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Burkholderia pseudomallei , an environmental saprophyte, causes an infection that results in melioidosis. A high case-fatality rate is linked to it. Melioidosis is becoming an increasingly global infection. It can present a wide spectrum of manifestations and can affect any part of the human being. The head-and-neck region is a major site of melioidosis infection. Melioidosis in the head-and-neck region is a potentially life-threatening infection. Careful clinical correlation and proper evaluation are needed to establish an early diagnosis of melioidosis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are very required. A high index of suspicion in susceptible patients should prompt assessment for melioidosis. The awareness of melioidosis and its clinical manifestations with early diagnosis are needed to avoid failure of treatment which may result in high morbidity and mortality. As melioidosis in the head-and-neck region is not so common, there is very less information available. Therefore, a review article on melioidosis in the head-and-neck region is written with consideration of epidemiology, aetiopathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of attribution in substance abuse and dependence. Topics covered include the two attribution types of internal and external, and the models of substance use relapse based on circumstance and situational factors, and on familial communication with expressed emotions (EE) that assign responsibility of substance abuse control to the patient. Also noted is the need for further research on these two tendencies of attribution.

Under a multicentre study conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research, 1712 samples of wheat grain/flour were collected from urban and rural areas in 11 states representing different geographical regions of India. These samples were analysed for residues of DDT (2,2- bis ( p -chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloro ethane) and different isomers of HCH (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro cyclohexane, a mixture of isomers) by gas–liquid chromatography. Residues of DDT were detected in 59.4% of 1080 samples of wheat grain and in 78.2% of 632 samples of wheat flour. Different isomers of HCH were present in about 45–80% of the samples of wheat grain/flour. Medians of DDT and total HCH, respectively, for pooled samples of wheat grain were 0.013 and 0.035?mg?kg -1 , while those for wheat flour were 0.01 and 0.02?mg?kg -1 . Estimated daily intakes of DDT and different isomers of HCH through the consumption of wheat contaminated at their median and 90th percentiles constituted a small proportion of their acceptable daily intakes. Amongst the pesticide residues analysed, statutory maximum residue limits have been fixed only for ?-HCH in wheat in India, as 0.1?mg?kg -1 in wheat grain and zero in wheat flour. Residue levels of ?-HCH exceeded these maximum residue limits in five of 1080 samples of wheat grain and in 340 of 632 samples of wheat flour. The failure to meet the requirement of the ?-HCH maximum residue limit in large number of wheat flour samples was attributed to the fixation of practically unachievable zero limit. Comparing the previous studies and the present one, the levels of residues of DDT and HCH in wheat were significantly decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]