qu’au sud. Dans les deux cas, la langue standard manifeste sa nature composite de koïné, qui aboutit à éliminer les formes marquées en simplifiant des marques morphologiques trop complexes, ou laisse coexister plusieurs variantes plus ou moins redondantes, quitte à réallouer à certaines d’entre elles une valeur plus spécialisée (Trudgill 1986).

The topic of reduplication in Sinitic languages has attracted much attention in the literature, but studies adopting a comparative and areal perspective are still lacking. This paper aims to analyse the correlations between form and function in reduplicating constructions in a sample of twenty Sinitic languages, representing eight branches of the family, comparing them to a set of fourteen non-Sinitic languages of the East- and Southeast Asian area. We will show that the various semantic nuances conveyed by reduplicated verbs could be argued to derive from the core meaning of verbal reduplication as iteration of an event, either over a bounded or an unbounded timespan. On the structural level, a pervasive feature of reduplication lies in its compliance to strict requirements on the morphological makeup of the base. This holds especially in the case of the reduplication of disyllabic and bimorphemic verbs with increasing semantics, a consistent pattern across our sample.

Статья посвящена проблеме адекватного отражения в русскоязычных текстах имён собственных, происходящих из китайских языков, отличных от стандартного китайского (путунхуа). Для последнего существует общепринятая система практической транскрипции на русский язык – палладиевская, однако её применение к другим китайским языкам (тополектам) невозможно по нескольким причинам. В статье рассматриваются недавно созданные системы практической транскрипции для двух китайских идиомов – кантонского и южноминьского. Принципы, использованные в этих транскрипциях, рассматриваются с точки зрения особенностей фонологии этих языков, а также в сравнении между собой и с палладицей. Даются практические рекомендации по использованию рассматриваемых систем транскрипции.

Статья посвящена проблеме адекватного отражения в русскоязычных текстах имён собственных, происходящих из китайских языков, отличных от стандартного китайского (путунхуа). Для последнего существует общепринятая система практической транскрипции на русский язык – палладиевская, однако её применение к другим китайским языкам (тополектам) невозможно по нескольким причинам. В статье рассматриваются недавно созданные системы практической транскрипции для двух китайских идиомов – кантонского и южноминьского. Принципы, использованные в этих транскрипциях, рассматриваются с точки зрения особенностей фонологии этих языков, а также в сравнении между собой и с палладицей. Даются практические рекомендации по использованию рассматриваемых систем транскрипции.

Статья посвящена проблеме адекватного отражения в русскоязычных текстах имён собственных, происходящих из китайских языков, отличных от стандартного китайского (путунхуа). Для последнего существует общепринятая система практической транскрипции на русский язык – палладиевская, однако её применение к другим китайским языкам (тополектам) невозможно по нескольким причинам. В статье рассматриваются недавно созданные системы практической транскрипции для двух китайских идиомов – кантонского и южноминьского. Принципы, использованные в этих транскрипциях, рассматриваются с точки зрения особенностей фонологии этих языков, а также в сравнении между собой и с палладицей. Даются практические рекомендации по использованию рассматриваемых систем транскрипции.

This analysis addresses the issue of diversity in object-marking constructions in Sinitic languages in order to examine the question of whether areal patterns exist in China.There are five main parts to this analysis: the first section provides the theoretical background to the issue; the second identifies three principal lexical sources for these grammaticalized object markers in Sinitic, while the third proposes a set of corresponding grammaticalization pathways from source to object marker. The fourth part briefly discusses five main syntactic configurations associated with this construction type. In conclusion, the fifth part presents preliminary findings in terms of an areal typology of four main linguistic zones in China, established on the basis of grammaticalization channels for the object markers. It is shown that verbs of taking such as BĂ把and NÁ拿 , well-described for Mandarin, are far from being the sole source of object markers in Chinese languages. Two new lexical sources are uncovered which involve respectively (i) comitatives and (ii) verbs of giving and helping., 本文探讨这类“宾语带标记”结构的多样式，以考察汉语方言是否存在区域性类型。本文共分五部分：第一部分介绍相关背景，第二部分确定处置式标记的词汇来源，第三部分提出一组这些标记的语法化路径，第四部分讨论九种主要的汉语方言的处置式的句法结构，第五部分是结论，显示从区域类型学的角度归纳出的四个语言区域，这四个语言区域是根据已被证实的处置式标记的语法化途径来确定的。本文归纳了至少五类处置式，以及处置式标记的三个语义来源。本文显示：普通话里研究得很充分的“把”和“拿”，并不是处置式标记的唯一来源。从结构类型来看，好几个南方方言表处置的方式不止一种。

This article gives an overview of the state of the art in China for recent theoretical developments in typology and grammaticalization. It considers the main trends and challenges in these fields over the last 20 years.

This study of Early Modern Southern Min examines issues in the grammaticalization of its analytic causative constructions and sets out to explain the apparent singleton status of su3賜 ‘bestow' as a causative verb in the history of Chinese.The three main causative constructions in Southern Min, as attested in 16th and 17th centuries documents, are formed on the basis of lexical verbs belonging to the semantic field of either ‘give' or ‘cause'. These have been grammaticalized into causative function as V¬1 in complex clauses of the type: NPCauser + V¬1[causative] + NP¬causee + V2 + (NP...)The main source for the data is the Southern Min translation of the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china (ca. 1607) which we compare with the contemporaneous Lì Jīng Jì荔鏡記 [Romance of the Litchi Mirror] (1566, 1581), a Ming dynasty play written in a mixture of Quanzhou and Chaozhou dialects. A brief diachronic outline of causatives is also provided within a typological perspective.

This article treats the diversity of object marking or ‘disposal' constructions in Sinitic languages. These constructions are used to highlight an affected referential object, typically corresponding to accusatively case-marked nouns in inflectional languages. The discussion begins with a brief description of early Spanish grammars of Chinese languages, based on a Greco-Latin model and progresses from the problems of Eurocentrism to those of Sinocentrism, based on the new model of the prestige language, standard Mandarin. The main analysis concentrates on the historical sources and range of syntactic configurations for disposal constructions in seven main Sinitic languages, particularly with respect to an emerging typology. Paradoxically, Standard Mandarin turns out not to be an ideal choice as typologically representative of Sinitic.

National audience

This book melds historical and typological approaches in the examination of grammatical phenomena in order to show the extent to which both earlier stages of Chinese, as well as the modern dialects, differ from standard Mandarin. Each essay investigates a Chinese language, dialect, or historical period, and the introduction describes the history and geography of Sinitic languages.This represents the first major work in English on Chinese dialectology and Sinitic languagesand contains cutting-edge analyses on the grammar of little-explored Chinese languages.The comprehensive introduction provides up-to-date overview of the history and geographical distribution of the 10 major Chinese dialect groups and includes new dialect map of China.For the convenience of readers, Chinese language examples presented in both character and romanized forms.

This paper investigates a set of verb enclitics in Sinitic languages, including Mandarin kuo55, Cantonese Yue kwo33, and Shanghainese Wu ku31 as well as functionally-related preverbal markers in the Min dialects such as Taiwanese bat and Fuzhou peik31 tseing52. These have commonly been described as experiential aspect markers used to indicate that an event has taken place at least once in the past (see, for example, Comrie 1976: 58). The main purpose of this study is to challenge the view that this category is primarily aspectual in the case of Sinitic languages. After discussion of the syntactic and semantic features of these markers in eight Sinitic languages in terms of prototype theory, I argue that the experiential aspect in Sinitic languages should be reclassified as an evidential marker. The analysis shows that the relevant marker in each Sinitic language is used to express the speaker's commitment to the truth of the proposition, namely, certainty about the occurrence of an event. One use of these markers can be classified as a kind of inferential evidential, since the source of information is based on an inference made from an observable result state (cf. Willett 1988: 57). The other use is as an immediate evidential of personally experiencing an event (hence the traditional label). This conditions a person split. Other non-core uses are also examined such as imperatives of repeatability expressing ‘do a certain event again', and marking the verb in the protasis of conditionals. Further extensions of meaning for these evidential markers are found in constructions of ‘partial effect' and as a phase complement marker of completion in Mandarin. It is shown how these are semantically linked with the prototypical meaning through discussion of the grammaticalization process of these markers from two main sources: verbs meaning ‘to cross, pass through' which are cognate in most Sinitic languages, or verbs meaning ‘to know' in Min dialects. This is the first study to analyse this grammatical category in Sinitic as a whole.

Le compte rendu d'un volume publié en 1996 à Hong Kong, décrivant à partir d'un questionnaire commun le système aspectuel de diverses langues sinitiques (dialectes en chinois) du sud-est de la Chine: des dialectes hakka, min, xiang, gan et wu. La référence détaillée est la suivante: 《動詞的體》 （中國東南部方言比較研究叢書2）, 張雙慶主編，香港：香港中文大學中國文化研究所吳多泰中國語文研究中心，1996. Le chapitre introductif est de Liu Danqing.