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39. Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum Brunetti, 1911 Simulium aureohirtum Brunetti, 1911: 283 ���288 (Male); Edwards, 1934: 134���137 (Female, pupa and larva). Simulium (Eusimulium) aureohirtum: Puri, 1933: 1 ���7; Takaoka, 1979: 382 ���384 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum: Ogata, 1956: 61 ���62; Ogata, 1966: 129; Crosskey, 1988: 459; Takaoka & Roberts, 1988: 194���195; Takaoka, 2003: 37���45 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Eusimulium aureohirtum: Orii et al., 1969: 1 ���13. Simulium (Eusimulium) tuaranense Smart & Clifford, 1969: 40 ���43. Synonymized by Crosskey, 1973. Simulium (Eusimulium) philippinense Delfinado, 1962: 47 ���62. Synonymized by Takaoka, 1983. This species is known to be widely distributed in the Oriental Region and parts of the Palaearctic and Australasian Regions (Adler and Crosskey, 2018). It is characterized in the adult female and male by the hind tibia with a distinctive dark subbasal band, in the pupa by the six gill filaments which are widely divergent, and in the larva by the bold head spots. The female is autogenous at least for the first batch of eggs (Takaoka, 1989) and the immature stages are associated with small slow-flowing streams such as irrigation channels in rice fields in lowlands, but they also have been found at high elevations (1,315���1,813m) in Cameron Highlands (Ya���cob et al., 2016b)., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah & Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, 2018, Classification, annotated list and keys for the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 1-65 in Zootaxa 4498 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4498.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1459138, {"references":["Brunetti, E. (1911) New Oriental Nematocera. Record of Indian Museum, 4, 282 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10539","Takaoka, H. (1979) The black flies of Taiwan (Diptera: Simuliidae). Pacific Insects, 20, 365 - 403.","Smart, J. & Clifford, E. A. (1969) Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sabah (British North Borneo). Zoological Journal of Linnean Society, 48, 9 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1969. tb 00703. x","Crosskey, R. W. (1973) Family Simuliidae. In: Delfinado, M. D. & Hardy, D. E. (Ed.), A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Fol. I. Suborder Nematocera. University Press of Hawaii, Hawaii, pp. 423 - 430.","Takaoka, H. (1983) The Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Philippines. Japan Society For The Promotion of Science, Tokyo, xi + 119 pp.","Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2018) World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory [2018]. 134 pp. Available from: http: // entweb. clemson. edu / biomia / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 20 April 2018)","Takaoka, H. (1989) Further observations on the autogeny of S i mulium a u reohirtum Brunetti (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Ryukyu Islands. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 40, 21 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 40.21"]}

Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum Brunetti, 1911 Simulium aureohirtum Brunetti, 1911: 283 ���288 (Male). Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum: Ogata, 1956: 61 ���62; Ogata, 1966: 129; Takaoka & Roberts, 1988: 194 ���195; Takaoka, 2003: 37���45 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Simulium (Eusimulium) aureohirtum: Puri, 1933c: 1 ���7 (Female, male, pupa and larva); Takaoka, 1979: 382���384 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Specimens examined. Two males (reared from pupae), one pupal exuviae and one mature larva, collected from a stream (width 30 cm, depth 5 cm, bottom sandy, water temperature 18.0˚C, exposed to the sun, elevation 80 m, 19˚20���12.147���N/105˚09���15.908���E) slow flowing near a forest, Chau Dinh, Quy Chau, Nghe An Province, northern Vietnam, 11-XII-2015, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau. Distribution. India, Bhutan, China, Guam, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (Lam Dong, Nghe An and Vinh Phuc). Remarks. This species is characterized by the unique female and male genitalia, pupal gill with six filaments and larval head capsule with bold head spots (Takaoka 2003). This is the only autogenous species in the Oriental Region, of which the female can develop the first batch of eggs without blood-meals (Takaoka and Noda 1979). The pupae and larvae of this species appear to be highly adapted to relatively high water temperatures, slow flow and even somewhat muddy or contaminated waters, where most other simuliid species do not occur (Takaoka 2003). As noted previously (Takaoka et al. 2014a), these capabilities, together with other factors, may explain why this species is widely distributed in the Oriental Region and extends into the Palearctic and Australasian Regions. Alternatively, given its wide grographical range, it might be a complex of species., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da & Adler, Peter H., 2017, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam, pp. 1-165 in Zootaxa 4261 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.571608, {"references":["Brunetti, E. (1911) New Oriental Nematocera. Record of Indian Museum, 4, 282 - 288.","Ogata, K. (1956) Notes on Simuliidae of the Ryukyu Islands (Diptera). Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology, 9, 59 - 69.","Ogata, K. (1966) Additional notes on Simuliidae of the Ryukyu Islands (Diptera). Kontyu, 34, 123 - 130.","Takaoka, H. & Roberts, D. M. (1988) Notes on blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 16, 191 - 219.","Puri, I. M. (1933 c) Studies on Indian Simuliidae. Part VIII. Descriptions of larvae, pupae, males and females of S. aureohirtum Brunetti and S. aureum Fries. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 21 (1), 1 - 9.","Takaoka, H. & Noda, S. (1979) Autogeny of the black fly Simulium (Eusimulium) aureohirtum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 15 (2), 183 - 184.","Takaoka, H., Sofian-Azirun, M., Ya'cob, Z., Chen, C. D., Lau, K. W. & Pham, H. T. (2014 a) New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3838 (3), 347 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3838.3.6"]}

Surveys of black flies on four Pacific islands revealed four species on Okinawa, two on Guam, and none on Rota or Saipan. Simulium aureohirtum Brunetti represents a new record for Guam and the only black fly that is not precinctive to Oceania. The banding patterns of the larval polytene chromosomes of this species are identical among populations from Guam, Okinawa, and Thailand, suggesting that the insular colonizations might be recent.

Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum Brunetti, 1911 Simulium aureohirtum Brunetti, 1911: 283 ���288 (Male). Simulium (Nevermannia) aureohirtum; Ogata, 1956: 61���62; Ogata, 1966: 129; Crosskey, 1987: 459; Takaoka & Roberts, 1988: 194���195; Takaoka, 2003: 37���45 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Simulium (Eusimulium) aureohirtum: Puri, 1933: 1 ���7; Takaoka, 1979: 382���384 (Female, male, pupa and larva). Specimens examined. Eight females, 14 males, two pupal exuviae, and 10 mature larvae, collected from a slowflowing main channel (width 2���4 m, depth 10���20 cm, water temperature 22.0˚C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,443 m, 11 ˚ 59 ��� 25.511 ��� N/ 108 ˚ 22 ���06.350��� E), 21 km from Dalat, Suoi Vang, Lac Duong District, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 25 -IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya���cob, C.D. Chen & K.W. Lau. Distribution. India, Bhutan, China, Guam, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Remarks. This species belongs to the S. ruficorne species-group, and is characterized by the unique female and male genitalia, pupal gill with six filaments and larval head capsule with bold head spots (Takaoka 2003). This is the only autogenous species in the Oriental Region, of which the female can develop the first batch of eggs without blood-meals (Takaoka and Noda 1979). The pupae and larvae of this species appear to be highly adapted to relatively high water temperatures, slow flow and even somewhat muddy or contaminated waters, where most other simuliid species do not occur (Takaoka 2003). As noted previously (Takaoka et al. 2014 c), these capabilities, together with other factors, may explain why this species is widely distributed in the Oriental Region and extends into the Palearctic and Australasian Regions., Published as part of Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya'Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng & Pham, Xuan Da, 2015, The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam, pp. 1-96 in Zootaxa 3961 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288572, {"references":["Brunetti, E. (1911) New Oriental Nematocera. Record of Indian Museum, 4, 283 - 288.","Puri, I. M. (1933) Studies on Indian Simuliidae. Part VII. Descriptions of larva, pupa and females of Simulium nodosum sp. nov., with an appendix dealing with S. novolineatum nov. nom. (= S. lineatum Puri). Indian Journal of Medical Research, 20, 813 - 817.","Takaoka, H. & Noda, S. (1979) Autogeny of the black fly Simulium (Eusimulium) aureohirtum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 15, 183 - 184. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 15.2.183","Takaoka, H., Sofian-Azirun, M., Ya'cob, Z., Chen, C. D., Lau, K. W. & Pham, H. T. (2014 c) New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3838 (3), 347 - 366. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3838.3.6"]}

The expression of autogeny of Simulium aureohirtum Brunetti among three populations in the Ryukyu Islands was examined by maintaining newly emerged females on or without a sucrose solution. Mature eggs were produced only in the females fed on sucrose as early as three days after emergence at a temperature of 20℃. The mean maturity rate per fly was around 90%. Maturation of ovaries also occurred when flies were given a sucrose solution after one, two and three days of starvation. However, due to the increase in resorbing follicles, maturity rates were greatly decreased, especially after two and three days of starvation (to around 60-70%). Moreover, development time was retarded one day, as compared to that in flies fed on sucrose from the time of emergence. Fecundity (the number of mature oocytes per fly) was found to be positively correlated to the wing size within a population. However, the mean fecundity was not necessarily related to the mean wing size when different populations were compared.###沖縄産ヒロシマツノマユブユの雌成虫を羽化直後から4日間水または30%ショ糖液で飼育し, 卵巣の発育を観察した。その結果, ショ糖液を与えた群では3,4日後に成熟卵ができたが, 水だけで飼育した群では, 卵巣濾胞は第IV期以上は発育しないことがわかった。また, 羽化後1,2または3日間水だけで飼育したあとショ糖液を与えたところ, いずれも羽化の4,5日後に成熟卵が観察された。しかし, 2日および3日間水だけで飼育した場合は, 卵巣濾胞に内部崩壊がみられ退化する割合が高くなるため, 成熟率は平均で60∿70%へ低下した。沖縄, 石垣および西表の3集団について, それぞれの集団内でショ糖液で飼育したブユの成熟卵数と翅長との関係を調べたところ, 正の相関が認められた。しかし, 集団間で比較した場合は必ずしも平均翅長の長い集団が平均卵数も多いとはいえない結果を得た。

Investigations on blackflies and their pathogens were carried out in 1977 and 1983 on the islands of Fukue and Nakamichi, the Goto Archipelago, Nagasaki, Japan. Six simuliid species (Simulium uchidai, S. aureohirtum, S. bidentatum, S. aokii, S. arakawae and S. japonicum) were collected for the first time from this archipelago. S. aureohirtum proved to be autogenus. The pupal gills of S. japonicum from Fukue Island were different from those on Nakamichi Island. Infections of blackfly larvae by parasites were rarely observed; out of 236 simuliid larvae examined, only one and five larvae were infected with mermithid and microsporidan parasites, respectively.