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An epidemiological analysis assessing beverage consumption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease was conducted. Participants were 9-16 years old at enrolment, completed food frequency questionnaires in 1996-2001 and self-reported outcomes in 2010-2014. Exclusion criteria included missing data on relevant variables and covariates, prevalent disease before 2005, and implausible/extreme weight or energy intake. Intakes of orange juice, apple/other fruit juice, sugar-sweetened beverages and diet soda were related to the risk of incident hypertension or hyperlipidaemia using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for diet, energy intake, age, smoking, physical activity and body mass index. There were 9,043 participants with 618 cases of hypertension and 850 of hyperlipidaemia in 17 years of mean follow-up. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake but not fruit juice nor diet soda was associated with hypertension (hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.16 (1.03, 1.31)) in males. This study can guide beverage consumption as it relates to early predictors of cardiovascular disease.

Inspiratory flow limitation means that when the flowrate reaches a certain value, it no longer increases, or even decreases, which is called negative effort dependence flow limitation, even if the inspiration effort is increased. This occurs often in obstructive sleep apnea patients, but its mechanism remains unclear. To reveal the mechanism of inspiratory flow limitation, we constructed a unique partially collapsible in-vitro upper airway model of obstructive sleep apnea patients to observe the change of airway resistance with inspiratory driving pressure. The important findings demonstrate that with the increase of inspiratory effort, the driving pressure increases faster than the airway resistance in the early stages, and then the reverse occurs as the airway becomes narrower. The airway collapse caused by the transmural pressure can lead to a rapid increase in downstream resistance with the increase of inspiratory effort, which is the key reason causing the flow reduction and the formation of typical negative effort dependence flow limitation. The mechanical mechanism revealed in this study will lead to fully new insights into the study and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

The urban green space (UGS) is essential for characterizing urban spatial configurations, ecological properties and environmental conservation. Thus, the urban green space is fundamental to urban planning management and renewal. UGS is mainly composed of park green areas, which are the public service facility providing people with outdoor activity spaces, so that UGS has a great impact on the protection of residents’ mental and physical health. Therefore, the reasonable layout of urban green space is of great significance. In this study, we took central area of Chongqing City as an example to study the accessibility of urban green spaces using very-high-resolution (VHR) remote sensing images by the network analysis model. The result showed that (1) both the spatial distribution information of urban green spaces and road network can be presented to provide urban-function information using VHR; (2)the accessible service area of urban green spaces in the study area accounted for 27.80% within 45 minutes;(3) and the equity of accessibility of UGS in Yuzhong District was the best.The accessibility analysis of urban green spaces is the basis of sustainable urban Planning.

Background There are concerns that fruit juice and milk contribute to childhood obesity. Objective Determine the relationship between fruit juice and milk intakes and body mass index (BMI) change among preadolescents/adolescents. Methods Participants aged 9 to 16 years old from the Growing Up Today Study II completed surveys including validated food frequency questionnaires in 2004, 2006 and 2008. The contributions of one serving of juice or milk to total energy intake and 2-year change in BMI were evaluated using multiple linear regression. Additional analyses were conducted with subgroups of juice (orange juice and other fruit juice) and milk (low fat and high fat). Missing values for BMI were imputed using a multiple imputation approach, after which data from 8173 participants and 13 717 2-year interval observations were analysed. Results Baseline fruit juice consumption was inversely associated with BMI change in girls (β = -.102 kg/m2 , SE = 0.038, P value = .008) but not boys after controlling for race, age, baseline BMI, and baseline and 2-year changes in total energy intake and physical activity. Orange juice was inversely associated with BMI change among girls (β = -.137 kg/m2 , SE = 0.053, P value = .010) while other fruit juice, low fat and high fat milk were not associated with BMI change. Conclusion Orange juice was inversely associated with 2-year BMI change among preadolescent/adolescent girls but not boys and there were no significant associations with other juices or milk among either gender.

Functionalized 5-substituted thiazolidine-2-thiones were synthesized efficiently from alkyl allyl(alkyl/aryl)-dithiocarbamates via radical cyclization with the corresponding S-alkyl O-ethyl xanthates as the adscititious radical precursors. The application of the adscititious radical precursors improves not only the yields, but also the efficiency in the radical cyclization reaction significantly. The current adscititious radical precursor method provides a new strategy for the achievement and improvement of some radical reactions which are hardly or difficultly realized by the traditional direct methods.

Functionalized 5-substituted thiazolidine-2-thiones were synthesized efficiently from alkyl allyl(alkyl/aryl)-dithiocarbamates via radical cyclization with the corresponding S-alkyl O-ethyl xanthates as the adscititious radical precursors. The application of the adscititious radical precursors improves not only the yields, but also the efficiency in the radical cyclization reaction significantly. The current adscititious radical precursor method provides a new strategy for the achievement and improvement of some radical reactions which are hardly or difficultly realized by the traditional direct methods.