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Objective To examine and compare tobacco marketing in 16 countries while the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control requires parties to implement a comprehensive ban on such marketing. Methods Between 2009 and 2012, a kilometre-long walk was completed by trained investigators in 462 communities across 16 countries to collect data on tobacco marketing. We interviewed community members about their exposure to traditional and non- traditional marketing in the previous six months. To examine differences In marketing between urban and rural communities and between high-, middle- and low-income countries, we used multilevel regression models controlling for potential confounders. Findings Compared with high-income countries, the number of tobacco advertisements observed was 81 times higher in low-income countries (Incidence rate ratio, IRR: 80.98; 95% confidence Interval, CI: 4.15-1578.42) and the number of tobacco outlets was 2.5 times higher In both low- and lower-middle-income countries (IRR: 2.58; 95% 0:1.17-5.67 and IRR: 2.52; CI: 1.23-5.17, respectively). Of the 11842 interviewees, 1184 (10%) reported seeing at least five types of tobacco marketing. Self-reported exposure to at least one type of traditional marketing was 10 times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries (odds ratio, OR: 9.77; 95% CI: 1.24-76.77). For almost all measures, marketing exposure was significantly lower in the rural communities than In the urban communities. Conclusion Despite global legislation to limit tobacco marketing, it appears ubiquitous. The frequency and type of tobacco marketing varies on the national level by Income group and by community type, appearing to be greatest in low-income countries and urban communities. Objectif Examiner et comparer les pratiques de marketing du tabac dans 16 pays, alors que la Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac exige aux parties d'instaurer une interdiction globale de ce type de pratiques. Methodes De 2009 a 2012, des enqueteurs qualifies ont rencontre 462 communautes, reparties dans 16 pays, le long d'un parcours d'un kilometre afin de recueillir des donnees sur le marketing du tabac. Nous avons Interroge des membres de ces communautes au sujet de leur exposition aux formes traditionnelles et non traditionnelles de marketing dans les six mois precedents. Nous avons utilise des modeles de regression multiniveaux permettant de controler les facteurs de confusion potentiels pour examiner les differences des pratiques de marketing entre les communautes urbaines et rurales ainsi qu'entre les pays a revenu eleve, intermediaire et faible. Resultats Le nombre de publicites pour le tabac observe dans les pays a revenu faible etait 81 fols plus Important que dans les pays a revenu eleve (rapport des taux d'incidence, RTI: 80,98; Intervalle de confiance (IC) de 95%: 4,15-1578,42) et le nombre de points de vente de tabac etait 2,5 fois plus eleve dans les pays a revenu faible et a revenu intermediaire, tranche inferieure (RTI: 2,58; IC 95%: 1,17-5,67 et RTI: 2,52; IC: 1,23-5,17, respectivement). Sur les 11 842 personnes interrogees, 1184 (10%) ont Indique rencontrer au moins cinq formes de marketing du tabac. Selon leurs declarations, l'exposition a au moins une forme de marketing traditionnelle etait 10 fols plus importante dans les pays a revenu faible que dans les pays a revenu eleve (rapport des cotes: 9,77; IC 95%: 1,24-76,77). Pour presque toutes les mesures, l'exposition aux pratiques de marketing etait sensiblement plus faible dans les communautes rurales que dans les communautes urbaines. Conclusion En depit de la legislation mondiale visant a limiter les pratiques de marketing du tabac, celles-ci sont tres repandues. A l'echelle nationale, leur frequence et leur type varient en fonction des tranches de revenus et du type de communaute, etant plus Importantes dans les pays a revenu faible et les communautes urbaines. Objetivo Examinar y comparar la publicidad del tabaco en 16 paises mientras el Convenio Marco de la OMS para el Control del'Tabaco obliga a las partes a implementar una prohibicion generalizada en este tipo de publicidad. Metodos Entre 2009 y 2012, Investigadores entrenados completaron una ruta kilometrica en 462 comunidades de 16 paises para recopilar datos sobre la publicidad del tabaco. Se entrevisto a miembros de cada comunidad sobre su exposicion a la publicidad tradicional y no tradicional durante los seis meses previos. Se utilizaron modelos de regresion en multiples niveles que controlaran los posibles factores de confusion para examinar las diferencias en la publicidad entre las comunidades urbanas y rurales y entre los paises de ingresos altos, medios y bajos. Resultados En comparacion con los paises de Ingresos altos, la cantidad de anuncios sobre tabaco encontrados fue 81 veces superior en los paises de ingresos bajos (razon de tasas de incidencia, IRR: 80,98; intervalo de confianza, IC, del 95%: 4,15-1578,42) y el numero de estancos era 2,5 veces superior tanto en los paises de ingresos bajos como en los paises de ingresos medios mas bajos (IRR: 2,58 (IC del 95%: 1,17-5,67 e IRR: 2,52; IC: 1,23-5,17, respectivamente). De los 11.842 entrevistados, 1.184 (10%) informaron haber visto al menos cinco tipos de publicidad del tabaco. La exposicion autodeclarada a al menos una clase de publicidad tradicional fue 10 veces mas alta en los paises de ingresos bajos que en los paises de ingresos altos (cociente de posibilidades: 9,77 (ICdel 95%: 1,24-76,77). En practicamente todas las mediciones, la exposicion era significativamente mas baja en las comunidades rurales que en las comunidades urbanas. Conclusion A pesar de la legislacion global para limitar la publicidad del tabaco, esta parece ubicua. La frecuencia y la clase de publicidad del tabaco varian en un nivel nacional por grupo de Ingresos y tipo de comunidad, y parece ser mayor en los paises de ingresos bajos y en las comunidades rurales., Introduction Tobacco is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, responsible for an estimated 18%, 11% and 4% of deaths in high-, middle- and low-income countries, respectively. (1) Since the [...]

Despite advances in molecular characterization, glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most common and lethal brain tumour with high mortality rates in both paediatric and adult patients. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important oncogenic driver of GBM. Although STAT3 reportedly plays a role in autophagy of some cells, its role in cancer cell autophagy remains unclear. In this study, we found Serine‐727 and Tyrosine‐705 phosphorylation of STAT3 was constitutive in GBM cell lines. Tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 in GBM cells suppresses autophagy, whereas knockout (KO) of STAT3 increases ULK1 gene expression, increases TSC2‐AMPKα‐ULK1 signalling, and increases lysosomal Cathepsin D processing, leading to the stimulation of autophagy. Rescue of STAT3‐KO cells by the enforced expression of wild‐type (WT) STAT3 reverses these pathways and inhibits autophagy. Conversely, expression of Y705F‐ and S727A‐STAT3 phosphorylation deficient mutants in STAT3‐KO cells did not suppress autophagy. Inhibition of ULK1 activity (by treatment with MRT68921) or its expression (by siRNA knockdown) in STAT3‐KO cells inhibits autophagy and sensitizes cells to apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 play critical roles in STAT3‐dependent autophagy in GBM, and thus are potential targets to treat GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes an assignment for the study of Shakespeare's "King Lear" in which the students were to take a small section they thought thematically important and describe clearly how the page should be read and performed. (HOD)