Search

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The words of Qur’an have layers of meaning in it. Without understanding the literary forms of Qur’anic literature it is not possible to acknowledge the hidden meanings and intellectual aspects of Qur’an. The object of ‘’similitude”/Mathal and Metaphor/Istiara in Qur’an is to get understand the massage of Allah Almighty in better way because similes and Metaphor have been used in different ways and purposes by Allah Almighty. As in surah Al Ankabut: 43, of Holy Quran: “There are similitude explained for the people, who have knowledge can understand it”. In the use of Metaphor, Allah Almighty has invited to mankind in Holy Qur’an: “So announce! What are you commanded’’ in surah Alhajar: 94. The question is what is the purpose of similitudes and Metaphor in which kind of style these have explained in Qur’an? Like ; Allah Almighty has explained the eternity of truth and vanity of falsehood through similitude in Polychromic style ” Thus does Allah show forth the truth and vanity, from the scum disappears like froth cast ;while that which is good for mankind remains on the earth ‘’. This article will explain the kinds of similitude and Metaphor with the help of distinctive acknowledgment of Allama Badaruldin Aini in Umda-tul-Qari as well as other literary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-linguistically, spatial expressions display a propensity to undergo semantic extensions, thus frequently giving rise to grammatical markers. Drawing on diachronic material derived from the Corpus of Historical American English and synchronic data extracted from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, this study reports on a hitherto unexplored, incipient change of this kind, namely that affecting the multiword string a/one step away from. It is shown that with the conventionalization of the invited inference of closeness, the construction at issue was reanalyzed as a complex preposition, functioning initially as an exponent of prospective aspect, then additionally as a similitude marker, and finally also as an approximator. This chronology further finds reflection in the current functional gradience of a/one step away from, in that among its grammatical instances, which amount to slightly more than half the tokens in the sample, aspectual uses constitute the largest proportion, followed by similative occurrences and degree modifier attestations. At the distributional level, the investigated case of grammaticalization manifests itself in the highly confined determination and modification patterns of the form step, counterbalanced by the entire expression's compatibility with inanimate subjects as well as host-class expansion to abstract NPs, verbal gerunds, and adjectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Canadian Association for Curriculum Studies is the property of Journal of the Canadian Association for Curriculum Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Homology was among the concepts introduced in Jean Victor Poncelet's 1822 Traité des Propriétés Projectives des Figures. Homology is a projective transformation which has an axis, a line of fixed points. The Traité develops a straightedge construction of points under homology , essentially that found in work on perspective drawing and by Phillipe de la Hire, 1673. However, Poncelet's very distinct path to homology was through similitude , where the radical axis of a pair of circles became the axis of homology. We end with Poncelet's application of homology involving the focus of a conic section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a product of a research that investigates the presence of Geometry in textbooks, that is part of project of a Theorem - Reflection on Geometry and Mathematics Education research group. The focus here is to present results of the international study: how textbooks present the concept of similarity? For this, a qualitative research were developed and textbooks of three collections from Brazil and three from United States were examined. A synthesis of the literature related to the search for textbooks and the teaching and learning of the concept of similarity is presented, and the theoretical framework explores similarity as positioned at the crossroads of geometry and number to describe the ways in which different textbooks approach it. Sequence of topics and tasks presented in each textbook are described and then comparisons are made. There were theorems and problem types that were presented consistently across all textbooks, but differences in expectations related to proof and the use of coordinates and geometric transformations were identified. Only textbooks in the US included the use of transformations and coordinates and placed more emphasis on formal proof. Implications for the teaching and learning of similarity are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It goes without saying that Muḥammad (PBUH), was the most eloquent not only among the Arabs but also in the entire world. The fountain of all types of eloquence is Quranic and prophetic eloquence. In the explanation and interpretation of jurisprudential issues, Muḥammad (PBUH) adopted the effective style; because similes, metaphors, allusions and implicatures create ease and beauty in understanding. In this paper, the simile style of Muḥammad (PBUH) has been explained. How did the Prophet's similitude create allegory, similitude, and praise within the text, which would help the reader to understand jurisprudential issues. Initially, in this paper, the meaning and significance of Prophetic eloquence, especially Prophetic similitude, has been presented and the noble traditions from the book of “Bulugh al Maram min Adillat al Aḥkam” by Ḥafiz Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī have been analyzed.

This work is devoted to classical molecular dynamics simulations of surface modifications (craters) drilled by single femtosecond laser pulses in silicon and diamond, materials relevant for numerous industrial applications. We propose a methodology paving the way towards a significant decrease in the simulation computational costs, which could also enable a precise estimation of the craters’ size and shape.

One of the sources that feed the classical Turkish literature is persons. Authors have included persons in their descriptions of people for various purposes such as praising, criticizing, or expressing the person's characteristics better and more impressively. Prominent traits and characteristics of mythological, legendary, cultural, and religious persons are often compared to that of the protagonists, and it is often emphasized that memduh is superior. These persons, who are mentioned as elements of allusion and similitude, became a motif in the literature over time, and each person became the epitome of their qualifications. In the descriptions of the persons in his biographical work named Hadâ'iku'l-Hakâ'ik fî Tekmileti'ş-Şakâ'ik, Atâyî, who wrote many works in verse and prose in Turkish literature, mentioned people of different nationalities, predominantly Turkish, Arab, and Persian, who are famous in the world with their characteristics, in various contexts. In this study, in which we aim to reveal the context in which Atâyî uses the persons who stand out with their historical, mythological, religious, legendary, and literary identities, firstly 99 names that Atâyî used as references and similes were determined. These names have been examined by classifying them under 7 main headings, including "Prophets", "Religious-Sufi Personalities", "Historical Personalities", "Mythological and Legendary Personalities", "Tale and Story Heroes", "Other Persons" and "Those who could not find information about". In the study, it was also tried to determine the richness of meaning added to Hadâ'iku'l-Hakâ'ik fî Tekmileti'ş-Şakâ'ik by the prominent features of the persons included as the elements of allusion and similitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similitude laws can be used to extrapolate the vibration characteristic of a small, inexpensive, and easily tested model into structural behavior for the full-size prototype. In this article, a systematic similitude approach is proposed to predict the natural frequency, mode shape, and vibration response of composite laminated plates. The emphasis of this article is to predict the vibration characteristic of composite laminated plates in an effective and convenient way. Sensitivity analysis (SA) is introduced to improve the prediction accuracy of natural frequency. For distortion similarity, the prediction accuracy is improved close to 5%. Modal assurance criterion (MAC) measures the consistency of mode shapes of the full-size prototype and scaled models. The influence of stacking sequence on mode consistency is investigated. Similitude based on virtual mode and statistical energy (SVMSE) is proposed to extrapolate the transient response of the prototype to simulate the shock environment, such as satellite–rocket separation, etc. In conclusion, the prediction accuracy of natural frequency, mode consistency, and response coincidence are considered comprehensively to extrapolate the vibration characteristic of the full-size laminated plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a qualitative and quantitative examination of 2018–2019 online comments in a sizable student group on a popular social network, this paper peruses the various functions of two Russian polyfunctional particles derived from semantically similar sources, tipa and vrode. While the prepositional tipa 'like' and vrode 'like' are used synonymously as grammaticalized markers of (approximative) similarity and exemplification, the subjectification and pragmaticalization of the two items as discourse particles has followed divergent paths. Both particles pertain to the domains of evidentiality and epistemic modality and are related to certain 'seemingliness' and appearance which is contrasted with reality. However, they have acquired niche functions within these broad domains, activating and building upon different facets of the universal category of similitude. Vrode has been established as a marker of uncertainty (quasi-assertive) which implies a particular type of evidence – sensory perception, recall, or information received from other people. Another distinctive function of vrode is marking that an expectation dictated by the situation designated by the particle's host has not been met. Tipa , on the other hand, is used as an approximator, a quotative/reportative, a doubt or falsity marker, a marker of discourse-based inference, or an explanatory marker, as well as a depictive, or a focus device. This paper also reports that the particle tipa , which, unlike vrode , is stigmatized by normative grammars, is underrepresented in comments by women. This especially concerns tipa 's most advanced uses – as a voice or stance shifter and a clarificatory-explanatory operator – which are conceptually further away from the original similative meaning. • The study maps the pragmatic repertoire of the Russian particles tipa and vrode as interrelated networks of functions. • These networks of functions are derivable from the conceptual space of similitude. • Functional differentiation has allowed the two items to avoid direct competition for the speaker's selection. • Gender differences in the use of the two markers are quantitatively explored. • The data are drawn from comments in a sizable student group (over 60 000 members) on a social network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results from a comprehensive, cradle-to-grave study in which electrochemical measurements (corrosion potential and corrosion rate), crack progression, and gravimetric metal loss were recorded for one-third-scale Class V prestressed specimens exposed for over 3 years to a simulated outdoor marine environment. These data were used to isolate the effect of cracking on the corrosion rate and determine the appropriate oxygen permeation coefficient values that were used to quantify the differences in corrosion propagation between the cracked and uncracked states. The permeation coefficient in cracked sections was found to be more than 20 times larger than that in uncracked ones. It was also higher than that for reinforced concrete specimens under comparable wetting-and-drying saltwater exposure. The findings predict that comparable (Class V) full-size prestressed pile specimens will crack within 3 years of the destruction of the passive layer (depassivation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to classical molecular dynamics simulations of surface modifications (craters) drilled by single femtosecond laser pulses in silicon and diamond, materials relevant for numerous industrial applications. We propose a methodology paving the way towards a significant decrease in the simulation computational costs, which could also enable a precise estimation of the craters' size and shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotor system with bolted joints is widely used in aero-engine, and has the features of large axial span, high-degrees of freedom, and nonlinearity. There exist several researches on similitude of rotor systems, but these studies mainly focus on the simple and linear systems. The similitude investigation for the rotor system considering bolted joints has not been conducted. To fill this gap, a method to obtain the scaling laws for low-pressure (LP) compressor are presented based on the generalized and fundamental equations of substructures (bolted joint, shaft, and disk), which considers the nonlinearity of bolted joints and different materials. The dynamic model of the LP compressor considering the nonlinearity produced by bolted joints is established. Moreover, the effect of bolted joints on the LP compressor is investigated to illustrate the necessity for considering bolted joints in similitude procedure. In order to ensure the similitude of nonlinear dynamic characteristics, the scaling factors are divided into the linear and nonlinear scaling factors, where the nonlinear scaling factors are used to put the bolted joint into similitude. The results show that the natural frequencies, vibration responses, frequency components, and stability can be predicted accurately by scaled models, even the models are made of relatively cheap materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scour studies are often made at the equilibrium stage when the scour hole is stabilized and no more changes in the scour geometry occur. However, studying the scour time evolution is critical to better understand the erosion process and the main factors that control it in the short and long terms. Scour is a destructive process, therefore, in the absence of non-intrusive and real-time measurement techniques, an experimental analysis of time evolution of scour can be a time-consuming process as, for each considered instant, detailed measurements of the bed geometry must be taken. In this paper, two different strategies are applied to analyse the scour time evolution. Their results are compared and discussed. From the obtained experimental results, empirical relations between different variables were proposed. Further analysis provided scale relationships to adimensionalize the time evolution profiles. To measure the scour geometry, a structure from motion technique is employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Surra Man Raa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Up to now, similitude methods have been used in order to overcome the typical drawbacks of experimental testing and numerical simulations by reconstructing the full-scale model behavior from that of the scaled model. The novelty of this work is the application of similitude theory not as a tool for predicting the prototype dynamic response, but for supporting, and eventually validating, experimental measurements polluted by noise. Two Aluminium Foam Sandwich (AFS) plates are analyzed with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) cameras. First, an algorithm for blind source separation problems is used to extract information about the excitation; then, SAMSARA (Similitude and Asymptotic Models for Structural-Acoustic Research Applications) similitude method is applied to both the force spectra and velocity responses of prototype and model. The reconstruction of force and velocity curves demonstrates that the similitude results are coherent with the quality of the experimental measurements: when the spatial pattern in resonance is recognizable, then the curves overlap. Instead, when the displacement field of just one model is not well identified, the reconstruction exhibits discrepancies. Therefore, similitude methods reveal to be an interesting tool for understanding if a set of measurements is reliable or not and their application should not be underestimated, especially in the light of the expanding range of approaches which can extract important information from noisy observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journals Eduction for Girls is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While the predominant focus of the philosophical literature on scientific modeling has been on single-scale models, most systems in nature exhibit complex multiscale behavior, requiring new modeling methods. This challenge of modeling phenomena across a vast range of spatial and temporal scales has been called the tyranny of scales problem. Drawing on research in the geosciences, I synthesize and analyze a number of strategies for taming this tyranny in the context of conceptual, physical, and mathematical modeling. This includes several strategies that can be deployed in physical (table-top) modeling, even when strict dynamical scaling fails. In all cases, I argue that having an adequate conceptual model—given both the nature of the system and the particular purpose of the model—is essential. I draw a distinction between depiction and representation, and use this research in the geosciences to advance a number of debates in the philosophy of modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium Foam Sandwich (AFS) panels are a type of structural configuration in which two aluminium thin layers enclose a core made of foamed aluminium. Both the metallic characteristic of the matrix and the foam porosity lead to a remarkable combination of properties which range from high specific stiffness to thermal and acoustic isolation. However, these characteristics, depending on core properties as foam density, pores morphology, type and size of gas bubbles, are obtained by means of a manufacturing process that is not fully controlled. Thus, in order to reduce the financial and temporal costs of the campaign of experimental tests needed for completely understanding the properties and potentialities of AFS panels, similitude methods can be used so that scaled-down models can be tested in place of the full-scale structure. In this work, the similitude conditions and scaling laws of Alulight® AFS panels with two different boundary conditions (simply supported and free-free) are derived and validated. In particular, two different sets of conditions are derived: the first by expliciting all the geometrical and material properties, the second by combining some parameters into just one with physical meaning, the bending stiffness. The analysis in similitude is addressed towards the prediction of vibroacoustic properties such as natural frequencies, Frequency Response Function (FRF) and radiated acoustic power. Both models in complete and partial similitude are investigated. While the former allow to reconstruct the vibroacoustic characteristics of the prototype, the latter does not. Furthermore, it is proved that it is possible to derive a simplified set of similitude conditions if many parameters are gathered into just one parameter with physical meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores our understanding of visual imagery through an analysis of Foucault's examination of Magritte's famous painting Les deux Mystères. Foucault details how the interplay between word and image are firstly perceived and then understood by the viewer. This analysis of Foucault's text, serves to illuminate and hopefully clarify the often ambiguous relationship between image and text, whilst at the same time demonstrate that the vary same ambiguity is revelled in by those creating and those words and images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obstacle marks are instream bedforms, typically composed of an upstream frontal scour hole and a downstream sediment accumulation in the vicinity of an obstacle. Local scouring at infrastructure (e.g. bridge piers) is a well‐studied phenomenon in hydraulic engineering, while less attention is given to the time‐dependent evolution of frontal scour holes at instream boulders and their geometric relations (depth to width, and length ratio). Furthermore, a comparison between laboratory studies and field observations is rare. Therefore, the morphodynamic importance of such scour features to fluvial sediment transport and morphological change is largely unknown. In this study, obstacle marks at boulder‐like obstructions were physically modelled in 30 unscaled process‐focused flume experiments (runtime per experiment ≥ 5760 min) at a range of flows (subcritical, clear‐water conditions, emergent and submerged water levels) and boundary conditions designed to represent the field setting (i.e. obstacle tilting, and limited thickness of the alluvial layer). Additionally, geometries of scour holes at 90 in‐situ boulders (diameter ≥ 1 m) located in a 50‐km segment of the Colorado River in Marble Canyon (AZ) were measured from a 1 m‐resolution digital elevation model. Flume experiments reveal similar evolution of local scouring, irrespective of hydraulic conditions, controlled by the scour incision, whereas the thickness of the alluvial layer and obstacle tilting into the evolving frontal scour hole limit incision. Three temporal evolution phases—(1) rapid incision, (2) decreasing incision, and (3) scour widening—are identified based on statistical analysis of spatiotemporal bed elevation time series. A quantitative model is presented that mechanistically predicts enlargement in local scour length and width based on (1) scour depth, (2) the inclination of scour slopes, and (3) the planform area of the frontal scour hole bottom. The comparison of field observations and laboratory results demonstrates scale invariance of geometry, which implies similitude of processes and form rather than equifinality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scripta Mediaevalia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Cuyo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tracing the journey of artistic engagements with the Indian Modernist artist Benode Behari Mukherjee's works, starting from Satyajit Ray's 1982 documentary 'Inner Eye' to a 2020 exhibition 'After Sight' in London, this article reassesses scholarly and artistic encounters with Benode Behari's artistic consciousness in the light of international Modernist art movements and the artist's lifelong search for an ideal form. The role of nature in the development of his artistic uniqueness and ingenuity is discussed; as Benode Behari has often been erroneously imagined as a metropolis-centric Modernist artist, thereby also bringing to focus the broad subject of the significance of nature and the pastoral idyll in the development of Bengali Modernism and modern South Asian artistic consciousness. In this piece, a trajectory of the reception of his works is also drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Szirtes’ modern dimensional analysis (MDA), the authors apply the theory to a real structure in order to validate by experimental measurements its applicability. After a presentation of the basic elements of the model law (ML), deduced for two relevant cases, the authors conceived the set of prototypes and models, based on the case of an actual construction pillar, physically performed at scales of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. The combination of these structural elements, made at different scales, resulted in three sets of prototypes and models. In this paper, taking into consideration the ML for two relevant cases, the following are presented: the original test stand of these structural elements; block diagram of the original electronic heating and control system; the basic considerations regarding the particularity of this heating system from the point of view of heat transfer; measurement data, obtained for both nonthermally protected elements and for those protected with layers of intumescent paints. In the last part of the paper, the values obtained by rigorous direct measurements with those offered by the ML on the elements considered as prototypes and models are compared. Almost identical values were obtained from the direct measurements with those provided by the ML, thus resulting in the validation of these laws. The same thermal regimes were applied to all these structural elements, with registration of every parameter related to these thermal regimes. Depending on the role of a structural element within a certain set (prototype-model), some of the measurement data were considered as data acquired directly through measurements, and others served as reference elements for those for which we had to obtain through the model law. In the last part of the paper, the sizes obtained by rigorous direct measurements are compared with those offered by the model law on the elements considered as prototypes and models. Identical practical values of the quantities were obtained from the direct measurements with those provided by the model law, thus resulting in the validation of these laws.

Style is the most powerful weapon that a writer uses in his work to reflect to readers his feelings and thoughts about a situation or event. The author makes a difference by putting the emotions and thoughts which he wants to convey through this tool. The manner in which the author uses the language and the language units in his works determines the style of his work. Also, it is the essence of what the author wants to tell us through the words. In this respect, the expression tools that an author uses in his work reveal the author’s style. The Russian humorist Arkadi Avercheno has a distinctive style in his work called “Black power”. He effectively applied satirical, humor and grotesque elements in his work. The most prominent elements of the stylistic feature of his works are the symbols and rhetorical figures reflecting the power of his expression. The author wants to draw the reader into his work with a dialogue style of expressive technique. He enriches his expressive mastery with literary symbols and rhetorical figures used during editing. The aim of this study is to analyze the humor of the master of Russian literarture Arkadi Averchenko, and the expressive power in his work “Black power” by examining the symbols and rhetorical figures of comparison and personification.

The dual-rotor system has been widely used in aero-engines and has the characteristics of large axial size, the interaction between the high-pressure rotor and low-pressure rotor, and stiffness nonlinearity of bolted joints. However, the testing of a full-scale dual-rotor system is expensive and time-consuming. In this paper, the scaling relationships for the dual-rotor system with bolted joints are proposed for predicting the responses of full-scale structure, which are developed by generalized and fundamental equations of substructures (shaft, disk, and bolted joints). Different materials between prototype and model are considered in the derived scaling relationships. Moreover, the effects of bolted joints on the dual-rotor system are analyzed to demonstrate the necessity for considering bolted joints in the similitude procedure. Furthermore, the dynamic characteristics for different working conditions (low-pressure rotor excitation, high-pressure rotor excitation, two frequency excitations, and counter-rotation) are predicted by the scaled model made of a relatively cheap material. The results show that the critical speeds, vibration responses, and frequency components can be predicted with good accuracy, even though the scaled model is made of different materials.

This article aims to identify the main researches in controllership developed in Brazil. There are several attributions and functions within the literature, so it is pertinent to analyze the scientific focus that turns to the controllership. Thus, this article contributes to the research in the area of controllership, since besides mapping the main periodicals and authors of the area; it also approaches from the methodological procedures, theories used and the results of them. The bases used for research were; SciELO, SPELL and CAPES. Thus, 124-articles were analyzed without temporal cut. According to the laws of bibliometric, four classification zones were elaborated, and the most published authors were identified, as well as the methodological procedures and theory approached. Through the analysis of similarity, the multidisciplinary is known for approaching regarding the decision making in terms of the utility and benefits for the stakeholders. However, in this analysis it was possible to identify that the results are faced towards only three approaches. And the more classes, more fronts of research can be observed. Finally, through the content analyzed, it was verified that the inherent field of knowledge of the controllership, comes from several areas of knowledge, which makes it a rich tool set to aid in organizational management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydropower is nowadays essential for balancing the electrical grid providing flexibility and fast response. The role of hydraulic turbines has changed from working at their Best Efficiency Point (BEP) to work in the whole operating range when demanded. Francis turbines working at off-design conditions suffer from dynamic problems that affect the useful life of their components, especially of the runner. Reduced scale physical models of Francis turbines are widely used to determine their hydraulic behavior. Most of the hydraulic parameters obtained in model tests are transposable to prototype by using the similarity theories as long as they meet similitude requirements. However, from the mechanical behavior point of view, both model and prototype structures are not always similar and the mechanical behavior of the model is often not considered for transposition. In this paper, a transposition method for the mechanical behavior of Francis turbines models is presented and the results are compared with the real size prototype. The modal behavior of the runner, its stress and fatigue life estimation for different operating conditions are experimentally compared for both model and prototype. Results present the possibilities and limitations of transposing the mechanical parameters from model to prototype. • A Francis turbine runner mechanical behavior is transposed from model to prototype. • Natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode-shapes transposition is studied. • Stress under operating conditions is transposed from model to prototype. • Relative damage between operating conditions is transposed from model to prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DEM soil model was calibrated to cone penetration on Norfolk sandy loam soil. • Soil-to-bulldozer blade interaction simulated in DEM at five length scales. • DEM based power fit scaling law fitted soil reaction forces and the length scales. • DEM predicted test with a linear regression fit (R2 = 0.9965 & slope = 0.9634). Limited studies have been conducted to establish scaling relationships of soil reaction forces and length scales of bulldozer blades using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) technique. With a DEM-based similitude scaling law, performance of industry-scale blades can be predicted at reduced simulation efforts provided a calibrated and validated DEM soil model is developed. DEM material properties were developed to match soil cone penetration testing. The objectives of the study were to develop a DEM soil model for Norfolk sandy loam soil, establish a scaled relationship of soil reaction forces to bulldozer blade length scales (n = 0.24, n = 0.14, n = 0.10, and n = 0.05), and validate the DEM-predicted soil reaction forces on the scaled bulldozer blades to the Norfolk sandy loam soil bin data. Using 3D-scanned and reconstructed DEM soil aggregate shapes, Design of Experiment (DOE) of soil cone penetration testing was used to develop a soil model and a soil-bulldozer blade simulation. A power fit best approximated the relationship between the DEM-predicted soil horizontal forces and the bulldozer blade length scale (n) (R2 = 0.9976). DEM prediction of soil horizontal forces on the bulldozer blades explained the Norfolk sandy loam soil data with a linear regression fit (R2 = 0.9965 and slope = 0.9634). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a study of the relationship between the dynamic characteristics of a full-size structure and its scaled version. By understanding the similitude laws and suitably scaling material properties, one can utilize an efficient scale model to obtain realistic structural performance. The main goal is to identify whether the natural frequencies of a coupled fluid-structure system follow the same similitude law as the full-size structure and its scaled prototype. The coupled fluid-structure systems are those where the structural behavior affects the fluid response and the fluid behavior affects the structural response so both must be solved, i.e., coupled together, to obtain the interacting solution. Scaling of the structure in specific numerical analysis defines two models that are similar in their geometry and material properties and is considered only in relation to the need for laboratory testing of engineering models. The finite element representation of a laboratory tested physical model is a bridge between this small-scale prototype and the computational model of a real structure. A thin-walled water storage tank with a simple cylindrical geometry is adopted for the analysis as representative of a coupled fluid-structure system whose dynamic behavior is strongly influenced by the presence of fluid and neither the structure nor the fluid alone governs the response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meaningful laws of nature must be independent of the units employed to measure the variables. The principle of similitude (Rayleigh, Nature 95:66–68, 1915) or dimensional homogeneity, states that only commensurable quantities (ones having the same dimension) may be compared, therefore, meaningful laws of nature must be homogeneous equations in their various units of measurement, a result which was formalized in the π theorem (Vaschy, Ann Tél 19:25–28, 1892 ; Buckingham, Phys Rev 4:345–376, 1914). However, most relations in allometry do not satisfy this basic requirement, including the "3/4 Law" (Kleiber, Hilgardia 6:315–351, 1932) that relates the basal metabolic rate and body mass, besides it is sometimes claimed to be the most fundamental biological rate (Brown et al., Ecol 85:1771–1789, 2004) and the closest to a law in life sciences (West and Brown, Phys Today 57:36–42, 2004). Using the π theorem, here we show that it is possible to construct an unique homogeneous equation for the metabolic rates, in agreement with data in the literature. We find that the variations in the dependence of the metabolic rates on body mass are secondary, coming from variations in the allometric dependence of the heart frequencies. This includes not only different classes of animals (mammals, birds, invertebrates) but also differences during rest and exercise (basal and maximal metabolic rates). Our results demonstrate that most of the differences found in the allometric exponents (White et al., Ecol 88:315–323, 2007) are due to compare incommensurable quantities and that our dimensionally homogenous formula, unify these differences into a single formulation. We discuss the ecological implications of this new formulation in the context of the Malthusian's, Fenchel's, and the total energy consumed in a lifespan relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]