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ALPHA® and DELTA® network A new network of 25 ammonia (NH3) monitoring sites implementing the UKCEH ALPHA® method (ALPHA® network) and 4 reactive gases and aerosols monitoring sites implementing the UKCEH DELTA® method (DELTA® network) was established in spring 2019 across Northern Ireland. The ALPHA® sites were selected to provide representative coverage of i) the range of modelled concentrations from FRAME (using the most recent 5 km NH3 emissions data for 2016), (ii) each of seven major dominant emission source classifications: cattle (beef and dairy), pigs & poultry, sheep, mixed, non-agricultural, fertiliser and background (very low emission density, < 1 kg N ha-1 yr-1), and (iii) spatial coverage across Northern Ireland. The aims of the measurements are to (i) explore spatial and temporal patterns in NH3 concentrations, (ii) compare results with the FRAME atmospheric transport model and for verification of UK NAEI emissions inventory and FRAME model, (iii) monitor and assess relationship between NH3 and interacting gases (HNO3, SO2) and inorganic particulate phase composition. Measurement data over the same period from existing UK long-term national network sites (Coleraine, Hillsborough, Lough Navar), and from the Ballynahone Bog project in Northern Ireland are also included in the report, to complement the network data. All measurements are made through monthly time-integrated sampling, which is cost-efficient for providing annual means while permitting detection of seasonal trends in the data. The first measurements in the ALPHA® and DELTA® networks started in early March 2019. The first full year of ratified monthly ALPHA® and DELTA® data for the period March 2019 – February 2020 are presented in this report. Calibration of ALPHA® NH3 data An annual field calibrated ALPHA® uptake rate is derived for each calendar year from the regression of passive ALPHA® versus active DELTA® measurements at nine inter-comparison sites in the UK National Ammonia Monitoring

The ART project's aim was to build further the evidence base for understanding the reduction effect and techniques in the field which are used to qualitatively and quantitatively understand the process of ammonia capture by trees. Ammonia concentrations were measured at five case study farms in Cumbria with existing woodland planting in the vicinity of livestock housing. The aim of this study is to provide field measurement data to contribute towards assessing how effective treebelts are at reducing ammonia concentrations downwind of a variety of agricultural livestock housing and to provide datasets for current and future model verification.

The aim of Ammonia Reduction by Trees (ART) project was to provide new scientific evidence on tree planting for reducing the impact of ammonia emissions from farming to inform better advice, guidance and incentives for farmers on ammonia mitigation through treebelt planting.

A comprehensive European dataset on monthly atmospheric NH3, acid gases (HNO3, SO2, HCl), and aerosols (NH+4, NO3, SO24 , Cl, NaC, Ca2C, Mg2C/ is presented and analysed. Speciated measurements were made with a low-volume denuder and filter pack method (DEnuder for Long-Term Atmospheric sampling, DELTA) as part of the EU NitroEurope (NEU) integrated project. Altogether, there were 64 sites in 20 countries (2006-2010), coordinated between seven European laboratories. Bulk wet-deposition measurements were carried out at 16 co-located sites (2008- 2010). Inter-comparisons of chemical analysis and DELTA measurements allowed an assessment of comparability between laboratories. The form and concentrations of the different gas and aerosol components measured varied between individual sites and grouped sites according to country, European regions, and four main ecosystem types (crops, grassland, forests, and semi-natural). The smallest concentrations (with the exception of SO24 and NaC) were in northern Europe (Scandinavia), with broad elevations of all components across other regions. SO2concentrations were highest in central and eastern Europe, with larger SO2emissions, but particulate SO24 concentrations were more homogeneous between regions. Gas-phase NH3 was the most abundant single measured component at the majority of sites, with the largest variability in concentrations across the network. The largest concentrations of NH3, NHC4, and NO3were at cropland sites in intensively managed agricultural areas (e.g. Borgo Cioffi in Italy), and the smallest were at remote semi-natural and forest sites (e.g. Lompolojankka, Finland), highlighting the potential for NH3 to drive the formation of both NHC4and NO3aerosol. In the aerosol phase, NHC4was highly corre-lated with both NO3and SO24 , with a near-1 V 1 relationship between the equivalent concentrations of NHC4and sum (NO3C SO24/, of which around 60% was as NH4NO3. Distinct seasonality was also observed in the data, influence