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In the current scenario, pulmonary disease has become a prime burden for morbidity and mortality alongside tremendous social and economic crises throughout the world. Numerous conventional drug delivery system and treatment approach targeting the respiratory region has been driven out. However, effective and accurate recovery has not been achieved yet. In this regard, nanotechnological- based inhalable drug delivery strategy including polymeric, lipidic, or metallic-based respirable microparticles plays an indispensable role in circumventing numerous challenges faced during traditional treatment. Excellent aerodynamic performance leads to enhanced lung targetability, reduced dosing frequency and hence systemic toxicities, as well as improved pharmaceutical attributes, and therefore pharmacokinetic profiles are interminable factors associated with nanotechnologicalbased inhalable delivery. In this review, we comprehensively explored recent advancements in nanotechnologically engineered inhalable formulations targeting each of the mentioned pulmonary diseases. Moreover, we systematically discussed possible respiratory or systemic toxicities about the indeterminate and undefined physicochemical characteristics of inhaled particles.

Bacterial resistance toward available therapeutic agents has become a nightmare for the healthcare system, causing significant mortality as well as prolonged hospitalization, thereby needing the urgent attention of research groups working on antimicrobial drug development worldwide. Molecular hybridization is a well-established tool for developing multifunctional compounds to tackle drug resistance. Inspired by the antibacterial profiles of isatin and thymol, along with the efficiency of a triazole linker in molecular hybridization, herein, we report the design, synthesis and antibacterial activity of a novel series of triazole tethered thymol–isatin hybrids. Most of the hybrids exhibited a broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy against standard human pathogenic as well as clinically isolated multidrug-resistant bacterial strains listed in the WHO's ‘priority pathogen’ list and also in the ESKAPE group. Among them, hybrid compound AS8was the most effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MIC = 1.9 μM and MBC = 3.9 μM), exhibiting biofilm inhibitory potential. AS8exhibited dehydrosqualene synthase (CrtM) inhibitory potential in MRSA and decreased the production of virulence factor staphyloxanthin, which is one of the key mechanisms of its anti-MRSA efficacy, which was further supported by molecular docking and simulation studies. Moreover, AS8was found to be non-toxic and showed a potent in vivoantibacterial efficacy (90% survival at 10 mg kg−1) as well as a modulated immune response in the larva-based (Galleria mellonella) model of systemic infections. Overall findings confirmed that AS8can be a promising candidate or take the lead in the treatment and further drug development against drug-resistant infectious diseases, especially against MRSA infections.

According to the WHO’s data for 2018, the global cancer burden was estimated to have risen to 18.1 million new cases and which alone accounted for 9.6 million deaths. Cancer is a group of diseases known as tumors that often spreads throughout the body, and may cause harm to multiple organs in the body. The global pharmaceutical spending is around 19% of the R&D cost annually to discover new and potent therapeutic agents. The major problems associated with currently available anticancer drugs are drug resistance and their side effects. They are the most widely explored groups of drugs either using instrumental or bioanalytical methods. In this review, we have compiled and reviewed the analytical and bio-analytical methods of some anticancer drugs developed by different authors. The review also briefly discusses the broad categories of cytotoxic drugs and targeted-based anticancer drugs. The analytical and bioanalytical methods of cytotoxic drugs such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormones, and targetedbased drugs reported earlier and in recent research, articles are discussed in detail. These analytical methods are prerequisites for both the pharmaceutical industry and academics for their impurities profiling and qualitative as well as quantitative estimation. The accuracy, precision, LOD, and LOQ studies by UV-HPLC, LC-MS, and fluorometry HPLC are discussed. Some of the advanced methods developed, in the case of ifosfamide using Au/Pd@rGO@p(L-Cys) and the production of vincristine by endophytic fungi, are also included. This will further embolden the efforts of different researchers working in this field and ease the challenges they face through the analytical development of these drugs.