Search

Abstract The Himalayas, globally acknowledged as one of the four biodiversity hotspots, underscore their ecological significance, boasting abundant flora and fauna. Among these, a diverse array of wild fruits such as Aegle marmelos, Artocarpus lakoocha, Baccaurea spp., Carissa spp., and others provide essential nutrition for local populations. These fruits, rich in bioactive compounds, offer nutraceutical potential, contributing to health aspects like antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The integration of Himalayan wild fruits into circular practices supports sustainable livelihoods. The responsible harvesting, efficient processing, and value addition of these fruits align with circular principles, striking a balance between conservation and progress. Technologies such as anaerobic digestion, waste-to-energy conversion, and composting can harness waste generated during cultivation and processing, contributing to a circular economy and rural Himalayan community development. Preserving, accessing, and commercializing underutilized fruits can significantly enhance economic prosperity and the quality of life for inhabitants. However, integrating these fruits into agriculture faces multifaceted challenges, spanning social, economic, environmental, agronomic, and political dimensions. Addressing these challenges is crucial for sustainable development, aiming to eradicate poverty, malnutrition, and hidden hunger. Moreover, addressing these challenges is not only vital for sustainable development in the Himalayan region but also for mitigating carbon footprints and tackling issues like poverty, malnutrition, hidden hunger, and climate change. The exploration of these concepts within the Himalayan context holds immense promise for sustainable development and ecological conservation. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Recent advancements in signal processing and computational power have revolutionized computer vision applications in diverse industries such as agriculture, food processing, biomedical, and the military. These developments are propelling efforts to automate processes and enhance efficiency. Notably, computational techniques are replacing labor-intensive manual methods for assessing the maturity indices of fruits and vegetables during critical growth stages. This review paper focuses on recent advancements in computer vision techniques specifically applied to determine the maturity indices of fruits and vegetables within the food processing sector. It highlights successful applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR), thermal imaging, and image scanning. By examining these techniques, their underlying principles, and practical feasibility, it offers valuable insights into their effectiveness and potential widespread adoption. Additionally, integrating biosensors and AI techniques further improves accuracy and efficiency in maturity index determination. In summary, this review underscores the significant role of computational techniques in advancing maturity index assessment and provides insights into their principles and effective utilization. Looking ahead, the future of computer vision techniques holds immense potential. Collaborative efforts among experts from various fields will be crucial to address challenges, ensure standardization, and safeguard data privacy. Embracing these advancements can lead to sustainable practices, optimized resource management, and progress across industries. Graphical Abstract

Marine algae are thought to be a source of various metabolites that have a wide range of positive effects on human health. The pharmacological properties of algal metabolites, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholesterol homeostasis, protein clearance, and anti-amyloidergic effects, lend credence to their protective efficacy against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis, all of which are involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. There are currently no clinical trials on the effects of marine algae on neuroinflammation; however, considering the significant biological activities that have been established by in vitro and animal research, we expect that there will be clinical trials on this topic in the not-too-distant future. The most recent and important findings on the potentially neuroprotective effects of the anti-inflammatory properties of marine algae were chosen for this study. Next, we conducted a literature review on the neuroprotective potential of algal compounds, along with the underlying pharmacological mechanism, and finally, we evaluated recent advances in therapeutics.

Abstract Rubus species holds promise as a valuable source of polyphenols and bioactive compounds, offering significant potential as functional food ingredients with both nutraceutical and pharmaceutical benefits. However, many edible species within this genus remain under-explored and their importance is largely unrecognized. This review aims to provide an overview of the nutritional and bioactive components of both explored and under-explored Rubus species, highlighting their potential health advantages, value addition, and recent advancements. The economic exploitation of Rubus is currently limited to a few cultivated species, while numerous non-conventional and wild edible species are overlooked. Recognizing the economic and nutritional significance of exploited Rubus species, it is imperative to explore the untapped potential of these underutilized plants. By doing so, these species can be preserved from endangerment and contribute to nutritional and livelihood security for communities having access to them. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the exceptional characteristics of Rubus species as "superfoods" and encourages the promotion and cultivation of these unexplored species. By expanding the cultivation and utilization of under-explored Rubus species, we can unlock their full potential and support sustainable nutritional and economic benefits.

The concept of developing innovative functional food products has attracted the attention of many researchers to meet global demands as well as keep into account the well-being of people and environmental sustainability. Microalgae can be an essential raw material to fulfill such an objective. They can potentially provide a long-term solution to feed the expanding global population. This is evident by the presence of characteristics possessed by microalgae such as high biomass productivity, remarkable nutritional qualities, appealing organoleptic features, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. When compared to traditional crop species, algae have a higher concentration of lipids and proteins and are more environmentally friendly because they lack cellulose, which is an inedible material. Moreover, despite the existing obstacles such as poor technology preparedness and restricted economies of scale, micro-algae holds promise for a future where healthier and more sustainable food items can contribute to better dietary habits, lifestyles, and overall health. This review attempts to emphasize the potential of microalgae as a healthy and sustainable dietary alternative. Moreover, the significance of bioactive metabolites obtained from microalgae in reducing greenhouse gases, sewage treatment, bioremediation, photocatalytic degradation, production of nanoparticles, nutraceuticals, and abiotic stress resilience. The selection of suitable and cost-efficient cultivation and harvesting techniques required for growing microalgae and manufacturing its products will be a boon to many food industries.

This review delves into the utilization of non-conventional starch sources through a specific cultural lens, focusing on the practices and significance of Arenga obtusifolia Griff., commonly referred to as the sugar palm, and its derivative product called Tassey. The tassey is widely popular in the Nyishi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, India, a region renowned for its biodiversity and abundant palm tree varieties, including the sugar palm. Highlighting the multifaceted dimensions of the sugar palm, this review expounds upon Tassey's creation, consumption, and versatile applications. Tassey, a substance extracted from the sugar palm's stem, emerges as a pivotal element of the Nyishi tribe's cultural heritage and sustenance strategies, especially during times of scarcity and natural calamities. This review sheds light on the integral role played by Nyishi women in the cultivation and preparation of tassey, underscoring their vital contribution to upholding this time-honoured practice. Furthermore, the economic ramifications of tassey production and its commercial viability are explored, elucidating its role in bolstering the tribe's livelihood. Extending beyond its dietary role, tassey exhibits a diverse array of applications, spanning from human consumption to its incorporation in the crafting of traditional alcoholic beverages and even as a therapeutic resource for livestock. By offering insights into the profound relationship between the Nyishi tribe and the sugar palm, this review enriches our comprehension of traditional ecological wisdom and sustainable exploitation of resources within a culturally vibrant backdrop. Ultimately, this comprehensive exploration contributes to a nuanced appreciation of the intricate interplay between heritage, environment, and innovation in this distinctive region.

Byline: Preet. Singh, Bhavya. Krishna, Siddharth. Yadav Ischemic necrosis of the bulbar urethra in a patient with pelvic fracture urethral injury without a prior history of surgical intervention is extremely [...]

This review aims to explore the various antinutritional factors found in grains and oilseeds, their sources, and the different methods employed to mitigate their effects. Both traditional and innovative processing techniques have been utilized to reduce antinutrients. Traditional methods such as dehulling, soaking, boiling, pressure cooking, sprouting, and fermentation have proven effective in reducing specific antinutrients like α-galactosides, phytic acid, enzyme inhibitors, lathyrogens, lectins, saponins, and tannins. However, optimization of these techniques is necessary to maximize their effectiveness and minimize antinutrient content. The review also provides an overview of various analytical methods used to quantify antinutritional factors in grains and oilseeds. These methods encompass classical gravimetric and titrimetric analysis, potentiometric titrations, chromatographic and electrophoretic separation techniques, as well as spectroscopic methods, fluorescence, and biosensors. A systematic and chronological review of these analytical approaches and detection systems is presented. Furthermore, the review identifies research gaps and highlights potential areas for future exploration in the field of antinutrients in grains and oilseeds. By addressing these gaps, we can further enhance our understanding and develop more effective strategies to mitigate antinutrients, thus promoting the utilization of grains and oilseeds for their optimal health benefits.

In the realm of food safety, dried foods have traditionally been perceived as having a lower risk profile. However, recent reports have highlighted concerning levels of mycotoxin contamination in dried food products, such as dried fruits, vegetables, and spices, exceeding permissible limits. This contamination not only compromises shelf life but also poses a significant threat to consumers, while depleting the bioactive components of these products. The food industry grapples with considerable challenges arising from the substantial risk of mycotoxin contamination in dried foods. To meet the demands of a disc; erning food market, there is an imperative need for sustainable mycotoxin-degrading technologies. These technologies must be non-thermal and chemical-free, minimizing thermal damage to treated food to preserve essential nutrients, ultimately enhancing food quality and safety. Developing non-thermal decontamination technologies for dried foods holds enormous economic and public health significance.This review centers its focus on the decontamination of dried foods, proposing a green approach through the utilization of Cold Plasma Technology (CPT). We delve into the working principles and applications of CPT in dried foods, highlight the influential factors affecting its efficacy, and acknowledge the limitations of this innovative technique. Furthermore, we pinpoint and explore emerging research opportunities in the decontamination of dried foods, particularly in conjunction with other complementary methods. CPT, an evolving and environmentally friendly technology, exhibits promising capabilities in controlling pathogens in dried food products and extending their shelf life. Critical determinants encompass the parameters of cold plasma, operational conditions, food-related variables, and microbiological factors, which collectively influence the efficacy of CPT. We advocate for future research dedicated to assessing the impact of CPT on various mycotoxins, food composition, and its interaction with food-related factors. In this vein, it is imperative to emphasize the scaling up of this technology for practical commercial applications, addressing the growing need for enhanced food safety in dried products.

The evolution of harvesting tools and equipment for horticultural crops has significantly shaped agricultural practices over time. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the journey from historical methods to modern innovations in harvesting technology. The intricate interplay between technological advancements and horticultural practices is explored, highlighting pivotal developments that have revolutionized crop harvesting. Starting with traditional methods employed in the past, we delve into the challenges faced by early horticulturists and the ingenious solutions they devised. The review then transitions to the contemporary landscape, showcasing cutting-edge tools that have emerged through scientific breakthroughs and engineering ingenuity. Noteworthy advancements in machinery design, automation, and precision techniques are discussed, illustrating their profound impact on crop yield, labor efficiency, and overall sustainability.Key insights into the integration of robotics, sensor technologies, and artificial intelligence in modern harvesting equipment are presented, underscoring their potential to further optimize horticultural practices. The paper also addresses the importance of ergonomic considerations and environmental concerns in shaping the future of harvesting tools. Through a comprehensive examination of historical roots and present-day innovations, this review provides a panoramic view of the evolution of harvesting tools and equipment for horticultural crops. By tracing this trajectory, we gain a deeper understanding of how technological progress continues to reshape and enhance the dynamics of crop harvesting, paving the way for more efficient, sustainable, and productive agricultural systems.

Wild fruits growing in remote areas are a valuable source of food and income for local communities but are often overlooked and underutilized. Himalayan bayberry (Myrica esculenta) is a member of the Myrica genus that contains 97 species. With its high nutritional content, Myrica esculenta has the potential to provide food security and income for rural communities. The fruit of Myrica esculenta contains ascorbic acids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. The main compounds found in the fruit are hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, catechin, ellagic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, and myricetin. It is also a good source of protein, carbohydrates, and vitamin C. Therefore, fruits are used in the making of many foods and beverages like jams, syrups, etc. It has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. Therefore, it is important to recognize and support the utilization of these underutilized wild fruits to unlock their full potential for both local communities and the wider population.

The current study was designed to estimate the effect of heat treatment conditions on the quality of the pomelo and kinnow juice. The different temperature–time combination was selected to treat the juices. The quality of the juice was determined based on TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid content, total phenolic content, reducing sugar, antioxidant activity, and sweetness. After the heat treatment to both the juice, the samples showed a significant decrease in total phenolic content, reducing sugars, ascorbic acidity and antioxidant activity of juices as the duration and temperature of the treatment increases. The acidity of the product increases, while sweetness decreases with an increase in the time of treatment. It was also found that there is no significant change in the properties with an increase in the temperature of treatment. It was revealed that low-temperature low time can be used to get a good final quality in terms of ascorbic acid, antioxidant, and total phenolic content of both juices.

In a preregistered, cross-sectional study, we investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19 using a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0-100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n = 4148) or negative (C19-; n = 546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified univariate and multivariate predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery. Both C19+ and C19- groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean ± SD, C19+: -82.5 ± 27.2 points; C19-: -59.8 ± 37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both univariate and multivariate models (ROC AUC = 0.72). Additional variables provide negligible model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms (e.g., fever). Olfactory recovery within 40 days of respiratory symptom onset was reported for ~50% of participants and was best predicted by time since respiratory symptom onset. We find that quantified smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 amongst those with symptoms of respiratory illness. To aid clinicians and contact tracers in identifying individuals with a high likelihood of having COVID-19, we propose a novel 0-10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss, the ODoR-19. We find that numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (4 < OR < 10). Once independently validated, this tool could be deployed when viral lab tests are impractical or unavailable.

Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19-79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (-79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (-69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (-37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.

PurposeImmune checkpoint blockade has improved outcomes across tumor types; little is known about the efficacy of these agents in rare tumors. We report the results of the (nonpancreatic) neuroendocrine neoplasm cohort of SWOG S1609 dual anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 blockade in rare tumors (DART).Patients and methodsWe performed a prospective, open-label, multicenter phase II clinical trial of ipilimumab plus nivolumab across multiple rare tumor cohorts, with the (nonpancreatic) neuroendocrine cohort reported here. Response assessment by grade was not prespecified. The primary endpoint was overall response rate [ORR; RECIST v1.1; complete response (CR) and partial response (PR)]; secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), stable disease >6 months, and toxicity.ResultsThirty-two eligible patients received therapy; 18 (56%) had high-grade disease. Most common primary sites were gastrointestinal (47%; N = 15) and lung (19%; N = 6). The overall ORR was 25% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13-64%; CR, 3%, N = 1; PR, 22%, N = 7]. Patients with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma had an ORR of 44% (8/18 patients) versus 0% in low/intermediate grade tumors (0/14 patients; P = 0.004). The 6-month PFS was 31% (95% CI, 19%-52%); median OS was 11 months (95% CI, 6-∞). The most common toxicities were hypothyroidism (31%), fatigue (28%), and nausea (28%), with alanine aminotransferase elevation (9%) as the most common grade 3/4 immune-related adverse event, and no grade 5 events.ConclusionsIpilimumab plus nivolumab demonstrated a 44% ORR in patients with nonpancreatic high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma, with 0% ORR in low/intermediate grade disease.