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Using FY-2G satellite data, Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) downlink data, and the fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5) dataset, we analyzed the circulation, thermal, and dynamic characteristics of the convective aircraft turbulence over Australia in the Southern Hemisphere. The results show that the near-convective clouds turbulence (NCCT) in the Southern Hemisphere mostly occurred in front of deep warm high-pressure ridges in mid-latitude regions and on the left side of the axis of the subtropical westerly jet stream. The isotherms in this area were relatively dense (i.e., large gradients), and the wind speed was high, with strong horizontal and/or vertical cyclonic wind shear. In addition, the NCCT usually occurred near the zero-divergence or zero-vorticity line and in areas with large vertical wind speed gradients. There were also strong vertical and horizontal wind shears in this area, which could easily trigger severe turbulence. Furthermore, the NCCT in the Southern Hemisphere mostly occurred at the intersection of cold and warm temperature advections (i.e., near the zero-temperature advection line), and the turbulence point was located near the high-altitude frontal zone where there was a strong gradient of cold and warm advections. There was temperature inversion with pseudo-equivalent potential temperatures in the middle and lower troposphere on the warmer side of the turbulence point. The unstable stratification of cold air at the top and warm air at the bottom was conducive to triggering convection from the ground, forming strong convective clouds, and causing severe turbulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present day perovskite solar cells aim is to achieve high photovoltaic efficiency with low fabrication cost. To achieve these objectives, SiGeSn group IV material has been employed as a backplane in the perovskite solar cells. In this work, we present the design of MgF2/FTO/SnO2/CH3NH3PbI3/SiGe/Spiro-OMeTAD/SiGeSn/Au solar cell structure. The main focus of the present work is on the group IV alloy (SiGeSn) as a backplane which enhances the back reflectivity, reduces the photon absorption rate and ensuring the high quantum efficiency. According to the results, the optimal PCE of the proposed perovskite solar cell has been obtained due to the proper selection of material for backplane such as SiGeSn which has a potential to reduce the photon absorption rate though promising the higher efficiency. The effect of thickness of perovskite layer and doping of different layers have been investigated against various performance parameters. Efficiency of more than 26% has been achieved by the integration of these layers, combined with the proper selection of layer thicknesses and their doping concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]