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Solar cooling systems, specifically solar absorption cooling systems, are becoming an attractive subject since they are great alternatives to the conventional cooling systems which lead to high electrical consumption. In addition, this system can provide cooling without greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, many combinations of different components might be adopted to apply the solar absorption cooling system. This paper will discuss the absorption chiller working cycle, the absorption chiller working fluids, the solar collectors to be combined with solar cooling systems and the single-effect absorption chiller. Furthermore, the variation of the coefficient of performance, the solar fraction and the economic study will be discussed. The goal of this review is to present previous studies and analyze their results; highlight the environmental, energetic, and economic viability of such systems and tackle future challenges regarding solar absorption cooling system and discuss the application of this system on new climates and more specifically on Lebanon.

A myriad of combinations of organizational characteristics is more likely to be successful than a limited number. To test this, we conducted an analysis comparing a variables’ single effect with th...

The use of the group contribution concept in the design of refrigerants for a single effect absorption refrigeration machine is presented. Chosen functional groups were combined according to the kn...

This research is proposed to fully investigate the performance of a single‐effect water/lithium bromide absorption chiller driven by geothermal energy. Since absorption cycles are considered as low‐grade energy cycles, this innovative idea of rejecting fluid from a single‐flash geothermal power plant with low‐grade energy would serve as efficient, economical, and promising technology. In order to examine the feasibility of this approach, a residential building which is located in Sharjah, UAE, considered to evaluate its cooling capacity of 39 kW which is calculated using MATLAB software. Based on the obtained cooling load, modeling of the required water/lithium bromide single‐effect absorption chiller machine is implemented and discussed. A detailed performance analysis of the proposed model under different conditions is performed using Engineering Equation Solver software (EES). Based on the obtained results, the major factors in the design of the proposed system are the size of the heat exchangers and the input heat source temperature. The results are presented graphically to find out the geofluid temperature and mass flow and solution heat exchanger effectiveness effects on the chiller thermal performance. Moreover, the effects of the size of all components of the absorption chiller on the cooling load to meet the space heating are presented. The thermal efficiency of the single‐flash geothermal power plant is about 13% when the power plant is at production well temperature 250℃, separator pressure 0.24 MPa, and condenser pressure 7.5 kPa. The results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) reaches about 0.87 at solution heat exchanger effectiveness of 0.9, when the geofluid temperature is 120℃.

In this paper, a carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) based single event upset (SEU) tolerant latch is proposed. The proposed latch can tolerate the effect of particle strike at any of ...

Portuguese poet and writer Fernando Pessoa has become one of the most significant literary figures of the twentieth century modernism with his unique oeuvre, a considerable amount of which he attributed to the writer characters he created. Both the works he published in his life and the manuscripts published posthumously after the researchers found them in wooden chests show that Pessoa was a keen reader of world literature. Since he received an education in English in South Africa, where he spent his childhood and early youth, he was especially fond of Anglo-American literature and his interest in American poet and writer Edgar Allan Poe continued during his life. He read Poe, translated some of his works, and even wrote some short stories evoking Poe’s. This article suggests that the idea of perversity that appears to be a component of Poe’s philosophy of composition finds a reflection in Pessoa’s modernism. In Poe’s “The Imp of the Perverse” and Pessoa’s “The Hour of the Devil” the idea of perversity is embodied in the figures of the devil and the dynamics of the narratives enable us to relate perversity with literary creation. Although this article will focus on these two short stories in order to trace this relationship, it will also engage in Pessoa’s The Book of Disquiet and Poe’s various works including Eureka, “The Black Cat” and “The Tell-Tale Heart”. The article will discuss an important element of Pessoa’s modernism, namely literary ambiguity, and Poe’s theory of single effect within the framework of perversity., Portekizli şair ve yazar Fernando Pessoa, farklı isim ve kimliklerle oluşturduğu külliyatıyla yirminci yüzyıl modernist edebiyatının en önemli figürleri arasında yer almıştır. Yaşarken yayımladığı yapıtlarının yanında, ölümünden sonra birkaç sandıktan çıkan ve zaman içerisinde okurla buluşan el yazmaları da Pessoa’nın iyi bir dünya edebiyatı okuru olduğunu açıklıkla gösterir. Çocukluk ve ilk gençlik yıllarını geçirdiği Güney Afrika’da İngilizce öğrenim gördüğü için Anglo-Amerikan edebiyatına özel bir ilgi duyan Pessoa, hayatı boyunca Amerikalı şair ve yazar Edgar Allan Poe’yu okumayı sürdürmüş, Poe’nun kimi yapıtlarını Portekizceye çevirmiş, kimi öykülerini çağrıştıran öyküler kaleme almıştır. Bu yazı, Poe’nun bir kompozisyon felsefesi oluştururken ortaya koyduğu terslik fikriyle Pessoa’nın modernist edebiyat anlayışı arasında önemli geçişler olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Poe’nun “Terslik Şeytanı” ve Pessoa’nın “Şeytanın Saati” öykülerinde terslik fikri şeytan figüründe somutlaşır ve anlatıların dinamiği tersliği edebî yaratıcılıkla ilişkilendirmemizi sağlar. Bu ilişkinin izini sürmek amacıyla söz konusu iki öyküye odaklanan ancak Pessoa’nın Huzursuzluğun Kitabı ve Poe’nun Eureka, “Boşboğaz Yürek”, “Kara Kedi”gibi yapıtlarından da yararlananan yazı, Pessoa’nın modernizminin önemli öğelerinden olan edebî belirsizlikle Poe’nun tek etki kuramını terslik ilkesi çerçevesinde tartışmaktadır.

In the application of nanotechnology, textile and clothing industry is an important industry. Due to the surface single effect and volume effect of nanoparticles, the chemical and physical properti...

In the proposed model, the gray interconnect degree method was employed to process the acute toxicity values of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) to green algae, daphnia, mysid, and fish (predicted by EPI Suite software) and to obtain the comprehensive characterization value of the multireceptor toxicity effect (MTE) of PAEs. The 3D-QSAR pharmacophore model indicated that hydrophobic groups significantly affected the MTE of PAEs. Based on this, 16 PAEs derivative molecules with significantly decreased comprehensive characterization value (more than 10%) of the toxic effects of multireceptors were designed. Among them, 13 PAEs derivative molecules reduced the toxicity values (predicted by the EPI Suite software) of four receptor organisms to varying degrees. Finally, two derivative molecules from PAEs were screened and could exist stably in the environment. The derivative molecule’s reduced toxicity to the receptor was obtained through molecular docking methods and simulated the PAEs’ primary metabolic response pathways. The above research results break through the pharmacophore model’s limitation of only being suitable for the single effect of pollutants. Its application provides a new theoretical verification basis for expanding the multieffect pharmacophore model.

The effect of total dose radiation on the single event effect of uniaxial strained Si Nano channel metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (NMOSFET) was studied by TCAD simulation. By com...

Wound healing is a complex and sequential biological process that involves multiple stages. Current treatments for nonhealing or chronic wounds are unsatisfactory as they exert a single effect on one specific activity. Herein, we constructed a silver nanowire (AgNW)-based, three-dimensional (3D), porous foam dressing that is flexible and conductive. This conductive foam dressing was composed of AgNWs modified with a stable hydrophobic coating and porous polyurethane (PU), providing a skeleton to support the 3D conductive networks. The AgNWs-PU foam dressing exhibited favorable biocompatibility, outstanding electrical properties, excellent bending-compression durability, and long-term stability under wet conditions, making it suitable for wound treatment. Via the conductive foam dressing, negative pressure and exogenous wound directional electric fields (EFs) could be integrated for simultaneous implementation, and the artificial jointly constructed microenvironment promoted wound healing in a system. This novel "all-in-one" device presented intrinsic multifunctionality, including the drainage of pus and necrotic tissue, mitigation of inflammation, promotion of cell proliferation, direction of keratinocyte migration, and induction of angiogenesis. An immunohistochemical assay and western blot analysis illustrated that the angiogenesis and cell proliferation pathways in the tissue were significantly activated when this novel therapy was adopted. More importantly, the practical performance of this "all-in-one" device was demonstrated by assessment of full-thickness defect wounds in model pigs. Comparing the percentage of residual wound area after administration of traditional treatment (25.82 ± 3.52%) and the novel treatment (3.07 ± 1.23%) demonstrated the promising applications of this novel treatment in clinical wound healing.

Une étude sur le contrôle des marchés financiers qatariens est d’actualité à plus qu’un titre. Tout d’abord, la Bourse du Qatar cherche à s’affirmer dans le paysage économique malgré les richesses naturelles, c’est ce qui fait de cette bourse un exemple de l’importance de l’investissement boursier. Ensuite, une étude analytique, critique et comparative du contrôle des marchés financiers s’impose pour pouvoir évaluer cette jeune expérience et proposer des solutions d’évolution. D’où la question de savoir comment le législateur qatarien a-t-il procédé pour assurer un contrôle efficace et efficient des marchés financiers. La lecture de la loi n° 8 de 2012 sur la Qatar Financial Markets Authority (QFMA), la loi n° 13 de 2012 sur la Banque Centrale du Qatar (BCQ) et les règles de la Bourse du Qatar (RBQ) reconnaissent à différents organes un rôle à des degrés différents, dans la mission de contrôle. Ces organes qui constituent des structures indépendantes s’articulent dans un mouvement cohérent, dans une action coordonnée par le législateur et concourent à un effet unique, à une seule action. تُعتبر رقابة الأسواق المالية في القانون القطري ذات أهمية على أكثر من مستوى. أولاً، تسعى بورصة قطر إلى إثبات وجودها في المشهد الاقتصادي على الرغم من الثروات الطبيعية التي يتمتع بها البلد، وهذا ما يجعل من بورصة قطر مثالًا عن أهمية الاستثمار في سوق الأوراق المالية. ثانيًا، إنه من الضروري إجراء دراسة تحليلية ونقدية ومقارنة لمسألة رقابة الأسواق المالية وتقييم هذه التجربة الفتية واقتراح حلول لتطويرها. ولهذا الغرض يجوز طرح السؤال التالي: كيف ضمن المشرع القطري رقابة ناجعة وفعالة على الأسواق المالية؟ إن قراءة القانون رقم 8 لعام 2012 بشأن هيئة قطر للأسواق المالية، والقانون رقم 13 لعام 2012 بشأن البنك المركزي تبين تداخل أجهزة مختلفة من أجل ضمان رقابة ناجعة. A study on the control of Qatari financial markets is relevant to more than one title. First, the Qatar Stock Market seeks to assert itself in the economic landscape despite the natural resources; this what makes this stock market an example of the importance of stock market investment. Then, an analytical, critical and comparative study of the control of the financial markets is necessary to be able to evaluate this young experiment and to propose solutions of evolution. Hence the question of how did the Qatari legislator proceed to ensure efficient and effective control of the financial markets? The reading of the law n ° 8 of 2012 on the Qatar Financial Markets Authority (QFMA), the law n ° 13 of 2012 on the Central Bank of Qatar (BCQ) and the rules of the Qatar Stock Exchange (RBQ) recognize different bodies to play a role with varying degrees in the control mission. These bodies, which constitute independent structures, are articulated in a coherent movement, in an action coordinated by the legislator and they contribute to a single effect and action

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are a heterogeneous class of molecules whose main function is to remove excess cholesterol through a mechanism called reverse transport, in which cholesterol is transported from peripheral organs and from arterial foam cells to the liver, where it is subsequently eliminated with bile. While its ability to eliminate excess cholesterol has always been viewed as its main feature, its beneficial effects go beyond this single effect. Many of the proteins that are associated with HDL are responsible for anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These proteins that are associated with HDL during its generation and remodelling, are referred to as 'protein cargo', which has been extensively analysed by mass spectrometry analysis in healthy and diseased individuals. In this review, we discuss the pathway that leads to HDL formation and its subsequent remodelling and catabolism with regards to the possible involvement of HDL 'protein cargo' in Alzheimer's disease.

Background Practitioners and researchers may not always be able to adequately evaluate the evidential value of findings from a series of independent studies. This is partially due to the possibility of inflated effect size estimates for these findings as a result of researcher manipulation or selective reporting of analyses (i.e., p-hacking). In light of the possible overestimation of effect sizes in the literature, the p-curve analysis has been proposed as a worthwhile tool that may help identify bias across a series of studies focused on a single effect. The p-curve analysis provides a measure of the evidential value in the published literature and might highlight p-hacking practices. Purpose Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to introduce the mechanics of the p-curve analysis to individuals researching phenomena in the psychosocial aspects of behavior and provide a substantive example of a p-curve analysis using findings from a series of studies examining a group dynamic motivation gain paradigm. Methods We performed a p-curve analysis on a sample of 13 studies that examined the Köhler motivation gain effect in exercise settings as a means to instruct readers how to conduct such an analysis on their own. Results The p-curve for studies examining the Köhler effect demonstrated evidential value and that this motivation effect is likely not a byproduct of p-hacking. The p-curve analysis is explained, as well as potential limitations of the analysis, interpretation of the results, and other uses where a p-curve analysis could be implemented.

This study is aimed to conduct energy, exergy and economic analysis on a network of single-effect absorption chillers. First, the network was analyzed parametrically and then optimized to minimize exergy destruction and annual cost. Multi-objective optimization was performed by implementing a particle swarm optimization algorithm. The case study was conducted on the absorption chiller network in Iranian Marun Petrochemical Company. The results indicated the greatest effects of the solution heat exchanger efficiency and network inlet cooling water temperature on energy and exergy performance coefficients and annual cost. Accordingly, decreasing the network inlet cooling water temperature from 35 to 25 °C increased energy and exergy performance coefficients by 5.3 and 6.2%, respectively, and reduced annual cost by $70,000.00. Besides, increasing solution heat exchanger efficiency from 60 to 80% increased energy and exergy performance coefficients by 5.9 and 2.1%, respectively, and decreased the annual cost by $60,000.00. According to the optimization results, the economic function of the network saved 9.95%, so that if the network works in optimized thermodynamics and economic conditions, the cost decreases by 3.24% compared to the typical manner.

Psament is a soil that has a low fertility rate which is characterized by low organic matter content (BO) so there are less water and nutrients available. Utilization of Psament for agricultural development must first be improved through other inputs such as BO and lime. This study aims to look at the interaction between KOJETO types and KOJETO doses on the chemical properties of Psament, to look at the effect of KOJETO types on the chemical properties of Psament, and to look at the effect of increasing KOJETO doses on the chemical properties of Psament. This research was conducted at the Wire House and Soil Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang. The experiment was designed according to a Factorial Randomized Complete Design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The main factor was the type of KOJETO which consisted of KOJETO A (0.75 PB Recommendations); KOJETO B (1 PB recommendation); KOJETO C (1.5 PB Recommendations). The second factor was KOJETO dose which consisted of (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0) t ha -1 . The results showed that the type of KOJETO with several doses interacted to increase the chemical properties of Psament with the highest value in the KOJETO C treatment with a dose of 10.0 t ha -1 namely N-total content of 0.34 %, CEC 15.87 cmol kg -1 , Ca dd 1,27 cmol kg -1 and Mg dd 0.69 cmol kg -1 . The application of KOJETO C yielded the highest values of C-organic 2.80 %, K dd 0.53 cmol kg -1 and Na dd 0.51 cmol kg -1 . The single effect of increasing dose with the highest values at 10 t ha -1 were soil pH 5.80, P-available 14.59 ppm, C-organic 2.89 %, K dd 0.52 cmol kg -1 and Na dd 0.50 cmol kg -1 .

Homogenization, which is used in the technological schemes of production of most dairy products, is the most energy-intensive of the processes of mechanical processing of milk. One promising way to increase the energy efficiency of homogenization is to use separate homogenization and to use a little-researched stream homogenizer with separate cream feeding. The principle of its action is to pre-divide milk into cream and skim milk, and feed the fat phase with a thin stream into the stream of skim milk. This creates the conditions for achieving the high value of the Weber criterion - the main factor in the dispersion of milk fat. The purpose of these researches is to conduct experimental studies and determine the energy consumption and quality of homogenization of milk after treatment in a stream homogenizer. To achieve this goal, a designed experimental setup was used. The dispersive indices of the milk emulsion were determined by computer analysis of micrographs of milk samples obtained with an optical microscope and a digital camera using Microsoft Office Excel and Microsoft Visual Studio C # software using the OpenCV Sharp library. As a result of experimental studies, the critical value of the Weber criterion for homogenization of milk was determined, which is 28. The regularities of dispersion of milk fat in a stream homogenizer with separate feeding of the fat phase have been established. It is determined that the milk treatment in the experimental homogenizer allows us to achieve an emulsion with an average size of fat globules of about 0.8 μm (at the level of valve homogenizers). The value of the homogenization coefficient is obtained for the disruption of the fat globule in the conditions: subject to a single effect on the emulsion, without the influence of vibration and cavitation. This homogenization coefficient equals 3300 m3/2.s-1.

Combinations of drugs are available in the market only to produce a single effect. To overcome this, a combination of three drugs namely α-arbutin, glutathione, and grape seed extract, are used to benefit the triple effect on the skin. The set forth study to formulate and evaluate medicated cosmetic cream in an effective curative strategy for derma to produce a triple effect. Medicated cosmetic cream containing triple bioactive agents formulated by the O/W dispersion method. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out for characterization. The formulated cream assessed for physical appearance, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, particle size analysis, spreadability, percentage yield, drug content, diffusion studies, release kinetics, acute dermal toxicity studies, and short-term stability studies. FT-IR and DSC studies revealed that no chemical interaction existed between the drug and excipients used. The optimized formula A5 revealed to be off white, semisolid, pleasant odor, smooth & slippery texture, non-greasy smear, easy to remove, and homogenous. The A5 cream exhibited a pH of 5.89, Viscosity of 1597.73 CPS, Spreadability of 20.86 g.cm/sec., the Particle size of 0.237%, Percentage yield of 98.8%, Drug content of 99.22 at 289 nm, 99.75 at 200 nm and 100.1 at 286 nm. The optimized cream demonstrated prolonged drug release 94.41% at 289 nm, 92.68 at 200 nm, and 92.78 at 286 nm up to 12 hrs. The optimized cream remained stable after the heating-cooling cycle at 4° C, 45° C and at room temperature. Furthermore, acute dermal toxicity studies showed the optimized formulation to be non-irritant, with no erythema, and no edema. The present study signified that the multiple combinations showed a better synergistic effect, superior efficacy, and multiple activities that resulted in the best, smooth, and stable medicated cosmetic cream.

Absorption cycle is the leading technology among solar thermally driven cooling/heating systems thanks to its high performance and favourable economics. Most studies deal with specific layouts or compare the performance of different systems. However, a clear comparison of the main configurations at the same boundary conditions and modelling approach is still missing, and the search for improved configurations is still an open field. The goal of this article is twofold: searching for the conceptual development in the evolution of the main existing configurations (single, half, double effect and GAX systems) and identifying new configurations to improve system performance. The first goal is accomplished by analysing in detail the design features and variables of all configurations and creating and running design models at the same cooling duty and ambient conditions. The second one is accomplished by optimizing the design of each configuration using the general methodology “HEATSEP”, which is able to take into account every possible internal thermal interaction in each optimization step. Results include a complete conceptual overview of the development of the existing configurations and the proposal of new ones, which show higher than 3% COP gains in comparison with the best corresponding single effect configurations in the literature.

The main purpose of the study is to examine the nexus between corruption and economic freedom to determine the most influencing factors to be focused on to reduce corruption. With this aim, two different machine learning algorithms are performed to find out the single effect, two-way, and three-way interaction effects of factors affecting corruption. As a result of the analysis, tax burden, government integrity, and government spending are the main indicators to be focused on to improve corruption steadily. Besides, critical thresholds of the tax burden, government integrity, and government spending are 83.3, 50.9, and 40.6, respectively. Since there are a limited number of studies to predict corruption by machine learning algorithms in the extant literature, this research provides highly detailed information to policy-makers where they can focus on reducing corruption perception.

The corrosion of rebars in reinforced concrete structures cracks the concrete, which leads to the degradation of the bond strength between the rebar and concrete. Since bond deterioration can menace structural safety, bond strength evaluation is essential for proper maintenance. In this study, the authors investigated bond strength degradation by conducting pull-out tests on concrete specimens, with induced crack width and stirrups ratio being the principal parameters. An expansion agent-filled pipe (EAFP) simulates cracks due to the volumetric expansion of the corroded rebar. One advantage of this method is that it allows one to focus on the single effect of an induced crack. The pull-out tests on 36 specimens show that stirrups’ confinement significantly influences the bond degradation due to induced cracks. The authors proposed an empirical model for the degradation of bond strength, considering the impact of induced crack width. The result shows that the induced crack by EAFP can quantify the exclusive consequence of corrosion on bonds. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation is 12% for specimens without stirrup from Law et al. For specimen without and with stirrup from Lin et al., the coefficients of variation are 14% and 17%. The proposed model can predict the corroded specimen from the literature with reasonable accuracy.

Space radiation-induced Single Event Effect (SEE) and Space Electrostatic Discharge (SESD) are two significant phenomena which cause spacecraft anomalies. However, it is difficult to differentiate between them when trying to identify the root causes of the on-orbit anomalies. This paper pioneers the study of similarities and difference between transients induced by SEE and those induced by SESD. The work is done with the LM124, a well-known operational amplifier. The physical mechanisms between the transients induced by SEE and SESD are studied using H-SPICE simulations. The characteristics of the transient waveforms and the relationship with an external stimulus between SEE and SESD are further investigated with a pulsed laser SEE facility and SESD test system, respectively. The results show that similar transient waveforms can be generated at the device output by both SEE and SESD, while bipolar transients are found only in SEE testing. The different output transient signatures could be used to identify the root causes of spacecraft anomalies.

Software aging is a risk associated with the continuous operation of software, and it is essential and meaningful to develop anti-aging technology to offset or mitigate the aging phenomenon. While considerable attention has been devoted to software aging and anti-aging techniques, few studies have focused on single-event effect as a software-aging reason in the context of a space environment. In this study, aiming at the software-aging problem caused by the specific reason above, besides the classic software rejuvenation, we further explore the anti-aging effects and rules of software reliability design modes, including triple modular redundancy (TMR) and logical partitioning. Reliability and availability are used as aging indicators, and the anti-aging effect of reliability design modes and rejuvenation policy is quantitatively analyzed through probabilistic model checking. The simulation and theoretical results show that the reliability design mode can alleviate software aging. However, the TMR mode is time-sensitive. It is found that the application of the rejuvenation policy makes time-sensitivity disappear. A combination of reliability design modes and rejuvenation policy can obtain the best anti-aging effect. The analysis and discussion in this paper can provide useful insights for software researchers to instantiate different software anti-aging inventions or new applications.

Nuclear power plant containment is the last barrier, as stated in the worldwide accepted in-depth safety principle, between a nuclear reactor and the environment. During various accident scenarios, fission products can exit the fuel and primary circuit, entraining the containment and later the environment. One of the most important fission products exiting the corrupted fuel pins is iodine. Iodine is a strongly bioactive chemical species with a very complex in-containment physical-chemical behavior. The fission product transport inside the containment as well as the release into the environment takes an important role in the preliminary safety analysis report (PSAR). Analyses presented in PSAR are calculated by numerous computational codes. The validity of these results should be checked. The only chance to do so is to validate the computational tool on validation experiments, which represent single effect behavior as well as a complex behavior on integral tests. Validation experiments presented in this paper are from an international Behavior of Iodine Project (BIP) which was conducted under the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development – Nuclear Energy Agency (OEC-NEA). The single effect tests are illustrated by four representative experiments, namely the G-01 studying the iodine deposition and resuspension on steel coupon in gas phase, the G-04 studying the iodine deposition and resuspension on painted surface in gas phase, the G-06 studying the humidity effect on iodine deposition on painted coupons in gas phase and finally the AECL-2 studying the iodine deposition on painted coupons in water phase. The integral test is represented by the RTF P9T1, where the complex iodine chemistry including the response to pH change is studied. The scope of this paper is to reveal whether the COCOSYS code is capable to bring satisfactory results of a complex in-containment iodine behavior with recommended and basic setup of computational models and parameters.

Absorption refrigeration systems offer the most effective way of cooling by using waste heat. In this study, energy and exergy analysis is performed on a triple effect absorption refrigeration system. The system is series flow and it works with water – lithium bromide solution. In addition, three different heat exchangers are used to achieve heat recovery within the system. Triple effect absorption refrigeration systems are more efficient than double and single effect absorption refrigeration systems. Also the systems have more system components and they are more complex in terms of thermodynamics. In the analysis performed exergy destruction of the components and changes of total exergy destruction of the system are shown due to the low pressure generator temperature. It is also been added to the analysis results in the change in efficiency of the first and second laws. As a result, there is decreasing in the total exergy destruction of the system with increasing of the low pressure generator temperature. The decreasing in the total exergy destruction of the system is reflected to the first and second laws efficiency as increasing. Within the system components, there is decreasing in the exergy destruction of the high and low pressure generator and there is increasing in the exergy destruction of the absorber. The decreasing in exergy destruction of heat exchangers providing heat recovery is observed.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are ubiquitous in the environment, have been found to cause orofacial clefts (OFCs) in mouse model. However, evidence from the human study with markers of intrauterine exposure is absent. We explored the associations between the levels of sixteen PAHs in umbilical cord tissue and risk for OFCs using multivariable logistic models and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR). This case-control study included 89 OFC cases and 129 controls without congenital malformations. Concentrations of PAHs in umbilical cord tissue were detected using gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The median levels of ΣPAHs, Σlow molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and Σhigh molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were all higher in cases of total OFCs and its subtypes than in controls, although the differences were not statistically significant. No statistical associations between levels of PAHs in umbilical cord tissue and risk for OFCs were observed in either multivariable logistic models or BKMR models. Maternal using a stove for heating and lower frequency of ventilation in the bedroom/living room, and consumptions of fresh green vegetables were positively correlated with levels of PAHs in umbilical cord. In conclusion, our results did not suggest that in utero exposure to PAHs were associated with the risk for OFCs, in estimating whether single effect of PAHs or joint effects of multiple PAHs.

China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS)–Beam Line 09 (BL09) was used to study 28 nm system on chip (SoC) atmospheric neutron single event effect for the first time. The on chip memory (OCM), D-Cache and BRAM blocks were tested respectively. Different single event effects were detected, such as single bit upset, multi cell upset and single event functional interruption. The experiment illustrated that there is a significant discrepancy in results whether neutron from 1 MeV to 10 MeV contributions are considered in studying 28 nm SoC single event effect. The experiment and Geant4 simulation results indicated that the influence of 1 MeV to 10 MeV neutron cannot be neglected. The average bit cross section and soft error rate (SER) per Mbit at Beijing sea level of the 28 nm SoC are 1.50 × 10−15 cm2·bit−1 and 22 FIT·Mbit−1.

The presented work includes a detailed review of organic working fluid mixtures and corresponding Absorption Refrigeration (ABR) cycles available in published literature. Such processes are important as they enable exploitation of cleaner and renewable energy sources for cooling generation. Research efforts may be benefited by a systematically organized account of previous works in organic working fluids, which have received considerably less attention than conventional inorganic options. The reviewed developments are separated into working fluids used in single effect cycles and alternative configurations such as double effect, half effect and so forth. Details are reported regarding the operating conditions tested, the criteria used for working fluid selection and the ones selected as desirable options either experimentally or in simulation studies. Research on thermodynamics of organic working fluids suitable for ABR processes is also reported with respect to measured properties, experimental conditions and types of thermodynamic models. The characteristics of different process flowsheets are also analyzed, while commercial scale ABR applications are reported to motivate research in industrial/commercial scale systems. It is observed that there are few types of chemical groups repeated in working fluid investigations, with halogenated refrigerants and ether- and amide-based absorbents prevailing compared to other substances. Most experimental works pertain to single effect systems, with model-based approaches mainly used due to introduction of increasingly complex process modifications. The latter have been assessed with considerably fewer different fluid options compared to single effect systems. Thermodynamic investigations mainly combine experiments with parameter estimation for model development. Most works derive data and employ the NRTL activity coefficient model, often combined with cubic equations of state.

Neutron single event effect (SEE) tolerance of SiC power MOSFETs with different drift region design were evaluated. The SEE is detected over the SEE threshold voltage (VSEE). The failure rate increases exponentially as the drain voltage increases above VSEE. The device with higher avalanche breakdown voltage has higher SEE threshold voltage. The neutron SEE tolerance of MOSFETs and PiN diodes of the same epitaxial structure were also evaluated. There was no significant difference in the neutron SEE tolerance of these devices.

The SEE susceptibility on 28 nm Xilinx Zynq-7020 All Programmable SoC was investigated at heavy ion microbeam facilities in Institute of Modern Physics (IMP). The sensitive SEE spots distribution in entire PS area was obtained by running the on chip memory (OCM) test program. The extracted chip bottom modules layout information indicated that the SEE sensitive events occurred in the OCM area, central data processing area, and interfaces controlling buffer registers elements area, accounting for 19.6%, 32.6% and 47.8%, respectively. The results showed it was possible that the SEE events in other areas appeared more serious than in the target block located area. Meanwhile, the partial cross section was gotten in the test and it was (5.75 ± 0.85) × 10−5 cm2.

Developing a compact, simple, and productive solar still is a main challenge. This paper describes a simple modification of the solar still that significantly enhances its productivity. A laboratory scale of modified single effect double slope glass solar still with the opaque triangular north wall has been developed and tested for enhancement of productivity in sunny days of the summer season in the month of April. The experiments on still have been carried out under three levels of water depths from 1 to 3 cm and compared it with the performance of conventional still of double slope single effect solar still of the same size. It is clear from the observations that opaque type still gave maximum distillate of 1793 ml at 1 cm depth of water while conventional still could produce only 1519 ml for the same depth of water. Also, for 2 and 3 cm depth of water, the opaque type still found to be more productive than conventional double slope solar still. As the former produced 1532 and 1464 ml while the latter produced 1328 and 1235 ml, for 2 and 3 cm depth of water, respectively.