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This study will attempt to examine in-depth the constraints imposed by Benue State government's continued involvement in the local governmental budgetary process. In order to provide for responsible government, budgeting in Nigeria's local governments is geared to a cycle. The budget cycle includes four phases: preparation and submission, approval, execution, and audit. Budget preparation and submission entail preparing a plan for the coming fiscal years. In this phase, budget instructions are issued and agency requests are prepared. This phase includes a review of agency requests by the Central Budget Office, forecasts of revenue, executive decision-making and submission of the budget to the legislative body. The concern of this study, however, is to describe the state government's continued encroachment upon what would normally have been the exclusive powers of local government; that is, during the first or preliminary and third or draft estimate phases. In brief, the budgeting system of Makurdi Local Government of Benue State continues to be dominated by the traditional objectives of control and accountability rather than a concern for allocating limited public-sector resources to well-defined programs and projects that are intended to serve a set of national and local objectives. Budgetary data for the study were collected from primary and secondary sources and through preliminary and follow-up interviews with selected budgetary personnel in Benue State. Although this study is confined to Makurdi local government of Benue State, it is expected that the study will contribute to a better understanding of the budgetary process in Nigeria. While other topics could have been selected for the investigation, this topic was chosen because the writer, as a state official, also worked at the local government level. During this period, the writer observed the delays and excessive control over local government budgeting imposed by the state government, and its adverse effec

The primary intent of this study is to examine neighborhood health facilities operated by Fulton County that are less than optimally used by the communities for which they were intended to serve. An attempt has been made to identify underutilized health facilities and to assess their cost effectiveness. The study is based on analysis of all health centers' usage over a one-year period, and costs incurred by Fulton County to operate underused health facilities. The political environment within which the health system of Fulton County exists accounts for the reluctance of the Fulton County Health Department in closing any health facilities in this County. The seven identified underutilized health facilities are: Alpharetta Health Center, Sandy Springs Health Center, Howell Mill Health Center, Palmetto Health Center, Red Oak Health Center, Collins Health Center, and Techwood Health Center. From this study, after careful analysis of each facility and the community it serves, emerges the recommendation that it will be cost effective to Fulton County to close three facilities, drastically cut services in three facilities experiencing decline but where services arc warranted, and Increase services to one community.

The primary intent of this paper is to discuss the refugee problem in Thailand from a historical perspective. An attempt has been made to explore the effect of fleeing refugees on Thailand's socio-economic and political development. Security problems posed by refugees are also emphasized. The writer worked as a Case Officer for two years during which he acquired first-hand knowledge of the refugee problem in Thailand. Academically, his role was that of a participant-observer and therefore, most of the data collected came from primary sources. Secondary sources of information include government documents, and printed materials from international agencies. Other sources include scholarly books and journals. This paper does not attempt to address the refugee problem on a global scale, but, where appropriate, will indicate the plight of refugees in countries other than Thailand. The instability of regimes bordering Thailand have had disastrous effects on Thai citizens. For example, the communist takeover of Indochina in 1975 (Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea) exacerbated the problem of Thai Villagers, especially those living along the borders. As this paper will attempt to show, the solution requires coordinated national and international efforts.

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the local option sales tax was the best alternative available to the City of Atlanta not only to offset a 1980 budget deficit of $9.75 million, but also to prevent future budget deficits. The principal instrument used to collect data on the problem was a questionnaire. This questionnaire was given to: 1) various City of Atlanta employees who played an important role in recommending a local option sales tax; 2) a select number of local citizens who opposed the local option sales tax and who were knowledgeable on this subject. The questionnaire helped identify other possible fiscal policy alternatives to the local option sales tax. These alternatives and the local option sales tax were analyzed using six policy evaluation criteria. From this analysis the writer was able to determine that the local option sales tax was the best possible alternative to offset the 1980 budget deficit and to help prevent future budget deficits.

The objective of this research was to study the possible synergistic action of the antioxidant Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPONE) on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. CHO cells were treated with 1.0, 5.0 and 10 ug/ml BHT and 1% DMSO for 48 hrs. Similar procedures were also used for the interaction of BHT and TEMPONE. Moderately high frequencies of chromosomal aberrations (18%) and aberrant cells (17%) were observed when cell cultures were exposed to 1.0 ug/ml BHT for 48 hr; these aberrations included breaks, gaps, rings, polyploids and endoreduplications. When cultures were exposed to 10 ug/ml BHT, there was a significant decrease in chromosomal aberrations. Cytogenetic analysis indicated that 1% DMSO significantly increased the percentage of chromosomal aberrations and aberrant cells in CHO cell cultures treated for 48 hr. CHO cells treated with 1.0 ug/ml BHT and 1% DMSO simultaneously showed a significant decrease in chromosomal aberrations. In contrast, cells exposed to 10 ug/ml BHT and 1% DMSO had a significant increase in chromosomal aberrations. In other studies, (CKO) cells were exposed to 1.0, 5.0 and 10 ug/ml TEMPONE. Cytogenetic analysis also revealed that TEMPONE caused chromosomal aberrations (23%) and aberrant cells (17) in CKO cell cultures. There was no significant difference in chromosomal aberrations or aberrant cells when CHO cell cultures were treated with 1.0, 5.0 or 10 ug/ml BHT and 1.0, 5.0 or 10 ug/ml TEMPONE. The results obtained suggest that interactions between the test compounds may be toxic to the cells and thus could be responsible for the observed reduction in chromosomal aberrations and aberrant cells percentages.

This study was undertaken to examine the Supervisor's span of control in the 1981 Summer Youth Employment Program's worksite monitoring unit. In conducting the study, interviews were administered to the worksite monitoring interns of the unit, the worksite monitoring supervisor and the coordinator of Program Development of the 1981 Summer Youth Employment Program. The interviewers discovered a number of problems. The study found that there 'vas indeed a problem with the worksite monitoring supervisor's span of control, and it did not lend itself to effective management. This paper suggests a number of recommendations to reduce certain factors which contributed to problems with the worksite monitoring supervisor's span of control, and how to increase productivity in the worksite monitoring unit of the summer program.

The primary intent of this degree paper is to analyze the use of career/labor market information in the Atlanta CETA Summer Youth Employment program. In addition, an effort has been made to develop a plan which demonstrates effective use of labor market information within the current framework of the Program.

The study's objective is to examine the implementation of the Upward Mobility Program (UM) in the Atlanta Regional Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and other selected federal agencies. It is the writer's view that the spirit of the program is an admirable one since it attempts to qualitatively improve the skills and elevate lower GS grade employees to higher grades. In its analysis of the implementation of UM the study discovers important gaps between the promise and performance of the program. Management's commitment to the program varies from agency to agency. Employees participation in the program is low, largely because of insufficient knowledge about the program and general inactivity in some agencies. OPM, where the writer was interned, exhibited ineffective implementation and therefore few employees actually benefit from UM. Knowledge about OPM's ineffective Upward Mobility Program was obtained through participant observation and interviewing relevant employees. Information on the other agencies discussed in the study was obtained from secondary data.

The primary intent of this degree paper is to discuss the functions of the Brooke-Hancock-Jeffersofl (BHJ) Metropolitan Regional Planning Commission, a regional commission in the Upper Ohio Valley, and the effects of decreased funding onthis organizations ability to provide services to area governments. An attempt has also been made to present alternative solutions of reducing staff and personnel without threatening the exist ence of the organization itself. Private and public organiza tions solutions are presented along with those of the writer. Regional planning commissions have played key roles in com municating regional needs to state and federal agencies and offices; initiating or suggesting programs or policies to area governments which would address local problems; and facilitat ing the use of available public funds for local projects. These types of organizations have been instrumental in getting county and municipal governments to work together on issues and prob lems that transcend state, county and local boundaries. How ever, the point of this discussion is how such organizations deal with a decline in funds which would affect the delivery of the aforementioned services. The BHJ Metropolitan Regional Planning Commission is pre sented as an organization that faced the problem, derived and initiated a method of cutting back services and personnel, and retained a high quality and quantity of services rendered. The main sources of information were notes made during the internship experience, books that provided insights on the types of regional planning commissions and the definition of cutback management, and the BHJ Regional Development Plan. Personal interviews were also conducted with practitioners in the field of cutback management.

The objective of this study is to examine the need for commercial development in Ward Eight of Washington, D. C. To determine the need for development the writer identified and described the existing businesses in the ward, as well as discussed the prevailing economic conditions in the area. The study demonstrates that the need for commercial development is due primarily to the need for a more diverse and competitive commercial district in the ward. The need for development is also due to the loss of business in consumers' dollars by Ward Eight entrepreneurs to other commercial areas outside of the ward. The analysis demonstrates further that the businesses located in Ward Eight do not nor cannot offer employment to a large number of Ward Eight residents; therefore, a need exists for the kind of businesses that can offer increased employment opportunities for the residents of the area. The writer finds that the three explanations mentioned above are conditions that help create the need for commercial development in Ward Eight of Washington, D. C. The information in this study was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were gathered from interviews and a survey using a structured questionnaire. Secondary sources .of information for the study were obtained from books, government publications, magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals. A descriptive analysis was used as a methodological approach in this study.

The primary intent of this paper is to analyze managerial/administrative support for the Equal Employment Opportunity Program in the U.S. Bureau of Prisons. The analysis involves the examination of three problem areas in the Equal Employment Opportunity Program. The problem areas are identified as a lack of resources, a lack of personnel, and a lack of enthusiasm among employees for the program. The evaluation of these problem areas gives insight to the support obtained from management. Recommendations for improving these problem areas follow the analysis.

The primary intent of this study is to examine the claim that Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB) is the budgetary approach that is used by the Division of Rehabilitation Services within the Georgia Department of Human Resources. Keeping in mind the principal characteristics of ZBB, that is, procedure, program justification and program comparisons, the writer also seeks to measure the operational reality of ZBB, as is currently applied within the Division of Rehabilitation Services. The Division of Rehabilitation Services is a State Government agency which has the legal mandate for provision of services designed to foster independence and self-sufficiency of handicapped persons, to advocate in behalf of their needs and rights; and to work energetically and cooperatively with other public and private entities in order to ensure an efficient and effective use of available rehabilitation resources. The nature of the political system favors a line-item-budget but the State of Georgia has attempted to overcome the weaknesses of this budgetary approach by introducing ZBB. However, the paper shows that because of the nature of the political system and the manner in which services are delivered ZBB is a distinct ideal rather than a reality. This fact is most evident in the Division of Rehabilitation Services. Much of the confusion and contradictions lie in the areas of the ranking of priorities, justification of expenses and interpretation of the meaning of the ZBB. Although this study is confined to the Division of Rehabilitation Services, it is hoped that the study will contribute to a better understanding of the Zero-Base Budgeting process by the readers of this paper. This topic was chosen in order to determine the relationship between theory and practice of Zero-Base Budgeting process in the State of Georgia. The data for this study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources, and the methodology employed is descriptive analysis.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of testing as a tool for measuring minimum competency as it applies to occupational licensure. The primary purpose of State Examining Boards for licensure and certification is to protect the public from unsafe or incompetent practice of individuals in a profession or trade by which the public may suffer harm through loss of life, health or pro perty rights. The significance of this study is to examine the impact testing has in attempting to assess an individual's level of minimum competency for occupational licensure. In the current debate on occupational licensure, the following questions have been raised: How accurately can minimum competency be measured? What will be the standards for measuring minimum competency? Is a passing score on a State Board examination an accurate reflection of minimum competency? In an attempt to address these concerns the writer identified four areas of licensure testing that impact greatly on the credentialing process. These areas included: test validity, test reliability, test bias, and test policies. The main sources of information were informal conversational interviews and participant observation. Secondary sources included books, articles, lectures and journals. While the writer's findings were inconclusive, and many of the problems that are common with testing were not evident with the State of Georgia Examining Boards Division, Examination Development and Test Administration Section the writer offered several recommendations in an effort to improve on the efficiency of the Examination Section of the Board.

Public housing, in growing urban communities like Daytona Beach, Florida is involved in a perpetual struggle for its continued existence. Public housing programs face serious problems in addition to financial difficulties. Many have acquired the reputation of being worse living environments than the slums they were supposed to replace. Although public housing originally served the so called "working poor", it has gradually become the "housing of last resort" for America's poorest citizens. Over the years, it has become obvious that public housing has acquired a rather poor image of being a large conglomeration of low income citizens housed in large impersonal concrete structures. The focus of the study centers on the examination of public housing, its occupants and the negative image that seems to be perpetuated within these lower income areas of cities like Daytona Beach, Florida.

Police unionism in Atlanta has received considerable editorial attention by Atlanta local news media. The need for collective bargaining rights has been uppermost in the minds of the police union members and other labor activists. However, opposition to such demands has been an ongoing trend, making it necessary for the writer to evaluate the percep tions of selected individuals of the Atlanta city government on the potential impact of collective bargaining in Atlanta Police Department. Regardless of the law prohibiting strikes by public safety employees, strikes do occur. As a result, the writer notes that collective bargaining should not be synonymous with strikes. The writer also learned that there is an absence of a statutory provision authorising collective bargaining in Atlanta Police Department. The significance of this study lies in its attempt through research, to devise a harmonious working relationship between the police, the city government and the local residents. The study concludes that the benefits of police collective bargaining in Atlanta outweigh whatever may be potential negative impacts. This study, therefore, advises the City of Atlanta to enact an ordinance allowing collective bargaining in its police department. Information obtained from interviews formed the primary data source, while literature review obtained from relevant labor journals and books formed the secondary data source.