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Fully 3D-printed smart structures have attracted a lot of research interest new technologies, materials, and methods for 3D-printed functional structures such as sensors, actuators, generators, and batteries are being researched. Recently, a fully 3D-printed, dynamic dielectric actuator fabricated in a single process with multi-material thermoplastic filament extrusion was presented. However, the effects of design parameters on the dynamic electromechanical properties of the printed actuator were not yet researched. To achieve the required performance and dynamic properties of an individualized, 3D-printed actuator, the electromechanical properties must be related to the theoretical design parameters. This requires research into the properties of 3D-printed materials and the electromechanical modeling of the 3D-printed actuator. In this research, an analytical, electromechanical model is introduced, consisting of electrical and mechanical models, and electromechanical coupling. The model consists of basic electrical and dynamic lumped elements, which facilitates the reproducibility and extensibility of the model. The electrical and electromechanical model have been experimentally validated in a free-displacement and a blocked-force boundary condition. This research leads to the identification of design principles and the ability to customize and adapt the 3D-printed actuators to specific dynamic applications.

Synaptic clusters on dendrites are extraordinarily compact computational building blocks. They contribute to key local computations through biophysical and biochemical signaling that utilizes convergence in space and time as an organizing principle. However, these computations can only arise in very special contexts. Dendritic cluster computations, their highly organized input connectivity, and the mechanisms for their formation are closely linked, yet these have not been analyzed as parts of a single process. Here, we examine these linkages. The sheer density of axonal and dendritic arborizations means that there are far more potential connections (close enough for a spine to reach an axon) than actual ones. We see how dendritic clusters draw upon electrical, chemical, and mechano-chemical signaling to implement the rules for formation of connections and subsequent computations. Crucially, the same mechanisms that underlie their functions also underlie their formation.

PurposeThis paper aims to define the fundamental nexus between income tax evasion and money laundering. The G7 Financial Action Task Force (FATF) designates tax evasion as a predicate offense for money laundering. We determine whether this designation is complete from a conceptual standpoint, or whether there is a stronger connection between tax evasion and money laundering.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applies the FATF definition for money laundering – as well as generally accepted definitions for tax evasion and for a standard predicate offense – to identify the necessary conditions for each crime. This paper then uses these conditions to test opposing hypotheses regarding the nexus between tax evasion and money laundering.FindingsThis paper demonstrates that tax evasion does not meet the conditions for a standard predicate offense, and treating it as if it were a standard predicate could be problematic in practice. Instead, it is concluded that the FATF’s predicate label for tax evasion, together with tax evasion methods and objectives, imply that all tax evasion constitutes money laundering. In a single process, tax evasion generates both criminal tax savings and launders those criminal proceeds by concealing or disguising their unlawful origin.Practical implicationsThe FATF could strengthen its framework by explicitly defining all tax evasion as money laundering. This would enable regulatory agencies to draw upon the full combined resources dedicated to either offense.Originality/valueThe analysis demonstrates that tax evasion completely incorporates money laundering as currently defined by the FATF.

espanolEl presente trabajo es resultado de un estudio y analisis comparativo entre las taxonomias de Benjamin Bloom, SOLO de Biggs, Lorin Anderson, L. Dee Fink y Robert J. Marzano. En este analisis se evidencian elementos comunes y diferenciadores asociados y relacionados a los procesos de ensenanza aprendizaje. Se considero la incorporacion de contenidos y actividades de aprendizaje del sector de Lenguaje y Comunicacion para la extrapolacion de las taxonomias. Con los elementos expuestos, al final del texto se presenta una propuesta que permite evidenciar la adaptacion y uso de distintos ordenamientos en un solo proceso o unidad, logrando asi robustecer los procesos en funcion del aprendizaje del alumno y la practica docente. EnglishThis work is the result of a comparative study and analysis between the taxonomies of Benjamin Bloom, SOLO de Biggs, Lorin Anderson, L. Dee Fink and Robert J. Marzano. This analysis shows common elements and differentiators, associated and related to teaching-learning processes. The incorporation of both, content and learning activities, from the subject “Lenguaje y Comunicacion” were considered for the extrapolation of taxonomies. At the end of the text is presented a proposal that allows to show the adaptation and use of different systems in a single process or unity, thus managing to strengthen both, the quality of students’ learning processes and the teaching practice.

Manufacturing of efficient multi-articulated joints in a single process is quite competitive and demanding these days. Conventional manufacturing processes are very limited in terms of producing the entire assembly as a single component. Therefore, additive manufacturing (AM) processes seem to be an attractive option for producing multi-articulated mechanisms in a single step. However, due to some overhanging features like holes, edges, and joints in non-assemblies, AM processes use some support structures. Thus, the addition of support structures rises the manufacturing time and material cost of the product. Besides this, the removal of support material from the complex features and joints also increases the post-processing. To cope with this problem, this study focuses on the reduction of manufacturing time of multi-articulated joints by minimizing the support material. For this purpose, two major effective parameters including support structure type and support placement are considered in this study. In support structure, normal and tree supports are taken into consideration while in support placement two discrete cases including ‘support everywhere’ and ‘touching buildplate’ have been studied. Four distinct non-assemblies consisting of multi-articulated joints are manufactured using different combinations of support structure type and support placement. Analysis of variance has been performed to analyze the significance of input parameters. Normal support structure touching the build plate yields comparatively lesser build time and support material. This optimum case is then compared with manufacturing the non-assembly with no support. The comparison shows that the non-assembly manufactured without any support offers minimum build time and support material nevertheless, it creates distortion in some features near the build plate due non-adherence of initial layers. For this reason, printing non-assembly without any support is not observed as an adequate option and printing with normal support at the buildplate is suggested for the non-assembly mechanisms.

For welding path determination, the use of vision sensors is more effective compared with complex offline programming and teaching in small to medium volume production. However, interference factors such as scratches and stains on the surface of the workpiece may affect the extraction of weld information. In the obtained weld image, the weld seams have two distinct features related to the workpiece, which are continuous in a single process and separated from the workpiece’s gray value. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to identify the welding path based on the region of interest (ROI) operation, which is concentrated around the weld seam to reduce the interference of external noise. To complete the identification of the entire welding path, a novel algorithm is used to adaptively generate a dynamic ROI (DROI) and perform iterative operations. The identification accuracy of this algorithm is improved by setting the boundary conditions within the ROI. Moreover, the experimental results confirm that the coefficient factor used for determining the ROI size is a pivotal influencing factor for the robustness of the algorithm and for obtaining an optimal solution. With this algorithm, the welding path identification accuracy is within 2 pixels for three common butt weld types.

In a previous study, it was found that several constructs derived from a positive definition of mental health had changed during psychotherapy. It remains unclear whether they change as part of a single process together with symptomatic change, as part of separate processes, or whether a change in one of the variables predicts change in another variable. Our objective in this study was to examine the relationship between the observed changes and to establish temporal precedence that constitutes a necessary condition for causation. Sixty-two clients who underwent psychotherapy in a naturalistic setting completed questionnaires at 5 time points throughout treatment. The change scores for each client in each of the variables were calculated. The correlations between the changes' scores were tested. To examine the time order, we used autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. A negative correlation was found between the symptoms change score and the happiness change score, r(60) = -0.53, p < .000. A positive correlation was detected between playfulness and happiness change scores, r(60) = 0.31, p = .014. Playfulness predicted subsequent levels of creativity, b = 0.66, t(121) = 2.1, p < .05. Honesty-humility levels predicted subsequent levels of creativity, b = 0.65, t(121) = 9.71, p < .001. The findings support the claim that the change in positive features of mental health is an independent process from symptomatic improvement. In addition, playfulness and honesty-humility temporally precede creativity, and thus might be part of a single change in a mental health construct that is positively defined. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

This paper aims to provide detailed experimental results of 4H-SiC vertical and lateral MOSFETs fabricated on the same 6-inch substrate using a single process flow. The cell optimization and fabrication scheme of both vertical and lateral MOSFETs are described in this paper. The measured electrical characteristics from both structures such as on-resistance, transconductance, threshold voltage, breakdown voltage, and capacitances are discussed. Resistance distribution and figure-of-merits of [Ron×Ciss], [Ron×Coss], and [Ron×Crss] for vertical and lateral MOSFETs are compared to further improve the characteristic of the lateral MOSFET.

Purpose This paper aims to propose a new strategic foresight process that combines aspects from science fiction, speculative design and tools linked to organizational processes, first, to generate potential new services and products and, second, to reduce problems associated with the construction of low-impact and irrelevant scenarios for decision-making processes. As a new proposal, it invites reflection and debate. Design/methodology/approach After reviewing the literature on the key concepts that represent the essence of strategic foresight, as well as the traditional processes to reflect on the future, a proposal for a new hybrid, integrative foresight process that allows moving from imagination to the materialization of scenarios will be presented. Findings The new hybrid process makes evident the need to articulate strategic foresight with other areas of knowledge and management tools to build scenarios with greater impact on decision-making and greater added value from strategic foresight to organizational processes. Originality/value The proposed integrative model articulates tools that already exist, but the originality of the proposal lies in that there are no models that integrate science fiction, speculative design, and other organizational tools in a single process.

This work extends the logical benders approach for solving linear programs with complementarity constraints proposed by Hu et al. (SIAM J Optim 19(1):445–471, 2008) and Bai et al. (Comput Optim Appl 54(3):517–554, 2013). We develop a novel interpretation of the logical Benders method as a reversed branch-and-bound search, where the whole exploration procedure starts from the leaf nodes in an enumeration tree. This insight enables us to provide a new framework over which we can combine master problem and cut generation in a single process. It also allows us to diversify the search, leading computationally to stronger cuts. We also present an optimization-based sparsification process which makes the cut generation more efficient. Numerical results are presented to show the effectiveness of this enhanced method. Results are also extended to problems with more complementarity constraints, exceeding those that can be handled by the original method in the cited references.

The discrimination-association model (DAM; Stefanutti et al. 2013) disentangles two components underlying the responses to the implicit association test (IAT), which pertain to stimuli discrimination (the strength of the association of the stimuli with their own category) and automatic association (the strength of the association between targets and attributes). The assumption of the DAM that these two components sum into a single process generates critical drawbacks. The present work provides a new formulation of the model, called DAM-4C, in which stimuli discrimination and automatic association are separate, independent, and competing processes. Results of theoretical and simulation studies suggest that the DAM-4C outperforms the DAM. The IAT effect is found to vary with the association rates of the DAM-4C and not with those of the DAM. The parameters of the DAM-4C fitted on data from a Coca-Pepsi IAT are found to account for variance in brand attractiveness, taste preference, and cola choice that is not accounted for by the D score and the diffusion model. In addition, the association rates estimated on data from a Black-White IAT are in line with expectations.

This study describes the solvent and catalyst-free Ugi reaction by way of twin screw extrusion (TSE). Multicomponent chemical synthesis can be converted into a single process without repeated use of solvents through TSE. High synthetic yields are achieved in short reaction times and produced in solvent-free conditions, which lead to a more environmentally friendly process.

In recent years, three-dimensional printing (3DP), an additive manufacturing process, has gained widespread clinical application, and 3DP has been considered as the third industrial revolution.1 In its early introduction in the 1980s, 3DP served as a software-controlled technology that converted computer-aided-design (CAD) data into a physical object via a single process. By depositing multiple two-dimensional cross-sections one above the other, 3DP can now be used to build arbitrarily complex geometries and patient-specific constructs using the patient’s imaging data. Till date, computed tomography has been the main imaging data source for 3DP owing to its excellent spatial resolution. Furthermore, current 3D printers have enabled bedside on-demand fabrication of medical products in hospitals. New materials including polymers, ceramics, biomaterials, and metals have been developed for such applications over the last few decades. Medical fields that employ 3DP technologies have also expanded, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, pharmaceutics, and medical models and devices.2 The market for additive manufacturing is expected to surpass $20 billion in the global industry by the end of the 2020.3 Although the use of 3DP technology in interventional medicine is still relatively new, advancements are occurring within this discipline at a rapid rate. Different 3DP technologies, materials, and clinical applications relevant to the interventional field are discussed in this article.

Ag–ZnO nanocomposite films have been widely employed as a promising photocatalyst displaying excellent charge separation and broadband absorption under illumination. Although a variety of synthetic methods have been proposed, the preparation of nanocomposite films with controlled morphology in a single process has been rarely attempted. Here, we introduce a facile and rapid synthetic method to fabricate Ag–ZnO nanocomposite films with controlled morphology by using a microreactor-assisted solution deposition (MASD) process. The nanocomposite film could be formed in a single process within 10 min, which is enabled by rationally designing the MASD process. In addition, by simply tuning in situ growth kinetics of ZnO nanostructures in the process, the morphology of the Ag–ZnO nanocomposite film is varied, including flower- and nanorod-structures. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the Ag–ZnO nanocomposite film over its pristine ZnO counterpart is demonstrated by performing photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements.

Besides numerous advantages, Additive Manufacturing enables the manufacturing of entire non-assembly mechanisms within one single process step. However, this requires comparatively large joint clearances that significantly influence their functionality. Existing tolerance analysis methods completely neglect or simplify these clearances and thus cannot adequately represent a realistic motion behavior. With the aim to overcome this drawback, this contribution presents a novel method for the statistical tolerance analysis of additively manufactured mechanisms. The integration of results from multi-body simulation enables a realistic representation of the movements within the joints. Finally, the exemplary application to a planar non-assembly mechanism shows, that the process-related large joint clearances have more significant influence than the part deviations.

Communication scholars, especially in organizational communication, call for a constitutive approach to communication that considers communicating and organizing as a single process. Yet, current theorizing seems unable to embrace that equivalence. As an alternative, we present an informationally grounded view of communication, drawing from French philosopher Gilbert Simondon. Doing so, we extend scholarship on the communicative constitution of organization by highlighting the importance of framing communication in the context of informational individuation. Following a critical summary of constitutive communication theories, we provide a brief exegesis of Simondon’s concepts of individuation and transduction, which bind information and communication, and contribute four propositions to guide informationally grounded work on the constitutive power of communication. We then emphasize how a Simondonian view contributes to discussions on the communicating-organizing equation. We end by providing a brief empirical example and analysis, using key takeaways from a Simondonian framework, and offer areas for further discussion.

Hepatitis B (HB) is a deadly disease that has a severe impact on infected individuals. In China, not only are the incidence and infection rates of HB very high, but also many HB patients suffer from mental illness associated with anxiety and fear because of HB-associated symptoms. This exacerbates the patients’ condition, potentially increasing the risk of mortality. In this paper, we propose a new treatment mode to improve the therapeutic efficiency and patients’ satisfaction with their healthcare. In a single process of this new treatment, several patients with similar disease symptoms are treated by one doctor at the same time. This new treatment mode can not only relieve the anxiety and fear of HB patients, and improve patients’ cognition rate of HB, but also reduce the HB infection rate, slow down the progression of disease symptoms, and shorten the course. If patients with similar disease symptoms are to be grouped together, there is a need to determine the optimal patient batch combination, which can be solved in the new mode, called patient combined problem (PCP). We also constructed a mathematical model of PCP, and present the ant colony (AC) algorithm and Enhanced AC with a P-3-exchange operator for PCP in the new treatment mode in this paper. We also performed an experiment that showed that our proposed algorithms are very fast and effective for solving this problem.

The conceptualization and framework of smart factories have been intensively studied in previous studies, and the extension to various business areas has been suggested as a future research direction. This paper proposes a method for extending the smart factory concept in the ship building phase to the ship servicing phase through actual examples. In order to expand the study, we identified the differences between manufacturing and maintenance. We proposed a smart transformation procedure, framework, and architecture of a smart maintenance factory. The transformation was a large-scale operation for the entire factory beyond simply applying a single process or specific technology. The transformations were presented through a vessel maintenance depot case and the effects of improvements were discussed.

International audience; In a previous article published in Perspectives, I questioned whether the debate between dual- and single-process models of thinking is empirically tractable and argued that psychological scientists should leave it behind. Dewey (this issue) suggests that by reframing the debate in cognitive-modeling terms, it might become tractable and consequential. More specifically, he proposes that focusing on the question of whether analytic engagement (i.e., the process by which additional resources are allocated to a reasoning problem) is discrete or continuous might allow us to settle the debate. Here I illustrate how this suggestion is likely to face the same tractability problems as the original defining-features approach that it is supposed to replace.

The efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass has tremendous potential to reduce the excessive dependence on fossil fuels. Here, we provide an overview on the recent achievements in the catalytic production of value-added chemicals and fuels. When targeting chemicals, a key objective is to maximize the product selectivity to favor the subsequent separation. This can be achieved through the design of catalysts and optimization of catalytic systems based on the deep understanding of the catalytic mechanism. For production of fuels, attention should be paid to the establishment of an energy-efficient process for high-quality fuels. This can be realized through the design of C–C coupling reactions and the development of multifunctional catalysts to minimize the reaction steps from lignocellulose to fuels. In addition, the full utilization of lignocellulose into biofuels and chemicals in a single process is separately introduced. Finally, several personal perspectives on the opportunities and challenges within this promising field are discussed.

To investigate which processes cause the current increase in atmospheric methane in the context of future interactions between climate change, the methane cycle and policy decisions. There is evidence for various contributors to emission increases or reduced removal of atmospheric methane. No single process can explain the methane rise and remain consistent with available data. Reconstructions of recent changes in the methane budget do not converge as to the dominant contributor to the rise. A plausible scenario includes increasing emissions from agriculture and fossil fuels while biomass burning is reduced, with possible contributions from wetlands and a weakened sink. Further studies are needed to identify contributors to the methane rise for targeted emission reductions and adaptation to changes in natural methane sources and sinks. Mitigation plans must address the methane rise and possible consequences from a climate-methane feedback.

In a grain pile there is material other than grain including poisonous ergot sclerotia. Grain and sclerotia of ergot by linear dimensions and speed of soaring have similar characteristics. Complete separation of grain from ergot by these properties in a single process is impossible. Cleaning seeds from ergot sclerotia with the specific mass less than the specific mass of grain is possible in a salt solution. To mechanize the separation of ergot sclerotia from rye seeds by the wet method, there is an urgent need in the development of an appropriate device. Under study was an immersion in water (ρzh = 1.0∙103 kg/m3 ) and aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) with a specific mass ρzh = 1.09∙103 and 1.15∙103 kg/m3 of individual rye grains with their specific mass ρz = 1.2...1.5∙103 kg/m3 , length lz = 5.0...10.0 10-3 m, width в = 1.4...3.6∙10-3 m and thickness δ = 1.2...3.5∙10-3 m. Theoretical studies were carried out on the basis of mathematical modeling methods using the laws of hydrodynamics, which were confirmed by experimental studies with winter rye grains of the Falenskaya 4 variety with a specific mass ρz = 1.1...1.3 103 kg/m3 , length lz = 5.0...8.0∙10-3 m, width в = 1.4...3.6∙10-3 m and thickness δ = 1.2...3.5∙10-3 m. It has been established that the calculated values of the immersion velocity of cylindrical kernels and spheroidal kernels in comparison with the experimental values in water (ρzh = 1.0∙103 kg/m3 ) is not more than 2%, and in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) the specific mass ρzh = 1.09∙103 and 1.15∙103 kg/m3 – 7 and 10%, respectively. This approach to determining the speed of immersion of grain in liquid can be used in the development of the machine for cleaning grain according to specific mass using wet method to substantiate its structural and technological parameters.

This study investigated the performance of DCMD applied to wastewaters from different stages of the textile process in the same operating system for water reclamation in a single process. High fina...

La obra tardía de Norbet Elias, Sobre el tiempo, compuesta de varios escritos que intentan explicar desde una teoría sociológica del tiempo la relación entre experiencia y pensamiento como partes de un solo proceso, nos sirve aquí para pensar en cómo la configuración del tiempo en la Real Provisión, un modelo documental emitido a nombre del rey, ejerce una función de síntesis y orientación a lo largo de su escrituración. Con la guía estructural de una concreta Real Provisión del siglo XVIII que se conserva en el Archivo Histórico de Cali (Colombia), intentamos poner en relación el procedimiento administrativo a través del cual se incorporan unos hechos concretos en el documento —producto de las relaciones sociales alrededor de un asunto determinado— con una sucesión de momentoscronológicos que los determinan.

In prospective memory (PM) research, a common finding is that PM accuracy is greater using focal, rather than nonfocal, cues. Under the multiprocess framework, the high PM performance for focal cues (cues that facilitate noticing of the target), often in the absence of task interference, reflects people’s ability to rely on spontaneous retrieval processes. By contrast, nonfocal cues (cues that do not facilitate noticing) require monitoring. A competing explanation suggests that a single process underlies focal versus nonfocal PM: People adjust their delay in ongoing responding to allow enough time for PM information to reach awareness (delay theory). Participants’ lower nonfocal performance arises because they fail to delay responding to a sufficient degree; with focal cues, the PM information accumulation rate is fast enough that no delay is necessary (and thus most everyone performs well). We sought to improve nonfocal PM performance by pairing a PM task with fast information accumulation to an ongoing task for which the requisite information accumulated more slowly. Reasoning from delay theory, we expected PM accuracy levels in this nonfocal PM task to approximate that observed in a focal PM task (for which the PM tasks were identical). In contrast to this expectation, the focal condition displayed significantly higher PM accuracy (despite demonstrating a reliably shorter response delay). In light of these findings, we concluded that the multiprocess interpretation is favoured.

Many oil-encapsulation techniques, in which particles are used to improve the stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) against oxidation and the handling of oils, have been reported. We developed techniques for encapsulating oil within powders with a liquid–liquid interfacial crystallization by using nozzleless electrostatic atomization. This process was used to prepare fine spherical encapsulated soybean oil particles with a microscale single process. An inexpensive soybean oil containing PUFAs was chosen as the oil phase. W/O emulsion systems were synthesized via the electrostatic atomization process. After the W/O emulsions were prepared, glycine and taurine well provided in supplements were used as the wall material for encapsulation. The soybean oil content of the encapsulated particles and their stability at high temperatures were evaluated. The oxidative stability of the soybean oil during high-temperature storage was improved for the encapsulation.

We investigate whether the United States economy responds negatively to oil price uncertainty and whether oil price shocks exert asymmetric effects on economic activity. In doing so, we relax the assumption in the existing literature that the data are governed by a single process, modifying the Elder and Serletis (2010) bivariate structural GARCH‐in‐Mean VAR to accommodate Markov regime switching in order to account for changing oil price dynamics over the sample period. We find evidence of asymmetries, against those macroeconomic theories that predict symmetries in the relationship between real aggregate economic activity and the real price of oil.

Bi-modal porous material is considered to have superior physical and tissue-inducing properties. This study reports on the fabrication of bi-modal porous poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds using two-step depressurization supercritical CO2 foaming process. In a single process, large pores over 100 μm nucleated in the slow depressurization step, and coalesced during holding stage; small pores below 40 μm were formed in the rapid depressurization step. Investigation on foaming parameters demonstrated that soaking time longer than 0.5 h was necessary to produce bi-modal pores. It was noted that the holding stage had a significant impact on the final pores. In particular, intermediate pressure would affect the plasticizing capabilities of CO2 to increase (5–7 MPa) or decrease (7–12 MPa) pore size. In all, bi-modal porous PCL foams with around 80% porosity were produced, and this work provided a potential reference to efficient design of bone tissue engineering scaffolds.

Mining local patterns of process behavior is a vital tool for the analysis of event data that originates from flexible processes, which in general cannot be described by a single process model without overgeneralizing the allowed behavior. Several techniques for mining local patterns have been developed over the years, including Local Process Model (LPM) mining, episode mining, and the mining of frequent subtraces. These pattern mining techniques can be considered to be orthogonal, i.e., they provide different types of insights on the behavior observed in an event log. In this work, we demonstrate that the joint application of LPM mining and other patter mining techniques provides benefits over applying only one of them. First, we show how the output of a subtrace mining approach can be used to mine LPMs more efficiently. Secondly, we show how instances of LPMs can be correlated together to obtain larger LPMs, thus providing a more comprehensive overview of the overall process. We demonstrate both effects on a collection of real-life event logs.

When conducting a national survey or census, administrative data may be available that can provide reliable values for some of the variables. Survey and census estimates should be consistent with reliable administrative data. Calibration can be used to improve the estimates by further adjusting the survey weights so that estimates of targeted variables honor bounds obtained from administrative data. The commonly used methods of calibration produce non-integer weights. For the Census of Agriculture, estimates of farms are provided as integers so as to insure consistent estimates at all aggregation levels; thus, the calibrated weights are rounded to integers. The calibration and rounding procedure used for the 2012 Census of Agricultural produced final weights that were substantially different from the survey weights that had been adjusted for under-coverage, non-response, and misclassification. A new method that calibrates and rounds as a single process is provided. The new method produces integer, calibrated weights that tend to be consistent with more calibration targets and are more correlated with the modeled census weights. In addition, the new method is more computationally efficient. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.

Vertically formed and well-defined SnO2 nanosheets are easy to fabricate, involving only a single process that is performed under moderate conditions. In this study, two different sizes of a SnO2 nanosheet were concurrently formed on a Pt interdigitated electrode chip, with interconnections between the two. As the SnO2 nanosheets were grown over time, the interconnections became stronger. The ability of the fabricated SnO2 nanosheets to sense H2 gas was evaluated in terms of the variation in their resistance. The resistance of a SnO2 nanosheet decreased with the introduction of H2 gas and returned to its initial level after the H2 gas was replaced with air. Also, the response–recovery behaviors were improved as a result of the growth of the SnO2 nanosheets owing to the presence of many reaction sites and strong interconnections, which may provide multipassages for the electron transfer channel, leading to the acceleration of the reaction between the H2 gas and SnO2 nanosheets.

Laboratory trials, followed by a comparative pseudo-operational trial of a 1,2-indandione/zinc formulation and 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) was carried out on a range of realistically-handled papers, card and cardboard. In laboratory trials over 7500 split marks were assessed and in the pseudo-operational trial in excess of 400 samples were treated with each of these processes before all the samples were then treated with ninhydrin. The results presented from both stages of the trials establish that 1,2-indandione was the most effective single process and that 1,2-indanedione followed by ninhydrin the most effective process sequence, with ninhydrin developing a significant number of new marks after 1,2-indandione.

Physical culture at the university is carried out throughout the entire period of training of students andis carried out in various forms, which are interrelated and represent a single process of physicaleducation of students. The learning process is organized depending on the state of health, the level ofphysical development and fitness of students, as well as taking into account the conditions and natureof the work of their future professional activity.

Background It is important to know the biomechanical properties of an allograft. This is because when looking to do a transplant of a tendon, the tendon must have very similar biomechanical properties to the original tendon. To use tendon allografts, it is critical to properly sterilize the tendon before implantation. In past decades, several sterilization procedures have been used. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the existing literature to compare the values of failure load/ultimate strength and Young’s modulus of elasticity of different sterilization methods on commonly used tendon allografts. Five major scientific literature databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PLOS ONE, Hindawi) and additional sources were used. Results Studies used had to show a particular sterilization method. Studies were identified to meet the following inclusion criteria: is a controlled laboratory study, gamma irradiation (dose reported), and other sterilization methods. Search for publications dated between 1991 and March 31st, 2020. The database search and additional sources resulted in 284 records. Two hundred thirty records eliminated during the screening for various reasons. The number of articles used in the final synthesis was 54. Conclusions Identified sterilization methods (gamma irradiation, ethylene oxid, supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), BioCleanse, Electron Beam) are offered as a catalog of potential methods. As a result of the broadness of the present research, it provides an overview of sterilization methods and their effect on the mechanical properties (failure load and Young’s modulus of elasticity) of tendons. It does not stand for the state-of-the-art of any single process. Based on a systematic literature review, we recommend freezing and gamma irradiation or electron beam at 14.8–28.5 kGy. These methods are effective at keeping or improving the mechanical properties, while fully sterilizing the inside and the outside of the tendon. Other sterilization method (ethylene oxide, supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), BioCleanse) deteriorated the mechanical properties. These methods are not recommended.

Taking into account the large amount of whey that is produced during the cheese production process and the constant demand by society for more sustainable processes, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the circular economy concept, it is necessary to adapt two-unit operations into a single process, allowing us to not only valorize a part of the whey but the whole process, which is known as bioprocess integration. In this sense, the adaptation of different processes, for example, physicochemical (micro, ultra and nanofiltration) and fermentation, that are commonly used to obtain proteins, lactose and other compounds with different activities (antioxidant, antifungal, etc.) could be integrated to achieve a complete recovery of the cheese whey. Likewise, keeping in mind that one of the main drawbacks of cheese whey is the great microbial load, some innovative processing technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressures, electrotechnologies and ultrasound, can allow both the development of new foods from whey as well as the improvement of the nutritional and organoleptic properties of the final products prepared with cheese, and thus reducing the microbial load and obtaining a safe product could be incorporated in the cheese whey valorization process.

Combination processes involve combining two or more techniques into a single process to reduce the severity of a thermal method on nutrients or to reduce the cost of production by using nonthermal methods or to improve the capability of a process. This technical concept is becoming significant as it uses only a minimal dosage of thermal process parameters to promote food safety. Cold plasma is a potential nonthermal technology that uses ionized gas to treat food materials. Plasma is a combination of ions, neutral elements, and reactive species, which act together to increase the safety of foods. This technology can be used individually or in combination with minimal processing methods, thermal and other nonthermal processing methods, antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, food packaging, etc., to strengthen or add value to the process. The use of plasma as a combination technology aids in increasing the efficiency of microbial reduction, elevates the drying and cooking process, and provides an additive effect in combination with nonthermal technologies. It also assists in the process of filtration, enzymatic hydrolysis, and detection of adulteration in foods. This review covers studies that were conducted on the combination of plasma to enhance various processes.

Once stated how to model every single process, this chapter tackles with the global model for the whole system along the manufacturing line. The procedure is to assess every magnitude to be evaluated through the manufacturing process to calculate the value of the representative variables; energy, power, masses, etc. to summarize the global sum of single processes into global demand to confront the obtained values for the two analyzed types of factory.

Productively and ergonomically designed work is a key factor for the competitiveness of industrial companies. MTM-HWD® is a method to describe human work that allows an integrated analysis of both productive and ergonomic aspects. Although it considers these aspects in a single process, the method still requires a considerable amount of effort [1]. One possibility to reduce this effort is the utilization of digital human motion data from human simulation tools.

The demand for fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) is rising due to a high lightweight potential. The lightweight potential arises from high stiffness-to-weight ratios in comparison with other lightweight materials such as aluminum. Despite these advantages, FRCs are often not used in lightweight construction applications because of high costs, which are caused by a complex multistep manufacturing. The high manufacturing costs are often caused by many manual steps during the setup of single process steps. One way to reduce these costs lies within the usages of simulation tools to assess the manufacturing steps. However, modeling of reinforcement fibers and textiles is complicated due to the complex nature of these materials. This chapter is giving an introduction in modeling approaches of reinforcement fibers and textiles on different scales, which are typical for FRCs. Thereby, convenient modeling approaches are described for the microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale. For further understanding, examples of applications are shown and discussed.