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The goal of this study conducted in Serbia was to detect HEV in pig liver samples from slaughterhouses, retail outlets, and environmental swabs over the course of a year. All positive HEV samples were measured and expressed as HEV gene copy numbers per gram of sample, and a representative number of samples were sequenced using the Sanger approach. A total of 45 HEVpositive samples were re-amplified using nested RT-PCR employing CODEHOP primers targeting ORF2 (493 nucleotides). The average prevalence of the HEV genotype 3 in all pig liver samples from the slaughterhouses was 29%, while HEV prevalence was 44% in liver samples from animals younger than 3 months. HEV RNA was found in thirteen out of sixty (22%) environmental swab samples that were taken from different surfaces along the slaughter line. Our findings confirmed seasonal patterns in HEV prevalence, with two picks (summer and winter periods) during the one-year examination. Among HEV-positive samples, the average viral particles for all positive liver samples was 4.41 ± 1.69 log10 genome copies per gram. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the majority of HEV strains (43/45) from Serbia were grouped in the HEV-3a subtype, while two strains were classified into the HEV-3c subtype, and one strain could not be classified into any of the HEV-3 subtypes.

The aim of this work is to ensure the safety of finely chopped cooked sausages stuffed in a cellulose casing, diameter 21 mm. Safety is ensured by thermal treatment of the level of pasteurization in a chamber under a defined thermal treatment program. By monitoring the temperature in the product’s thermal center at different control positions in the chamber, temperatures of 75.26℃–77.11°C were determined with a thermocouple. In doing so, the products spent 8–9 minutes at a temperature higher than 70°C, and 18–20 minutes at a temperature higher than 55°C. Considering that it is a small diameter product, the heat intensively penetrates to the thermal center and thus ensures the safety of the product. However, due to the relatively short time of the heat treatment, the pasteurization values (pv) at the control points were in the range of 18.3–26 minutes. Therefore, we conclude that ensuring the safety of products with a narrower diameter is achieved only by controlling the temperature in the thermal center of the product, and not with pv values. Considering that this sausage is a perishable product, it is necessary to provide a proper cold chain (0–4℃) after manufacture so that the product remains suitable for consumption within the period defined in a shelf‑life study.

of fattening broilers involves raising broilers on farms with a capacity of 5,000 to 50,000 units or more at a density of 0.06 m2 per bird. Modern poultry farms are constructed with the task of reducing heat loss, i.e. improving energy efficiency, which very often in combination with reduced ventilation can lead to increased levels of ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants, and thus adversely affect animal health and productivity. The speed of gas emissions is influenced by many factors, such as the composition of feed and the efficiency of feed use (conversion), the quality of the litter and the microclimatic conditions on the farm. The litter on intensive poultry farms usually contains 4 to 6% of nitrogen, most of which is in NH3 or NH4 + form. The mixture of litter and manure is a storage of nitrogen which is released in the form of ammonia under appropriate conditions. On the other hand, the main source of carbon dioxide in livestock is the product of animal respiration, so there is a connection between the levels of animal metabolism and CO2 production on farms. The production of carbon dioxide in birds is proportional to their metabolic heat production, and thus to the metabolic body mass of the bird, which is affected by temperature and activity. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of a nutritional supplement, Eubiotic, added to broiler feed on the NH3 and CO2 emissions in a broiler farm. The values of NH3 and CO2 emissions in the facility for breeding fattening broilers that received Eubiotic in feed were numerically lower, which can be explained by better digestibility of basic nutrients, primarily proteins, present in feed.