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The development and testing of innovative technologies and automated data analysis methodologies offer tools for investigations in numerous scenarios including the monitoring of complex marine ecosystems and the direct and indirect effects of climate change on natural heritage. In the underwater environment, the creation of products with accurate metric and colorimetric content is a scientific and technological challenge, that can offer tools for new investigations including the monitoring of ecosystems and the study of biodiversity. The research group developed a technological solution consisting of a remotely operating platform and a measuring system that includes RGB and fluorescence optical sensors for the 3D reconstruction of the underwater environment and the study of the health-state of investigated species. The proposed solution aspires to high-accuracy multiscale reconstruction of underwater animal forests with a special focus on metric content. Methodologies and technical solutions for the management and calibration of the system have been developed: the design of proper calibration frames and the fluorescence sensor, the choice of a proper illumination system, the implementation of the system on a customizable Remotely Operating Vehicle, the integration of the different sensors, the combination of metric and colorimetric results for monitoring the occurred deformations and the health status. The results of laboratory activities and preliminary tests on field tests are discussed.

Mucus secretions play a number of functions related to polychaete physiology and ecology. Under stress conditions, the polychaete Halla parthenopeia (Oenonidae) produces a purple mucus after mechanical stimulation, whose function is still unknown. Here, we assessed the toxicity of this purple mucus by means of both acute toxicity bioassays on the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus and commercial ecotoxicological kits (Microtox®, Rotoxkit® and Artoxkit®). Palatability was also tested with the fish Oryzias melastigma. After emitting purple mucus, H. parthenopeia quickly moves away and starts releasing transparent mucus. Acute toxicity bioassays showed that the mucus was harmless (transparent), or lethal even when diluted about 1000 times (purple). Purple mucus was toxic at different concentrations, the LC50 ranging from 0.7-0.3 g l–1 for D. gyrociliatus to 76 g l–1 for Artemia franciscana (Artoxkit®). Freeze-dried brine shrimp coated with transparent or purple muci were both consumed by O. melastigma. We hypothesized that the purple mucus is involved in the chemical defence of H. parthenopeia against competitors and parasites, and that its colour and toxicity are due to hallachrome, a 1,2-anthraquinone found in the skin of H. parthenopeia., Las secreciones mucosas de los poliquetos desempeñan múltiples roles fisiológicos y ecológicos. El poliqueto Halla parthenopeia (Oenonidae) reacciona frente a una estimulación mecánica produciendo un mucus púrpura cuya función resulta, aun hoy en día, desconocida. El presente artículo evalúa la toxicidad de dicha secreción mediante bioensayos toxicológicos agudos (basado en el poliqueto Dinophilus gyrociliatus) y mediante kits ecotoxicológicos comerciales (Microtox®, Rotoxkit® and Artoxkit®). Asimismo, se analiza la palatabilidad mediante un test basado en el pez Oryzias melastigma. Tras secretar el mucus púrpura, H. parthenopeia se aleja rápidamente, al mismo tiempo que produce un mucus transparente. Los bioensayos toxicológicos agudos muestran que dichas secreciones son inocuas (transparente) o letal aun diluido unas 1000 veces (púrpura). El mucus púrpura puede ser tóxico a diferentes concentraciones y en función del test, oscilando su LC50 entre 0.7-0.3 g l–1 (para D. gyrociliatus) y 76 g l–1 (para Artemia franciscana, Artoxkit®). Tanto las Artemia liofilizadas fueron comidas por O. melastigma tanto si estaban revestidas de mucus transparente como púrpura. Nuestros resultados nos hacen pensar que el mucus púrpura de H. parthenopeia podría estar involucrado en un mecanismo de defensa química contra sus posibles competidores, pero también frente a posibles parásitos, y que, probablemente, tanto su color como su toxicidad tengan relación con la presencia del pigmento hallacromo, una 1,2-antraquinona, descubierto en la piel de esta especie de oenónido.

Mucus secretions play a number of functions related to polychaete physiology and ecology. Under stress conditions, the polychaete Halla parthenopeia (Oenonidae) produces a purple mucus after mechanical stimulation, whose function is still unknown. Here, we assessed the toxicity of this purple mucus by means of both acute toxicity bioassays on the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus and commercial ecotoxicological kits (Microtox®, Rotoxkit® and Artoxkit®). Palatability was also tested with the fish Oryzias melastigma. After emitting purple mucus, H. parthenopeia quickly moves away and starts releasing transparent mucus. Acute toxicity bioassays showed that the mucus was harmless (transparent), or lethal even when diluted about 1000 times (purple). Purple mucus was toxic at different concentrations, the LC50 ranging from 0.7-0.3 g l–1 for D. gyrociliatus to 76 g l–1 for Artemia franciscana (Artoxkit®). Freeze-dried brine shrimp coated with transparent or purple muci were both consumed by O. melastigma. We hypothesized that the purple mucus is involved in the chemical defence of H. parthenopeia against competitors and parasites, and that its colour and toxicity are due to hallachrome, a 1,2-anthraquinone found in the skin of H. parthenopeia. Las secreciones mucosas de los poliquetos desempeñan múltiples roles fisiológicos y ecológicos. El poliqueto Halla parthenopeia (Oenonidae) reacciona frente a una estimulación mecánica produciendo un mucus púrpura cuya función resulta, aun hoy en día, desconocida. El presente artículo evalúa la toxicidad de dicha secreción mediante bioensayos toxicológicos agudos (basado en el poliqueto Dinophilus gyrociliatus) y mediante kits ecotoxicológicos comerciales (Microtox®, Rotoxkit® and Artoxkit®). Asimismo, se analiza la palatabilidad mediante un test basado en el pez Oryzias melastigma. Tras secretar el mucus púrpura, H. parthenopeia se aleja rápidamente, al mismo tiempo que produce un mucus transparente. Los bioensayos toxicológicos agudos muestran que dichas secreciones son inocuas (transparente) o letal aun diluido unas 1000 veces (púrpura). El mucus púrpura puede ser tóxico a diferentes concentraciones y en función del test, oscilando su LC50 entre 0.7-0.3 g l–1 (para D. gyrociliatus) y 76 g l–1 (para Artemia franciscana, Artoxkit®). Tanto las Artemia liofilizadas fueron comidas por O. melastigma tanto si estaban revestidas de mucus transparente como púrpura. Nuestros resultados nos hacen pensar que el mucus púrpura de H. parthenopeia podría estar involucrado en un mecanismo de defensa química contra sus posibles competidores, pero también frente a posibles parásitos, y que, probablemente, tanto su color como su toxicidad tengan relación con la presencia del pigmento hallacromo, una 1,2-antraquinona, descubierto en la piel de esta especie de oenónido.