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The high-pressure growth technique is a vital approach that facilitates the stabilization of new phases and allows for meticulous control of structural parameters, which significantly impact electronic and magnetic properties. We present a short review of our ongoing investigations into various families of iron-based superconductors (IBS), employing the high-gas pressure and high-temperature synthesis (HP-HTS) method. This technique is capable of producing the gas pressures up to 1.8 GPa and a heating temperature of up to 1700 {\deg}C through a three-zone furnace within a cylindrical chamber. Different kinds of IBS samples are prepared using HPHTS and characterized through various measurements to reach the final conclusions. The results demonstrate that the high-pressure growth technique significantly enhances the properties of IBS, including the transition temperature, critical current density, and pinning force. In addition, the quality of the samples and their density are improved through the intergrain connections. Furthermore, the comprehensive evaluations and investigations prove that a growth pressure of 0.5 GPa is sufficient for producing high-quality IBS bulks under the optimized synthesis conditions., Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

High-pressure synthesis can be an effective method for improving the sample quality of materials as well as their superconducting properties. In this paper, the synthesis process of F- doped SmFeAsO has been optimized by preparing a series of bulk SmFeAsO0.8F0.2 (Sm1111) using the high gas pressure and high-temperature synthesis (HP-HTS) method, considering various growth parameters like growth pressures (0-1 GPa) and heating time (0.5-2 h). Structural, microstructural, Raman spectroscopic, transport, and magnetic measurements are employed to comprehensively analyze these bulks and derive the conclusive findings. The parent SmFeAsO0.8F0.2 prepared by the conventional synthesis process at ambient pressure (CSP) has a transition temperature (Tc) of around 53-54 K, and the critical current density (Jc) of 103 A/cm2 at 5 K with a small amount of the impurity phases (SmOF and SmAs), consistent with previous reports. Interestingly, all bulks synthesized by HP-HTS have almost the same Tc and Jc as the parent sample. The optimal growth conditions are obtained as 900C, 1 hour, and 0.5 GPa with the sealed Ta-tube, which slightly improved the sample quality and the superconducting properties compared to other bulks grown by HP-HTS. Our study confirms that the existence of the impurity phases in the 1111 family is very robust and cannot be reduced by HP-HTS, leading to only a small variation in the observed superconducting properties of Sm1111 whether prepared by CSP or HP-HTS. This is the first comprehensive investigation of the high-pressure development of Sm1111, which shows distinct behaviour from other families of iron-based superconductors., Comment: 54 pages, 24 figures

A series of Pr-doped FeSe0.5Te0.5 (Fe1-xPrxSe0.5Te0.5; x = 0 to 0.3) bulks are prepared by conventional synthesis process at ambient pressure (CSP), and high gas pressure and high temperature synthesis (HP-HTS) methods. These bulks are well characterized by structural and microstructural analysis, Raman spectroscopy, transport, and magnetic measurements. The HP-HTS process of the parent bulks has enhanced the onset transition temperature (Tconset) by 1.5 K and the critical current density (Jc) by two orders of magnitude compared to the CSP method. Pr-doped FeSe0.5Te0.5 up to 10% doping content prepared, either CSP or HP-HTS, slightly increases the unit cell volume, and high-pressure growth produces an almost pure superconducting phase, which confirms the successful Pr-doping at Fe sites. Raman spectroscopy measurements and DFT calculations suggest the substitution of Pr-atoms in the interlayer spacing of Fe(Se,Te) lattice. High-pressure growth of Fe1-xPrxSe0.5Te0.5 also makes the sample less dense compared to the parent sample grown by HP-HTS. Transport and magnetic measurements depict that Tconset is almost unaffected by Pr doping, whereas Jc of Pr-doped FeSe0.5Te0.5 is enhanced by one order of magnitude relative to the parent sample developed by CSP but lower than that of the parent sample grown by HP-HTS. Hence, Pr doping at Fe sites preserves Tconset and improves Jc of FeSe0.5Te0.5 regardless of the doping contents and growth conditions. These results are promising for the practical application of iron-based superconductors to improve Jc properties without affecting Tconset through CSP process and congruent with discoveries from other superconductors, like cuprates and MgB2., Comment: 50 pages, 1 table, 15 figures

A systematic investigation has been performed by synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a series of SmFe1-xCuxAsO0.8F0.2 bulks (x = 0 to 0.2). These samples are well characterized by structural, Raman spectroscopy, microstructural, transport, magnetic measurements, and supplementary calculations within density functional theory (DFT). The parent compound, SmFeAsO0.8F0.2 (Sm1111), exhibits a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of approximately 54 K. The lattice volume (V) is increased with Cu substitution (x) without observing any impurity phase related to copper, which confirms the successful incorporation of Cu at Fe sites in the superconducting FeAs layers. These analyses are also well in agreement with Raman spectroscopy measurements and relevant DFT results. The superconducting transition is decreased systematically with copper doping and completely suppressed for 7% Cu-doped Sm1111 (x = 0.07). A large amount of Cu substitution (x greater than 0.07) has demonstrated the metal to insulate transition in the low-temperature range, and no impurity phase was observed even at high Cu doping levels (x = 0.2). The calculated critical current density of the parent sample is suppressed with copper substitution, suggesting the reduced pinning centers, sample density, and grain connections, as confirmed by the microstructural analysis. Our studies suggest that the substitution of Cu in the superconducting FeAs layer, resulting the enlargement of the lattice volume, is a source of strong disorder scattering, leading to the suppression of Tc and the emergence of metal-to-insulator, unlike the more successful carrier doping by nickel (Ni) or cobalt (Co), as previously reported., Comment: 40 pages, 16 Figures

AeAFe4As4 (Ae = Ca, A = K; 1144) having a transition temperature of 35 K is a stoichiometric family of iron-based superconductors (FBS). Here, we present a detailed study of a high-pressure synthesis of CaKFe4As4 bulks to investigate the impact of these conditions on the superconducting properties of the 1144 family. Additionally, these samples are also prepared by conventional synthesis method at ambient pressure (CSP) and studied the influence of impurities on the superconducting properties of CaKFe4As4. Structural, microstructural, transport and magnetization measurements have been performed to reach the final conclusions. Interestingly, the high-pressure synthesis of the parent CaKFe4As4 compound enhances the transition temperature (Tc) by 2 K and the critical current density (Jc) by one order of magnitude in the whole magnetic field range of 9 T than that of the 1144 bulks prepared by CSP. It suggests the improvement of the pinning centers and grain connections by the high-pressure synthesis approach. Interestingly, our results depict the superconducting onset transition temperature (Tconset) of this stoichiometric 1144 family is robust with the presence of the common 122 (CaFe2As2 or KFe2As2) impurity phases, which is a different behavior compared to other FBS families. However, these impurity phases reduce the grain connections and lead to the phase separation during the formation of the superconducting (1144) phase., Comment: 39 Pages, 16 Figures

Iron-chalcogenide superconductors display rich phenomena caused by orbital-dependent band shifts and electronic correlations. Additionally, they are potential candidates for topological superconductivity due to the band inversion between the Fe $d$ bands and the chalcogen $p_z$ band. Here we present a detailed study of the electronic structure of the nematic superconductors FeSe$_{1-x}$Te$_x$ ($0

High-pressure growth is a unique method to improve the sample quality and size. Here, we have used the high gas pressure and high-temperature synthesis (HP-HTS) method to grow CaKFe4As4 (1144) bulks and investigated their superconducting properties using structural, microstructural, transport, and magnetic studies. The microstructural analysis demonstrates that 1144 samples prepared by HP-HTS have improved the sample density and grain connectivity. The transition temperature (Tconset) of 1144 bulks prepared by HP-HTS is increased up to 35.2 K with a transition width ({\Delta}T) of 1 K, which is remarkably comparable to the reported 1144 single crystal. Additionally, the critical current density (Jc) is enhanced by almost one order of magnitude compared with the parent compound prepared by the conventional synthesis process at ambient pressure (CSP), which could be attributed to the improved sample density and effective pinning centers. Our study demonstrates that the sample quality and superconducting properties of various iron-based superconductors can be enhanced by applying the HP-HTS approach, and further research is demanded in this direction., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures

We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of antimony-doped SmFeAs1-xSbxO0.8F0.2 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) bulks to investigate the twin doping effects on the superconducting properties of SmFeAs(O,F) caused by fluorine (F) incorporation at O-site in SmO layer and antimony (Sb) substitution at As-site in the conducting layer (FeAs). Since the antimony (Sb) has a larger size than arsenic (As), the enhancement of lattice parameters has been confirmed by the XRD analysis. Microstructural analysis confirms that Sb-doping leads to a small improvement in the sample density and an increase in the inhomogeneity of the constituent elements, especially at higher Sb-doping levels. The parent compound SmFeAsO0.8F0.2 has shown the superconducting transition (Tc) at ~54 K, which is systematically reduced with the antimony doping contents (x). Our investigation indicates that the Sb-doped SmFeAs(O,F) phase at low levels is less prone to the multiphase formation than at high levels, which affects the inter- and intragranular behaviour originating from the microstructure nature of 1111 bulks. The critical current density (Jc) of the parent compound has almost the same value as previously reported, which is suppressed slowly with increased Sb-doping. It could be due to the reduced grain connections and the effective pinning centers. This study confirms that the superconducting FeAs layer doping with larger ions at arsenic sites does not support the superconducting properties of Sm1111, which is a distinct behavior from that of Sb-doped CeFeAs(O,F) and LaFeAs(O,F)., Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures

REFeAsO (RE1111; RE: rare earth) belongs to the 1111 family of iron-based superconductors (FBS), which illustrates the enhancement of the superconducting transition (Tc) with smaller radii of RE. However, the synthesis of the 1111 phase with a heavy rare-earth is always challenging. In this paper, we report the optimization of the growth and superconducting properties of F-doped GdFeAsO1-xFx bulks by preparing the samples in a wide temperature range (700-1100{\deg}C) at ambient pressure. The optimized synthesis parameters are concluded based on structural, microstructural, transport, and magnetic measurements. These findings suggest that the optimal conditions for preparing F-doped Gd1111 bulks involve a two-step process at 900{\deg}C for 61 hours at ambient pressure, which is lower than previously reported. The optimized samples have revealed the superconducting transition temperature (Tconset) of 43 K for GdFeAsO0.83F0.17. The first-time reported critical current Jc value for this Gd1111 is observed of the order of 10^3 (A/cm^2) at 0 T and 5 K. Our investigation also concluded that highly pure precursors, particularly gadolinium metal, are required to achieve the superconducting properties of F-doped Gd1111. A high growth pressure of 1 GPa reduces the superconducting properties of F-doped Gd1111.

We have prepared a series of (FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xGd) bulk samples, with x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1 and 0.2, through the convenient solid-state reaction method at ambient pressure (CSP). High gas pressure and high-temperature synthesis methods (HP-HTS) are also applied to grow the parent compound (x = 0) and 5-wt% of Gd-added bulks. Structural, microstructural, transport and magnetic characterizations have been performed on these samples in order to draw the final conclusion. Our analysis results that the HP-HTS applied for the parent compound enhances the transition temperature (Tc) and the critical current density (Jc) with the improved sample density and intergrain connections. The lattice parameter c is increased with Gd additions, suggesting a small amount of Gd enters the tetragonal lattice of FeSe0.5Te0.5 and the Gd interstitial sites are along the c-axis. A systematic decrease of the onset transition temperature Tc is observed with Gd additions, however, the calculated Jc of these Gd-added samples is almost the same as that of the parent compound prepared by CSP. It specifies that there is no improvement of the grain connections or pinning properties due to these rare earth additions. However, Gd-added FeSe0.5Te0.5 bulks prepared by HP-HTS have revealed a slightly improved critical current density due to improved grain connections and sample density but have a lower transition temperature than that of the parent compounds., Comment: 33 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables

The high-pressure growth technique generally plays an important role in the improvement of the sample quality and the enhancement of various physical and magnetic properties of materials. The high gas pressure technique provides a large sample space (10-15 cm) to grow various kinds of materials. In this paper, we introduce the high gas pressure and high-temperature synthesis (HP-HTS) technique that is present at our institute and is applied to the growth process of different kinds of superconducting materials, particularly iron-based superconductors. More details and the working principle of this HP-HTS technique are discussed. We have also demonstrated the current results based on the iron-based superconductors by using this unique HP-HTS technique. These results demonstrate the enhancement of the superconducting properties with the improved sample quality compared to the conventional synthesis process at ambient pressure., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures

We have investigated the effects of lead (Pb) additions (x) up to 40 wt.% (x = 0-0.4) on the structure, electrical properties, and magnetic properties of FeSe0.5Te0.5 superconductor. The samples were prepared by the solid-state reaction method and characterized by various techniques. The parent compound (x = 0) showed the onset temperature Tc onset of 15 K, and zero-resistance temperature, Tc offset of 12 K. The addition of Pb enhances the metallic characteristics of FeSe0.5Te0.5, but both Tc onset and Tc offset are decreased to the lower temperature with the broadened transition width. The Tc onset is nearly the same (10.3 K) at higher additions, such as x = 0.3 and 0.4, but zero resistivity is not observed up to 7 K. Microstructural analysis and transport studies suggest that for x > 0.05, Pb additions weakened the coupling between grains and suppressed the superconducting percolation, leading to a broad transition. More importantly, the inclusion of a relatively small amount of Pb (x = 0.05) increased the critical current density, Jc, in the entire magnetic field, which might be attributable to better phase uniformity as well as good grain connectivity.

A series of FeSe0.5Te0.5 bulk samples have been prepared through the high gas pressure and high-temperature synthesis (HP-HTS) method to optimize the growth conditions, for the first time and investigated for their superconducting properties using structural, microstructure, transport, and magnetic measurements to reach the final conclusions. Ex-situ and in-situ processes are used to prepare bulk samples under a range of growth pressures using Ta-tube and without Tatube. The parent compound synthesized by convenient synthesis method at ambient pressure (CSP) exhibits a superconducting transition temperature of 14.8 K. Our data demonstrate that the prepared FeSe0.5Te0.5 sealed in a Ta-tube is of better quality than the samples without a Ta-tube, and the optimum growth conditions (500 MPa, 600{\deg}C for 1 h) are favourable for the development of the tetragonal FeSe0.5Te0.5 phase. The optimum bulk FeSe0.5Te0.5 depicts a higher transition temperature of 17.3 K and a high critical current density of the order of >10^4 A/cm^2 at 0 T, which is improved over the entire magnetic field range and almost twice higher than the parent compound prepared through CSP. Our studies confirm that the high-pressure synthesis method is a highly efficient way to improve the superconducting transition, grain connectivity, sample density, and also pinning properties of a superconductor.

The enhanced performance of superconducting FeSe0.5Te0.5 materials with added microsized Pb and Sn particles is presented. A series of Pb and Sn added FeSe0.5Te0.5 (FeSe0.5Te0.5 + xPb + ySn; x = y = 0-0.1) bulks are fabricated by solid-state reaction method and characterized through various measurements. A very small amount of Sn and Pb additions enhance the transition temperature (Tconset) of pure FeSe0.5Te0.5 by 1 K, sharpening the superconducting transition and improving the metallic nature in the normal state, whereas larger metal additions reduce Tconset by broadening the superconducting transition. Microstructural analysis and transport studies suggest that at x=y>0.02, Pb and Sn additions enhance the impurity phases, reduce the coupling between grains, and suppress the superconducting percolation, leading to a broad transition. FeSe0.5Te0.5 samples with 2wt% of cometal additions show the best performance with their critical current density, Jc, and the pinning force, Fp, which might be attributable to providing effective flux pinning centres. Our study shows that the inclusion of a relatively small amount of Pb and Sn works effectively for the enhancement of superconducting properties with an improvement of intergrain connections as well as better phase uniformity.