139 results on '"Simbabwe"'
Search Results
2. A Transformative Social Policy Perspective on Land and Agrarian Reform in Zimbabwe.
- Author
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Chipenda, Clement
- Subjects
LAND reform ,SOCIAL policy ,RURAL poor ,COVID-19 pandemic ,WELL-being - Abstract
Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Belonging and Agrarian Labour Exchanges in Zimbabwe: Navigating Between Communal Areas and Fast Track Villagised Settlements.
- Author
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Marewo, Malvern Kudakwashe
- Subjects
KINSHIP ,LAND reform ,LAND tenure ,AGRICULTURAL productivity ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Paul’s Ethics of Reconciliation in Dialogue with Ndebele and Shona Ethnic Cohesion
- Author
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Gusha, Ishanesu Sextus
- Subjects
Paulus ,Apostel, Heiliger ,Theologische Ethik ,Schona ,Minderheitenfrage ,Matabele ,Versöhnung ,Simbabwe ,thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRM Christianity - Abstract
The tension between the Ndebele and Shona people dates back to the pre-colonial era and this has been one of the major threats to Zimbabwe’s peace. Ethnic tensions have resulted in the loss of thousands of lives since the country’s independence in 1980, especially during the Entumbane clashes and Gukurahundi massacres. The government has in several ways tried to bring social cohesion between the two ethnic groups but with limited success. Four examples are: the initiatives done through the 1980 reconciliation pronouncement by Prime Minster Robert Mugabe, 1987 Unity Accord between PF ZAPU and ZANU PF, the Government of National Unity, and the Commission on National Healing and Reconciliation of 2008. The failures are mainly attributed to amnesia and the unwillingness to repent from past evils by the perpetrators. Seemingly, the major problem may be attributed to the fact that interested parties often played the mediatory role; and one cannot objectively be both player and referee. In addition, over the years, the church through her ecumenical bodies has tried to build bridges between the two ethnic groups but all the efforts were also fruitless due to the unwillingness by the government to take recommendations from the church and civic organisations. The thesis proposes Pauline ethics regarding reconciliation in the Corinthian correspondence as inspiration for social cohesion between the Ndebele and Shona tribes. As hermeneutical tools, Paul’s key symbols such as Christ, the Cross of Christ, Ambassador, New Creation, and Baptism shall be deployed as epistemological lenses in promoting identity tags that go beyond ethnicity. I propose that, for these symbols to be effective, the following recommendations should be taken seriously; setting up of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), refraining from using ethnic offensive language, introduction of Ndebele and Shona languages in primary and secondary schools in the provinces dominated by these two ethnic groups, substituting ethnic provincial names with neutral ones, substituting ethnic registration system of people with a neutral one, and the devolution of power.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Non-Electoral Executive Turnover and Low-Capacity Democracy in Southern Africa.
- Author
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Munier, Nathan
- Subjects
ELECTIONS ,DEMOCRACY ,POLITICAL parties ,EXECUTIVES ,CONFLICT management ,DEMOCRATIZATION - Abstract
Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. 'The wounded Beast?'
- Author
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Biri, Kudzai
- Subjects
Alleinerziehende Mutter ,Gesellschaft ,Religion ,Pfingstbewegung ,Alleinstehende Frau ,Simbabwe ,thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRM Christianity - Abstract
BiAS 28/ ERA 6 captures the experiences of single women in Zimbabwe. It brings out the indigenous cultural socialisations that negatively impact on them. The vibrancy of Pentecostalism did not save them from stigma and negative perceptions but rather fuels their challenges and misery. The over-glorification of marriage over and above singlehood and in extreme cases denunciation of singlehood, has implications for single women, especially for those who have divorced. The attitudes and perceptions towards single women in the families, society and Church are largely adversarial and do not attach dignity and value, in a nation where marriage and motherhood remain important and cherished statuses. Therefore, the author adopts a multi-dimensional approach in analysing and critiquing the pitfalls of Shona indigenous cultures, limitations of Pentecostal gender ideology and proffers avenues that can create safe spaces for single women.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Religion and Social Marginalization in Zimbabwe
- Author
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Togarasei, Lovemore, Bishau, David, and Chitando, Ezra
- Subjects
Soziale Situation ,Marginalität ,Aufsatzsammlung ,Christentum ,Simbabwe ,thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general - Abstract
Marginalization means being disregarded, ostracized, harassed, disliked, persecuted, or generally looked down upon. Marginalized people often include women and children, the poor, the disabled, sexual, religious, or ethnic minorities, refugees. The marginalized are those who are socially, politically, culturally, or economically excluded from main-stream society. In history, the Church in Zimbabwe has played a role in improving the lives of the marginalized, but what is religion, especially Christianity, doing for the marginalized now? Although religion is also implicated in marginalisation, the contributions in this volume did not address this angle as they focused on the role that religion can and should play to fight marginalization. The chapters come from two conferences (2012, 2014) that were held under the flag of ATISCA. The contributions have been updated to include later developments and publications.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Ten Things to Watch in Africa in 2023
- Author
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German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien, Basedau, Matthias, Grauvogel, Julia, German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien, Basedau, Matthias, and Grauvogel, Julia
- Abstract
Russia's war against Ukraine has accelerated international competition for influence in Africa. Structural weaknesses and post-pandemic instabilities continue to threaten achievements in the fields of democratic governance, peace and security, as well as development. We present a select list and analysis of "ten things to watch" in Africa in 2023. Politics: Democratic quality will depend on the nature of polls, as the electoral calendar is heavily packed. Important general elections that could trigger social unrest are scheduled in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe. Peace and security: Against the backdrop of continued structural-conflict risks, Jihadism and related ethno-regional tensions pose a major security challenge that may spill over to neighbouring states, especially from the Sahel to West African coastal countries. The recent ceasefire in Ethiopia's Tigray Region could be a first positive step towards peace. International arena: Amid Russia's war against Ukraine, many African governments were reluctant to join the international coalition condemning the Putin regime. Continued Western pressure on African countries to isolate Russia fosters African agency. At the same time, we expect to see an intensifying "new scramble for Africa" that includes both China and Middle Eastern countries. Socio-economic development: African countries will slowly rebound from the COVID-19 pandemic's socio-economic effects, but high poverty, inequality, and government debt hamper economic growth. Progress on joint efforts to counter the climate crisis remains slow. Western support for African countries in their struggle for democracy, peace and security, as well as development requires a "new start" that focuses on prevention rather than ad hoc responses to current crises. The European Union and United States should avoid lapsing into Cold War habits of only assisting African governments if they "break away" from Russia. Germany needs to formulate a sound
- Published
- 2023
9. Market-driven harvesting of non-timber forest products and the governance of communal forests in the south-east lowveld of Zimbabwe
- Author
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Rusinamhodzi, Grace
- Subjects
Simbabwe ,Forstwirtschaft ,Forstnebenprodukt ,Lowveld ,Gemeindewald - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Deportationen aus Südafrika Heutige und historische politische Kontexte und Abschiebepraktiken.
- Author
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Schäfer, Rita
- Subjects
RIGHT of asylum ,DEPORTATION ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,CONTRADICTION ,POLICE ,MASS migrations - Abstract
For several years, South Africa has been a world leader in deporting people en masse. This paper analyses the contradictions that exist between South Africa's progressive asylum and refugee laws and its very rigid practice of mass deportation. These contradictions are instrumentalised by the Department of Home Affairs as part of a policy to control and manipulate migration, often executed by the police in a violent and arbitrary manner; the authorities primarily target people from Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The article argues that the current state of affairs can only be fully understood within historical context. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that rigid controls of immigration and the practice of deportation were established during the colonial period and institutionalised during apartheid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Ten Things to Watch in Africa in 2023
- Author
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Basedau, Matthias, Grauvogel, Julia, and German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien
- Subjects
socioeconomic development ,democracy ,poverty ,Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ,Armut ,domestic policy ,Musik ,Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ,Ghana ,epidemic ,Russia ,Germany ,Benin ,Guinea-Bissau ,internationale Beziehungen ,Political science ,Sport ,economic development (on national level) ,politische Entwicklung ,Klimawandel ,social inequality ,sozioökonomische Entwicklung ,international relations ,Innenpolitik ,internationaler Konflikt ,Zentralafrikanische Republik ,Kongo ,economic growth ,ethnischer Konflikt ,Central African Republic ,Äthiopien ,Morocco ,climate change ,Togo ,Wettbewerb ,Russland ,Elfenbeinküste ,politics ,sports ,internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ,Ukraine ,Ivory Coast ,Nahost ,competition ,Demokratie ,Krieg ,Politik ,Zimbabwe ,China ,Politikwissenschaft ,Fußball ,Marokko ,Wirtschaftsentwicklung ,Nigeria ,politische Situation ,Westafrika ,election ,Epidemie ,Wahl ,Islam ,soziale Ungleichheit ,Wahlbeobachtung ,Innenpolitischer Konflikt ,Politischer Islam ,Tigray ,Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg ,Wirtschaftliche Interessen ,Afrikapolitik ,Pandemie ,COVID-19 ,Ehrung ,Auszeichnung ,Grammy Award ,Congo, Republic of the ,politisches Interesse ,Middle East ,Afrika südlich der Sahara ,political development ,West Africa ,music ,war ,innere Sicherheit ,Deutschland ,Abstimmung ,Africa South of the Sahara ,political situation ,Sahel Region ,Wirtschaftswachstum ,ethnic conflict ,political interest ,International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ,soccer ,Simbabwe ,voting ,ddc:320 ,Sahel-Zone ,Guinea ,Ethiopia ,Popkultur ,international conflict ,domestic security ,pop culture ,ddc:327 - Abstract
Russia's war against Ukraine has accelerated international competition for influence in Africa. Structural weaknesses and post-pandemic instabilities continue to threaten achievements in the fields of democratic governance, peace and security, as well as development. We present a select list and analysis of "ten things to watch" in Africa in 2023. Politics: Democratic quality will depend on the nature of polls, as the electoral calendar is heavily packed. Important general elections that could trigger social unrest are scheduled in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe. Peace and security: Against the backdrop of continued structural-conflict risks, Jihadism and related ethno-regional tensions pose a major security challenge that may spill over to neighbouring states, especially from the Sahel to West African coastal countries. The recent ceasefire in Ethiopia's Tigray Region could be a first positive step towards peace. International arena: Amid Russia's war against Ukraine, many African governments were reluctant to join the international coalition condemning the Putin regime. Continued Western pressure on African countries to isolate Russia fosters African agency. At the same time, we expect to see an intensifying "new scramble for Africa" that includes both China and Middle Eastern countries. Socio-economic development: African countries will slowly rebound from the COVID-19 pandemic's socio-economic effects, but high poverty, inequality, and government debt hamper economic growth. Progress on joint efforts to counter the climate crisis remains slow. Western support for African countries in their struggle for democracy, peace and security, as well as development requires a "new start" that focuses on prevention rather than ad hoc responses to current crises. The European Union and United States should avoid lapsing into Cold War habits of only assisting African governments if they "break away" from Russia. Germany needs to formulate a sound Africa policy that balances values and national interests with realistic assessments of the policy's potential in light of bigger players like China.
- Published
- 2023
12. Inklusion als 'paradoxical space'? Überlegungen zu inklusiver Bildung im Globalen Süden
- Author
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Lux, Hendrik
- Subjects
School ,Special education for the handicapped ,Ägypten ,Teacher education ,Teachers' training ,Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen ,Sonderpädagogik ,Cross-national comparison ,Afrika ,Education ,ddc:370 ,Lehrerbildung ,Special needs education ,Cameroon ,Partizipation ,Remedial instruction sciences ,Internationaler Vergleich ,International comparison ,Inclusion ,Schule ,%22">Südafrika ,Namibia ,Kamerun ,Simbabwe ,Interkulturelle und International Vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaft ,Grounded Theory ,Africa ,Egypt ,Inklusion - Abstract
Dass bestehende Ungleichheitsverhältnisse die Ausbildung inklusiver Bildungssysteme auch global prägen und behindern können, zeigt Hendrik Lux. Er verortet sich in aktuelle Debatten der international vergleichenden Inklusionsforschung und untersucht anhand von Experteninterviews und Materialien verschiedene „paradoxical spaces“ im ägyptischen Schulwesen. (DIPF/Orig.)
- Published
- 2023
13. Home Alone: South Africa's Regional Predicament
- Author
-
German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien, Soest, Christian von, German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien, and Soest, Christian von
- Abstract
South Africa finds itself in a severe internal crisis that has serious implications for its neighbours. As the regional hegemon is turning inwards, it has largely been unable to engage in regional crises in a constructive and meaningful way. As a result, we see a worrying downward trend in Southern Africa, traditionally a haven of stability in Africa. The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified South Africa's social and economic woes. Unemployment has reached an all-time high; more than half of the youth cannot find a job and live in poverty. This has bred public discontent and protest. The governing African National Congress (ANC) is ravaged by internal power struggles between "traditionalists" and the "reformers" around current president Cyril Ramaphosa. While official investigations have exposed deeply ingrained corruption in state-owned companies, the ANC suffered a serious blow in the November 2021 local elections. Being preoccupied with its domestic challenges, the government has largely remained inactive in responding to gross human rights violations in neighbouring Zimbabwe and eSwatini. Additionally, authoritarian Rwanda, not South Africa, has led the regional response to jihadist violence, deploying elite troops to quell the Islamist insurgency in Mozambique's Cabo Delgado region. The European Union and Germany both have a strong interest in further supporting South Africa and thereby also the broader Southern Africa region: South Africa is one of the world's few democratic regional powers: it can be a core partner in fighting the global climate crisis, and its progressive constitution closely aligns with the new German government's focus on promoting human rights and women's empowerment. Finally, with more than 600 German companies present in South Africa, German business interests would profit from fostering stability in the country and the Southern African region.
- Published
- 2022
14. Happy Ever After? The Marriage Market as a Source of Societal Instability
- Author
-
German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien, Hartwig, Renate, German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien, and Hartwig, Renate
- Abstract
There is a long-standing idea that societies with too many men, particularly young and single men - the so-called "bare branches" - have a tendency for vice, risk-taking and violence, ultimately threatening social order and stability. Marriage is an important marker for adulthood across the globe. Yet, participation in the marriage market - looking for a spouse and forming a union - in sub-Saharan Africa is constrained, and the marriage market is an important institution shaping and maintaining inequality in income and opportunities. Traditional marriage practices, such as that of polygyny, where one man is married to more than one woman at the same time, are still prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and lead to a situation where some men, particularly the young, struggle to find a wife and start a family. Having more men than women in the marriage market gives rise to competition amongst men, spurring frustration and anger among those that struggle to find a bride. The imbalance between men and women in the marriage market has been associated with increasing rebel attacks and intergroup conflict in the region. Hence, there is a palpable need to pay more attention to the marriage market, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries, many of which are already struggling with political and societal instability. A more complete characterisation of the marriage market and its actors is necessary to better understand the underlying forces that cause young and unmarried men to gravitate towards violence. Governments must begin to recognise the importance of the marriage market as an institution perpetrating injustices and economic grievances. At the same time, targeted strategies need to be developed that recognise and address perceived inequalities and thus pre-empt promises by extremist groups, who exploit the relative dearth of brides as a recruitment strategy. Targeted information campaigns and appeals are only short-term solutions. Direct interventions in the marriage m
- Published
- 2022
15. Labour Organising under Authoritarian Regimes
- Author
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Ceruti, Claire and Ceruti, Claire
- Abstract
Diese Sammlung liefert Geschichte und Hintergrundinformationen zum Verständnis des Autoritarismus in Ländern von Russland bis eSwatini und von Brasilien bis zu den Philippinen sowie konzeptionelle Ansätze zum Verständnis des Autoritarismus und des Widerstands dagegen, spezifische praktische Erfahrungen beim Aufbau internationaler Solidarität und Debatten, die sich aus diesem Gebot ergeben. Die Kapitel befassen sich mit der Konvergenz von Politik und gewerkschaftlicher Organisierung im Autoritarismus, mit dem Einsatz von Arbeitsgesetzen und -institutionen zur Unterdrückung von Arbeit, mit Alternativen zu herkömmlichen Gewerkschaften, wenn diese kooptiert oder verboten sind, und mit der Behandlung von Flüchtlingen auf ungleichen Arbeitsmärkten. Das Buch richtet sich an Gewerkschaftsaktivisten, Wissenschaftler und Arbeitnehmer überall., This collection provides the history and background necessary to understand authoritarianism in countries ranging from Russia to eSwatini and from Brazil to the Philippines, as well as conceptual lenses for understanding authoritarianism and resistance to it, specific practical experiences of establishing international solidarity and debates emerging from that imperative. Its chapters cover the convergence of politics with the organisation of labour under authoritarianism, the use of labour laws and institutions to suppress labour, alternatives to conventional trade unions where unions are co-opted or banned, and the treatment of refugees in unequal labour markets. This book will appeal to labour activists, scholars and workers everywhere.
- Published
- 2022
16. Disaster Governance in Conflict-Affected Authoritarian Contexts: The Cases of Ethiopia, Myanmar, and Zimbabwe
- Author
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Desportes, Isabelle, Hilhorst, Dorothea, Desportes, Isabelle, and Hilhorst, Dorothea
- Abstract
Disaster governance in conflict areas is of growing academic concern, but most existing research comprises either single case studies or studies of a variety of country contexts that group all types of conflict together. Based on three case studies, this article offers a middle-ground scenario-based approach, focusing on disaster governance in authoritarian contexts experiencing low-intensity conflict. Low-intensity conflict is characterized by intense political tensions and violence that is more readily expressed in ways other than direct physical harm. Inspired by Olson's (2000) maxim that disasters are intrinsically political, this article explores the politics of disaster response by asking what is at stake and what happened, unpacking these questions for state, civil society, and international humanitarian actors. Using data from a total of one year of qualitative fieldwork, the article analyzes disaster governance in 2016 drought-ridden Ethiopia, marked by protests and a State of Emergency; 2015 flooded Myanmar, characterized by explosive identity politics; and 2016-2019 drought-ridden Zimbabwe, with its intense socioeconomic and political turbulence. The study's findings show how framing and power processes in disaster governance - comprising state and non-state actors - largely lean toward the state, with the consequence that political interests, rather than needs assessments, steer who and what will be protected from disaster impact.
- Published
- 2022
17. The Design and Impacts of Individual Sanctions: Evidence From Elites in Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe
- Author
-
Portela, Clara, Laer, Thijs van, Portela, Clara, and Laer, Thijs van
- Abstract
Since the 1990s, sanctions senders like the European Union, the United States, and the United Nations have been imposing visa bans and asset freezes on individuals as a key element of their sanctions packages. Notwithstanding the growing centrality that individual sanctions have acquired in international sanctions practice, little is known about the impact of sanctions listings on designees. Some researchers have scrutinised targeting choices, while others have explored the effects of sanctions on designees. However, no study has yet examined the fit between targeting choices and impacts on designees. First, we interrogate the theory of targeted sanctions to identify the expectations that it generates. Second, we examine the effects on designees and contrast them with the targeting logic of the sender, in a bid to ascertain their fit. Our analysis of the cases of Côte d'Ivoire (2010-2011) and Zimbabwe (2002-2017) benefits from original interview material.
- Published
- 2022
18. Bob's Out, the Croc Is In: Continuity or Change in Zimbabwe?
- Author
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Southall, Roger
- Subjects
FOREIGN investments ,POLITICAL systems - Abstract
Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Evaluating the role of climate smart agriculture towards sustainable livelihoods in Mutare district, Zimbabwe
- Author
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Muzorewa, William and Chitakira, Munyaradzi
- Subjects
productivity ,Nachhaltigkeit ,adaptation ,Produktivit��t ,Simbabwe ,Resilienz ,Klima��nderung ,conservation agriculture ,climate smart agriculture ,livelihood strategies ,Landwirtschaft ,Anpassung ,resilience ,Lebensunterhalt ,Konservierende Bodenbearbeitung - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Too Soon to Tell? Land Reform in Zimbabwe Too Soon to Tell? Die Landreform in Zimbabwe
- Author
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Roger Southall
- Subjects
sociology ,domestic policy, agricultural reforms, land tenure ,300, 320,322,330,333 ,Zimbabwe ,present ,Soziologie ,Innenpolitik, Agrarreform, Grundbesitz ,Simbabwe ,Gegenwart ,History of Africa ,DT1-3415 ,International relations ,JZ2-6530 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Review Article: Ian Scoones, Nelson Marongwe, Blasio Mavedzenge, Jacob Mahenehene, Felix Murimbarimba and Crispen Sukume (2010), Zimbabwe’s Land Reform: Myths and Realities, London: James Currey, ISBN 978-1-84701-024-7; Harare: Weaver Press, ISBN 978-1-77922-110-0; Johannesburg: Jacana Media, ISBN 978-1-77009-985-2, 272 pp.Morgan Tsvangirai (with T. William Barongo) (2011), Morgan Tsvangirai: At the Deep End, Johannesburg: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14302-682-2, 564 pp.Review Article: Ian Scoones, Nelson Marongwe, Blasio Mavedzenge, Jacob Mahenehene, Felix Murimbarimba and Crispen Sukume (2010), Zimbabwe’s Land Reform: Myths and Realities, London: James Currey, ISBN 978-1-84701-024-7; Harare: Weaver Press, ISBN 978-1-77922-110-0; Johannesburg: Jacana Media, ISBN 978-1-77009-985-2, 272 pp.Morgan Tsvangirai (with T. William Barongo) (2011), Morgan Tsvangirai: At the Deep End, Johannesburg: Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14302-682-2, 564 pp.
- Published
- 2011
21. Africa for Africans or Africa for 'Natives' Only? 'New Nationalism' and Nativism in Zimbabwe and South Africa Afrika für Afrikaner oder Afrika nur für „Eingeborene'? „Neuer Nationalismus' und Nativismus in Zimbabwe und Südafrika
- Author
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Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni
- Subjects
Political Science ,Nationalism ,Ethnic/national groups ,Political culture ,305 ,324 ,Africa ,South Africa ,Zimbabwe ,Present ,Politikwissenschaft ,Nationalismus ,Ethnie/Volk ,Politische Kultur ,Afrika ,Südafrikanische Republik ,Simbabwe ,Gegenwart ,History of Africa ,DT1-3415 ,International relations ,JZ2-6530 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
This article makes historical sense of the recent signs of the metamorphosis of nationalism into nativism in Zimbabwe and South Africa. The central thesis of the article is that the resurgence of Afro-radicalism and nativism in post-settler and post-apartheid societies partly reflected deeprooted antinomies of black liberation thought and partly current ideological conundrums linked to the limits of both the African national project and global liberal democracy. Dismissals and sententious approaches towards nativism do not help in understanding the current issues in Zimbabwe and South Africa. There is the need to revisit the issues of imaginings of the African liberation agenda together with issues of the resolution of the national question, teleology of the liberation, ownership of strategic resources, knowledge production, control of public discourse, imaginations of the nation and visions of citizenship and democracy. Making sense of nativism provides an oblique entry into an interrogation of the current status of the African national project in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Dieser Artikel stellt die in jüngster Zeit aufgetretenen Zeichen einer Entwicklung von Nationalismus hin zu Nativismus in Zimbabwe und Südafrika in einen historischen Kontext. Als zentrale These des Artikels wird dargelegt, dass das Wiederaufleben von Afro-Radikalismus und Afro-Nativismus in Post-Kolonial- und Post-Apartheidgesellschaften zum Teil tief verwurzelte Widersprüche im schwarzen Befreiungsdenken sowie aktuelle ideologische Fragestellungen widerspiegelt, die sowohl mit den Grenzen des afrikanischen nationalen Entwurfs als auch der globalen freiheitlichen Demokratie in Bezug stehen. Ein Leugnen und eine moralisierende Betrachtungsweise des Nativismus tragen nicht zum Verständnis der aktuellen Probleme in Zimbabwe und Südafrika bei. Vielmehr ist es notwendig, die Themen und Vorstellungen des afrikanischen Befreiungsprogramms im Zusammenhang mit einer Reihe von Themen neu zu reflektieren. Dazu gehören die Lösung der nationalen Frage, Teleologie der Befreiung, Besitz der strategischen Ressourcen, Wissensschöpfung, Kontrolle der öffentlichen Meinungsäußerung sowie Vorstellungen von Nation, Staatsbürgerschaft und Demokratie. Den Nativismus zu verstehen, schafft einen außergewöhnlichen Zugang zur Analyse des aktuellen Zustandes des afrikanischen nationalen Entwurfs in Zimbabwe und Südafrika.
- Published
- 2009
22. The Design and Impacts of Individual Sanctions: Evidence From Elites in Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe
- Author
-
Clara Portela and Thijs Van Laer
- Subjects
Zimbabwe ,Public Administration ,Sociology and Political Science ,united nations ,Politikwissenschaft ,Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Sicherheitspolitik ,Peace and Conflict Research, International Conflicts, Security Policy ,Internationale Beziehungen ,Political science (General) ,sanction ,Afrika südlich der Sahara ,côte d’ivoire ,Political science ,european union ,UN Security Council ,Africa South of the Sahara ,impact of sanctions ,UNO-Sicherheitsrat ,International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ,Simbabwe ,ddc:320 ,Sanktion ,Auswirkung ,impact ,Elfenbeinküste ,International relations ,targeted sanctions ,internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ,EU ,Ivory Coast ,zimbabwe ,JA1-92 ,ddc:327 - Abstract
Since the 1990s, sanctions senders like the European Union, the United States, and the United Nations have been imposing visa bans and asset freezes on individuals as a key element of their sanctions packages. Notwithstanding the growing centrality that individual sanctions have acquired in international sanctions practice, little is known about the impact of sanctions listings on designees. Some researchers have scrutinised targeting choices, while others have explored the effects of sanctions on designees. However, no study has yet examined the fit between targeting choices and impacts on designees. First, we interrogate the theory of targeted sanctions to identify the expectations that it generates. Second, we examine the effects on designees and contrast them with the targeting logic of the sender, in a bid to ascertain their fit. Our analysis of the cases of Côte d’Ivoire (2010–2011) and Zimbabwe (2002–2017) benefits from original interview material.
- Published
- 2022
23. Home Alone: South Africa's Regional Predicament
- Author
-
von Soest, Christian and German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Afrika-Studien
- Subjects
socioeconomic development ,Korruption ,domestic policy ,conflict ,corruption ,epidemic ,Wirkung ,violence ,Wahlergebnis ,Republik Südafrika ,Political science ,Mozambique ,Gewalt ,economic development (on national level) ,politische Entwicklung ,sozioökonomische Entwicklung ,effect ,Innenpolitik ,government ,Protest ,Regierung ,Bundesrepublik Deutschland ,Lesotho ,foreign policy ,Republic of South Africa ,impact ,Southern Africa ,Zimbabwe ,governability ,Politikwissenschaft ,Wirtschaftsentwicklung ,Kommunalwahl ,election ,Federal Republic of Germany ,Epidemie ,Wahl ,Islam ,Mosambik ,political development ,international system ,Madagascar ,Regierbarkeit ,Außenpolitik ,politisches System ,Abstimmung ,autoritäres System ,Madagaskar ,südliches Afrika ,election result ,local election ,political system ,authoritarian system ,Konflikt ,Simbabwe ,voting ,ddc:320 ,Auswirkung ,internationales System ,EU - Abstract
South Africa finds itself in a severe internal crisis that has serious implications for its neighbours. As the regional hegemon is turning inwards, it has largely been unable to engage in regional crises in a constructive and meaningful way. As a result, we see a worrying downward trend in Southern Africa, traditionally a haven of stability in Africa. The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified South Africa's social and economic woes. Unemployment has reached an all-time high; more than half of the youth cannot find a job and live in poverty. This has bred public discontent and protest. The governing African National Congress (ANC) is ravaged by internal power struggles between "traditionalists" and the "reformers" around current president Cyril Ramaphosa. While official investigations have exposed deeply ingrained corruption in state-owned companies, the ANC suffered a serious blow in the November 2021 local elections. Being preoccupied with its domestic challenges, the government has largely remained inactive in responding to gross human rights violations in neighbouring Zimbabwe and eSwatini. Additionally, authoritarian Rwanda, not South Africa, has led the regional response to jihadist violence, deploying elite troops to quell the Islamist insurgency in Mozambique's Cabo Delgado region. The European Union and Germany both have a strong interest in further supporting South Africa and thereby also the broader Southern Africa region: South Africa is one of the world's few democratic regional powers: it can be a core partner in fighting the global climate crisis, and its progressive constitution closely aligns with the new German government's focus on promoting human rights and women's empowerment. Finally, with more than 600 German companies present in South Africa, German business interests would profit from fostering stability in the country and the Southern African region.
- Published
- 2022
24. Migrants' self-perception of technical skills and occupational realities. A case of Zimbabwean school-leaver migrants in Botswana
- Author
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Hondonga, Jerald, Ramaligela, Sylvia Manto, and Makgato, Moses
- Subjects
Produktive Fertigkeit ,Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen ,Vocational training ,Selbstwahrnehmung ,Integration ,Arbeitsmarkt ,Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik ,370 Erziehung, Schul- und Bildungswesen ,Afrika ,Labor market ,Education ,Questionnaire survey ,ddc:370 ,School leaver ,Fragebogenerhebung ,Empirische Bildungsforschung ,Mixed-Methods-Design ,Interview ,Job Skills ,Qualification ,Vocational Education ,Botswana ,Empirische Untersuchung ,Niedrig Qualifizierter ,Migrant ,Labour Market ,Empirical study ,Simbabwe ,Berufsausbildung ,Berufsbildung ,Africa ,Schulabgänger ,370 Education ,Vocational education and training ,Qualifikation ,Self-perception - Abstract
European journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults 13 (2022) 2, S. 171-191, The level of technical skills affects the integration of migrants into the host country’s labour market. This study investigated the relationship between Zimbabwean schoolleaver migrants’ self-perception of technical skills and occupational realities. A mixed method research design was used in this study and systematic sampling was used to select respondents for the study. Questionnaires were administered on 60 respondents to collect quantitative data whilst 19 respondents provided qualitative data using semi-structured interviews. Findings suggested that most low-skilled migrants from Zimbabwe faced several challenges including failure to secure formal employment, obtain work and residence permits because of their low-level technical skills and qualifications. This challenge further affects migrants’ social integration and economic status in the host country. Findings also revealed that there are no strategies to provide skills to migrant labour to assist them to join the mainstream labour market and reduce their life challenges in Botswana. (DIPF/Orig.)
- Published
- 2022
25. Deportationen aus Südafrika
- Author
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Rita Schäfer
- Subjects
History ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Immigration ,Einwanderungspolitik ,violence ,Deportation ,xenophobia ,deportation ,right of asylum ,Siedlerkolonie ,settler colony ,Geschichte ,Republik Südafrika ,Umsiedlung ,Ausländerfeindlichkeit ,Migration ,Mozambique ,Abschiebung ,Gewalt ,media_common ,Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ,Social History, Historical Social Research ,05 social sciences ,resettlement ,Colonial period ,flight ,Republic of South Africa ,ddc:300 ,Flucht ,migration policy ,050703 geography ,ddc:900 ,Zimbabwe ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Refugee ,0507 social and economic geography ,Context (language use) ,Migrationspolitik ,Apartheid ,050701 cultural studies ,Rassenpolitik ,Politics ,Political science ,Verstehen ,Mosambik ,Migration, Sociology of Migration ,Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ,Asylrecht ,historische Entwicklung ,historical development ,Simbabwe ,racial policy ,immigration policy ,Humanities ,Sozialgeschichte, historische Sozialforschung - Abstract
Leseprobe ----- Zusammenfassung Sudafrika ist hinsichtlich der kontinuierlich hohen Zahlen an Abschiebungen seit Jahren weltweit fuhrend. Der Beitrag ergrundet die Gegensatze zwischen der im internationalen Vergleich als innovativ geltenden Asylgesetzgebung und einer rigiden Abschiebungspraxis. Zudem untersucht er Abschiebungen als wichtiges Instrument des sudafrikanischen Innenministeriums zur Migrationssteuerung, zumal die Polizei sie oftmals willkurlich und gewaltsam durchfuhrt. Davon sind vor allem Menschen aus Mosambik und Simbabwe betroffen. Diese Probleme sind nur zu verstehen – so die grundlegende These –, wenn eine empirische Detailanalyse vorgenommen wird und historische Zusammenhange aufgezeigt werden. Denn rigide Einwanderungskontrollen und Abschiebungen wurden bereits in der Kolonialzeit etabliert und wahrend der Apartheid institutionalisiert. Schlagworter: Sudafrika, Simbabwe, Mosambik, Abschiebungen, Asylrecht, Migrationspolitik, Apartheid, Siedlerkolonie ----- Deportations from South Africa – Current and Historical Political Contexts and Practices of Deportation Abstract For several years, South Africa has been a world leader in deporting people en masse. This paper analyses the contradictions that exist between South Africa’s progressive asylum and refugee laws and its very rigid practice of mass deportation. These contradictions are instrumentalised by the Department of Home Affairs as part of a policy to control and manipulate migration, often executed by the police in a violent and arbitrary manner; the authorities primarily target people from Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The article argues that the current state of affairs can only be fully understood within historical context. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that rigid controls of immigration and the practice of deportation were established during the colonial period and institutionalised during apartheid. Keywords: South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, deportations, asylum law, migration policy, Apartheid, settler colony ----- Bibliographie: Schafer, Rita: Deportationen aus Sudafrika. Heutige und historische politische Kontexte und Abschiebepraktiken, PERIPHERIE – Politik • Okonomie • Kultur, 3-2019, S. 412-436. https://doi.org/10.3224/peripherie.v39i3.05
- Published
- 2020
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26. Zimbabwe's Social Policy Response to Covid-19: Temporary Food Relief and Cash Transfers
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Universität Bremen, SFB 1342 Globale Entwicklungsdynamiken von Sozialpolitik / CRC 1342 Global Dynamics of Social Policy, Chipenda, Clement, Tom, Tom, Universität Bremen, SFB 1342 Globale Entwicklungsdynamiken von Sozialpolitik / CRC 1342 Global Dynamics of Social Policy, Chipenda, Clement, and Tom, Tom
- Abstract
Zimbabwe’s social policy response to Covid-19 unfolded in a context of enduring socioeconomic and political crises. Its main instruments were temporary food relief and cash transfers, though it also included healthcare measures, an economic stimulus package, pension benefits, and “cushioning allowances”. The expansion of food relief and cash transfers was based on existing social protection programmes, and beneficiaries were, at least in theory determined through means-testing and targeting. Local and international civil society organisations supported the government’s response. While the breadth and timing of Zimbabwe’s social policy response are noteworthy, it remained largely inadequate and temporary.
- Published
- 2021
27. Disaster Governance in Conflict-Affected Authoritarian Contexts: The Cases of Ethiopia, Myanmar, and Zimbabwe
- Author
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Dorothea Hilhorst, Isabelle Desportes, Disaster Research Unit, Freie Universität Berlin, International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), Erasmus University Rotterdam (ISS), Academic staff unit, and Freie Universität Berlin
- Subjects
natural disaster ,Public Administration ,Sociology and Political Science ,conflict ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,Myanmar ,politisches Regime ,Ökologie und Umwelt ,State (polity) ,Autoritarismus ,050602 political science & public administration ,Naturkatastrophe ,Ökologie ,lcsh:JA1-92 ,media_common ,Governance ,myanmar ,[SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology ,Ecology ,Katastrophenschutz ,Corporate governance ,05 social sciences ,Authoritarianism ,16. Peace & justice ,0506 political science ,Staatsformen und Regierungssysteme ,disaster response ,Äthiopien ,authoritarianism ,political regime ,governance ,disaster control ,Political System, Constitution, Government ,Ethiopia ,Zimbabwe ,humanitarian ,politics ,zimbabwe ,Civil society ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Systems of governments & states ,Ecology, Environment ,Politics ,lcsh:Political science (General) ,State of emergency ,Political science ,ddc:577 ,innere Sicherheit ,autoritäres System ,Identity politics ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,authoritarian system ,Konflikt ,[SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science ,Simbabwe ,Framing (social sciences) ,Political economy ,ddc:321 ,ethiopia ,Staat, staatliche Organisationsformen ,domestic security - Abstract
International audience; Disaster governance in conflict areas is of growing academic concern, but most existing research comprises either single case studies or studies of a variety of country contexts that group all types of conflict together. Based on three case studies, this article offers a middle-ground scenario-based approach, focusing on disaster governance in authoritarian contexts experiencing low-intensity conflict. Low-intensity conflict is characterized by intense political tensions and violence that is more readily expressed in ways other than direct physical harm. Inspired by Olson’s (2000) maxim that disasters are intrinsically political, this article explores the politics of disaster response by asking what is at stake and what happened, unpacking these questions for state, civil society, and international humanitarian actors. Using data from a total of one year of qualitative fieldwork, the article analyzes disaster governance in 2016 drought-ridden Ethiopia, marked by protests and a State of Emergency; 2015 flooded Myanmar, characterized by explosive identity politics; and 2016–2019 drought-ridden Zimbabwe, with its intense socioeconomic and political turbulence. The study’s findings show how framing and power processes in disaster governance—comprising state and non-state actors—largely lean toward the state, with the consequence that political interests, rather than needs assessments, steer who and what will be protected from disaster impact.
- Published
- 2020
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28. Zimbabwe - Survey of funding policy and practice of the German Protestant relief organizations EZE and BfdW, 1980-1993 [in German]
- Author
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Kohnert, Dirk and Kohnert, Dirk
- Abstract
The development policy concepts of the ‘Brot für die Welt’ (BfdW) and ‘Evangelische Zentralstelle für Entwicklungshilfe’ (EZE) exemplary, both in terms of their content and in terms of their formulation, in comparison with other non-governmental organizations (NGOs) worldwide. A conceptual weak point, however, is their rather ecclesiastical postulate, based on general church policies, i.e. that the pastoral mandate on the one side and the charitable or development policy mandate on the other could easily be reconciled without compromise. In the practice of development cooperation, this postulate leads to the dogmatisation of the choice of the local partner overseas, irrespectively of their qualification. Yet, exactly this form of labour-division is demanded by most of the donor- and partner institutions in pursuit of their shared principle of equal partnership and their maxim of helping the people to help themselves. This is an impact study of programmes and projects of the above named relief organizations in Zimbabwe, 1980 to 1993.
- Published
- 2020
29. Deportationen aus Südafrika: Heutige und historische politische Kontexte und Abschiebepraktiken
- Author
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Schäfer, Rita and Schäfer, Rita
- Abstract
Südafrika ist hinsichtlich der kontinuierlich hohen Zahlen an Abschiebungen seit Jahren weltweit führend. Der Beitrag ergründet die Gegensätze zwischen der im internationalen Vergleich als innovativ geltenden Asylgesetzgebung und einer rigiden Abschiebungspraxis. Zudem untersucht er Abschiebungen als wichtiges Instrument des südafrikanischen Innenministeriums zur Migrationssteuerung, zumal die Polizei sie oftmals willkürlich und gewaltsam durchführt. Davon sind vor allem Menschen aus Mosambik und Simbabwe betroffen. Diese Probleme sind nur zu verstehen - so die grundlegende These -, wenn eine empirische Detailanalyse vorgenommen wird und historische Zusammenhänge aufgezeigt werden. Denn rigide Einwanderungskontrollen und Abschiebungen wurden bereits in der Kolonialzeit etabliert und während der Apartheid institutionalisiert., For several years, South Africa has been a world leader in deporting people en masse. This paper analyses the contradictions that exist between South Africa’s progressive asylum and refugee laws and its very rigid practice of mass deportation. These contradictions are instrumentalised by the Department of Home Affairs as part of a policy to control and manipulate migration, often executed by the police in a violent and arbitrary manner; the authorities primarily target people from Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The article argues that the current state of affairs can only be fully understood within historical context. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that rigid controls of immigration and the practice of deportation were established during the colonial period and institutionalised during apartheid.
- Published
- 2020
30. What are we Talking about when we Talk about Fragile States?
- Author
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Jackson, Paul
- Subjects
- *
FAILED states , *STATE, The - Abstract
This article aims to analyse some of the complexity in identifying types and stages of state failure in Africa. It takes three states, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Each has emerged from conflict and is at a different stage of authoritarian rule. The article compares the nature of their failure, its historical evolution and causes. The core argument is that there are numerous dimensions of state failure that cannot be picked up by static indices. In particular, current attempts to provide 'objective' measures of state failure fail to take into account the evolution of failure within states. The article outlines a possible further line of enquiry based on taking account of stages of failure beyond post-conflict. Finally, the article suggests that the policy issue for the international community is how to prevent Sierra Leone from developing into a situation as that in Zimbabwe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
31. Zimbabwe still at the Crossroads?
- Author
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Welz, Martin and Junk, Julian
- Subjects
- *
APPEASEMENT (Diplomacy) , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *SOCIAL change , *POLITICAL stability ,ZIMBABWEAN politics & government, 1980- - Abstract
This article examines the larger political picture of Zimbabwe, focusing on last year's developments at the domestic, regional and international level. It finds that Zimbabwe is on a downward spiral of domestic stalemate, regional appeasement and international half-heartedness, and that there is need for a coherent strategic effort to replace this triad with domestic change, regional active engagement and international steady commitment. Otherwise, both Zimbabwe and the region risk long-term instability with devastating national and regional consequences. In the end, the article outlines and assesses various scenarios for the future development of Zimbabwe, of which the most likely is status quo conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
32. Simbabwe nach Mugabe: Akteure, Reformen, Konfliktfelder
- Author
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Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit, Müller, Melanie, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit, and Müller, Melanie
- Abstract
Fast vier Jahrzehnte herrschte Robert Mugabe über Simbabwe, bis er im November 2017 zum Abgang gezwungen wurde. Welche Entwicklung hat das Land seither genommen? Sind die Reformen, die Mugabes Nachfolger Emmerson Mnangagwa angekündigt hat, bereits umgesetzt oder zumindest initiiert worden? Die Analyse zeigt, dass die derzeitige Akteurskonstellation in Simbabwe einem wirklichen politischen und ökonomischen Wandel im Wege steht. Dem Präsidenten ist es nicht gelungen, Zweifel an seiner Reformwilligkeit zu zerstreuen und sichtbare Veränderungen zu bewirken. Machtkämpfe in der Mehrheitspartei ZANU-PF blockieren die Reformprozesse. Zudem hat sich die Polarisierung zwischen der Regierung einerseits und der Opposition und Teilen der Zivilgesellschaft andererseits seit den Wahlen im Juli 2018 weiter verschärft. Internationale Geber befinden sich in einer Zwickmühle. Sie registrieren die Zuspitzung der ökonomischen und sozialen Krise in Simbabwe, können aber angesichts der Schwerfälligkeit des Reformprozesses und des gewaltsamen Vorgehens gegen die Opposition nicht einfach zu einer Normalisierung der Beziehungen zu Simbabwe übergehen. Die Studie plädiert trotzdem dafür, von neuen Sanktionen abzusehen und den Dialog mit der simbabwischen Regierung aufrechtzuerhalten. Denn Sanktionen würden höchstwahrscheinlich zur Abkopplung Simbabwes vom Westen führen und die Lebensbedingungen der Zivilbevölkerung weiter verschlechtern. Die desperate ökonomische Situation des Landes bietet einen Hebel, um auf die Führung in Harare einzuwirken. Deutschland und die EU sollten dieses Gelegenheitsfenster nutzen, sich für ein geschlossenes Auftreten aller Geber einsetzen und klare Bedingungen formulieren, die die Regierung Simbabwes erfüllen muss, bevor sie auf Unterstützung rechnen darf. (Autorenreferat)
- Published
- 2019
33. Erinnerungen an politisch motivierte Gewalt in Simbabwe: Kontroversen über das Gedenken an die Opfer der Gukurahundi-Massaker
- Author
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Schäfer, Rita and Schäfer, Rita
- Published
- 2019
34. Transport and Access to Inclusive Education in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
- Author
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M Deluca and Maria Kett
- Subjects
social participation ,030506 rehabilitation ,Economic growth ,inclusive education ,Sociology and Political Science ,Individualverkehr ,Kind ,public transportation ,infrastructure ,Sociology & anthropology ,Exklusion ,Social integration ,Entwicklungsland ,Verkehrsmittel ,participation ,Sociology ,Social science ,transport solutions ,children with disabilities ,child ,Schulweg ,Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie ,05 social sciences ,social exclusion ,Verkehrssoziologie ,social integration ,Social engagement ,accessibility ,lcsh:Sociology (General) ,Soziale Probleme und Sozialdienste ,Public transport ,Bildungs- und Erziehungssoziologie ,soziale Integration ,ddc:301 ,Behinderung ,Bildungschance ,Southern Africa ,0305 other medical science ,Sociology of Education ,tricycles ,Zimbabwe ,Social Psychology ,Mobilitätsbarriere ,lcsh:HM401-1281 ,school attendance ,Developing country ,soziale Partizipation ,educational opportunity ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sozialwesen, Sozialplanung, Sozialarbeit, Sozialpädagogik ,way to school ,0502 economics and business ,Sociology of Developing Countries, Developmental Sociology ,Sociology of Traffic ,exclusion ,050210 logistics & transportation ,Government ,südliches Afrika ,business.industry ,Social Work, Social Pedagogics, Social Planning ,Infrastruktur ,developing country ,choice of means of transport ,mobility barrier ,Schulbesuch ,private motor vehicle traffic ,Simbabwe ,ddc:360 ,Sustainable transport ,disability ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,Verkehrsmittelwahl ,means of transport ,Social exclusion ,öffentlicher Verkehr ,Social problems and services ,business - Abstract
Lack of accessible transportation is considered a major barrier to education for children with disabilities—children already far less likely to attend school. While millions of children face challenges with getting to school, including long distances, poor roads, lack of transport and safety issues, these can be compounded for children with disabilities. Yet there is little data from low and middle-income countries on the nature and extent of this exclusion, or on attempted solutions. This paper explores some practical options for improving transport as part of providing inclusive education for children with disabilities in low income countries, as well applying concepts of transport-related social exclusion in such contexts. The paper reviews a project designed to improve sustainable transportation to school for children with disabilities in four districts in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The most common solution was three wheel motorbikes (tricycles) with trailers. Whilst not been unproblematic, teachers, parents and the wider communities overwhelmingly agree that they have supported children with disabilities to attend school. Obviously tricycles are not the only component needed for an inclusive education system, but they are a start. The paper also highlights some crucial gaps in current approaches, key among which is the fact the most government departments work in silos. Whilst inclusive education is strongly supported by the Zimbabwean Government, there is a lack of joined up thinking between transport and education ministries. Without stronger collaboration across ministries children with disabilities will continue to experience avoidable barriers and transport-related social exclusion. (author's abstract)
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- 2016
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35. Evaluation of Jatropha Biofuels Value Chain for Sustainability and Food Security : a Conceptual Framework Approach
- Author
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Mwewa, Lameck and Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Subjects
Zimbabwe ,Malawi ,Nachhaltigkeit ,Biokraftstoff ,ddc:300 ,Jatropha ,sustainability ,Nahrungsmittelsicherheit ,Simbabwe ,foof security ,South Africa ,Mosambik ,Südafrika ,biofuel ,value chain - Abstract
When the biofuels agenda gained momentum globally, many SADC member states considered to implement biofuels (take note: not bioenergy) programmes as they looked at the potential to diversify the agriculture sector and foster rural development in the region. Several projects, driven mainly by foreign investors, were introduced and implemented in the region but (most if not all) failed to deliver on the promises and left many people desperate. This eroded the trust that governments had in biofuels significantly. As a result, many SADC countries condemned Jatropha-based biofuels and even pronounced measures to discourage the introduction of biofuels as they feared that it would impact negatively on food production, the environment, economy and the people.Most of the SADC member states biophysical conditions are potentially suitable to grow most of the suggested feedstock crops as there seem to be a comparable abundant suitable land to grow both energy and food crops. This is true especially for Angola, DRC, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. Even though the SADC region has agricultural ecological conditions and adequate policy framework that can support most biofuels feedstock production, there is very little evidence to show on the ground in terms of biofuels projects except for the ethanol generation capacities and programme in Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.This study contributed to finding possible solutions to a very complex problem of biofuels value chain development, food security and sustainability by evaluating the potentials, conditions and challenges of agro-based feedstock production systems in the SADC region. A conceptual Diversion-Based Evaluation Framework (DBEF) that integrates other assessment tools was developed and applied to evaluate potential diversions and their impacts at project, national and/or even sub continental-region levels. A mixed methods research design approach to inquiry that combines both qualitative and quantitative empirical methods was therefore adopted to conduct this research. It involved conducting experiments to assess the potential of Jatropha and other energy crops in relation to biophysical conditions, CO2 sequestration and climate change mitigation, development of a diversion-based evaluation framework (DBEF), conducting questionnaire driven surveys, interest and expert groups interviews, performing target beneficiary assessment and meta evaluations of implemented projects for sustainability and food security using the framework.Several projects implemented using different feedstock production models in four SADC countries were used to evaluate biofuels value chain development risks against sustainability and potential to harm food production and food security. Diversion of land was found to be of considerable high risk for investor and PPP driven models even in countries with abundant arable land and water (due to potential displacements) while farm input diversions (e.g. labour, finances, extension services) were identified to pose potential high risk for out-grower production models.This study concluded that a hybrid integrated approach to designing policies and programmes for biofuel value chains that puts local needs and context, triangulated with national or Africa sub-continental macro-economic needs aspects, is critical for sustainability than a neo-liberal top-down approach. The later tend to create dependencies that can cause disruption of food production systems, markets and possible irreparable damage to people s livelihoods and the environment in medium to long terms.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Erinnerungen an politisch motivierte Gewalt in Simbabwe: Kontroversen über das Gedenken an die Opfer der Gukurahundi-Massaker
- Author
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Rita Schäfer
- Subjects
politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ,Zimbabwe ,politische Entwicklung ,südliches Afrika ,culture of remembrance ,Politikwissenschaft ,political violence ,Geography, Planning and Development ,developing country ,politische Gewalt ,Simbabwe ,Massaker ,ddc:320 ,Entwicklungsland ,political development ,Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ,Southern Africa ,Political science ,Erinnerungskultur ,massacre - Abstract
Leseprobe ----- Bibliographie: Schafer, Rita: Erinnerungen an politisch motivierte Gewalt in Simbabwe. Kontroversen uber das Gedenken an die Opfer der Gukurahundi-Massaker, PERIPHERIE – Politik • Okonomie • Kultur, 1-2019, S. 63-77. https://doi.org/10.3224/peripherie.v39i1.05
- Published
- 2019
37. Simbabwe nach Mugabe: Akteure, Reformen, Konfliktfelder
- Author
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Müller, Melanie, Stiftung Wissenschaft Und Politik, and Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik -SWP- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit
- Subjects
Zimbabwe ,non-governmental organization ,nichtstaatliche Organisation ,Politikwissenschaft ,national state ,conflict ,domestic policy ,politische Situation ,political movement ,political reform ,Internationale Beziehungen ,Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ,Political science ,politisches System ,politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ,political situation ,international relations ,political system ,Partei ,Innenpolitik ,Konflikt ,International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ,politische Reform ,politische Bewegung ,Mugabe, R. G ,Mnangagwa, E ,Simbabwe ,ddc:320 ,party ,internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ,ddc:327 ,Staat - Abstract
Fast vier Jahrzehnte herrschte Robert Mugabe über Simbabwe, bis er im November 2017 zum Abgang gezwungen wurde. Welche Entwicklung hat das Land seither genommen? Sind die Reformen, die Mugabes Nachfolger Emmerson Mnangagwa angekündigt hat, bereits umgesetzt oder zumindest initiiert worden? Die Analyse zeigt, dass die derzeitige Akteurskonstellation in Simbabwe einem wirklichen politischen und ökonomischen Wandel im Wege steht. Dem Präsidenten ist es nicht gelungen, Zweifel an seiner Reformwilligkeit zu zerstreuen und sichtbare Veränderungen zu bewirken. Machtkämpfe in der Mehrheitspartei ZANU-PF blockieren die Reformprozesse. Zudem hat sich die Polarisierung zwischen der Regierung einerseits und der Opposition und Teilen der Zivilgesellschaft andererseits seit den Wahlen im Juli 2018 weiter verschärft. Internationale Geber befinden sich in einer Zwickmühle. Sie registrieren die Zuspitzung der ökonomischen und sozialen Krise in Simbabwe, können aber angesichts der Schwerfälligkeit des Reformprozesses und des gewaltsamen Vorgehens gegen die Opposition nicht einfach zu einer Normalisierung der Beziehungen zu Simbabwe übergehen. Die Studie plädiert trotzdem dafür, von neuen Sanktionen abzusehen und den Dialog mit der simbabwischen Regierung aufrechtzuerhalten. Denn Sanktionen würden höchstwahrscheinlich zur Abkopplung Simbabwes vom Westen führen und die Lebensbedingungen der Zivilbevölkerung weiter verschlechtern. Die desperate ökonomische Situation des Landes bietet einen Hebel, um auf die Führung in Harare einzuwirken. Deutschland und die EU sollten dieses Gelegenheitsfenster nutzen, sich für ein geschlossenes Auftreten aller Geber einsetzen und klare Bedingungen formulieren, die die Regierung Simbabwes erfüllen muss, bevor sie auf Unterstützung rechnen darf. (Autorenreferat)
- Published
- 2019
38. Researching the dynamics of birth registration and social exclusion for child rights advocacy: the unique role of qualitative research
- Author
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Chereni, Admire and Chereni, Admire
- Abstract
In response to the persistent problem of deficient birth registration, NGO-led coalitions in Zimbabwe are seeking to build a strong case for prioritizing universal birth registration. Beside efforts to amplify children's right to birth registration as defined in international rights conventions, these coalitions seek to construct a causal relationship between birth registration and social exclusion outcomes. The idea that the absence of birth registration intensifies social exclusion for children has become something of a mantra in birth registration activism, but despite the surveys conducted in Zimbabwe and other developing countries, data to demonstrate the dynamic interplay of birth registration and social exclusion are lacking. In this article I illustrate that qualitative research can bridge this gap and strengthen birth registration activism., Von NGOs geführte Koalitionen in Zimbabwe engagieren sich für eine deutliche Verbesserung der kontinuierlich defizitären Geburtenregistrierung. Neben dem Insistieren auf dem in internationalen Konventionen zugesicherten Recht wird hierzu eine kausale Beziehung zwischen Geburtenregistrierung einerseits und sozialer Exklusion bzw. Inklusion andererseits betont. Die Idee, eine fehlende Registrierung intensiviere soziale Exklusion ist zu einer Art Mantra der Aktivist/innen geworden, ihr fehlt aber eine empirische Fundierung: Trotz Surveys, die in Zimbabwe und anderen Entwicklungsländern erhoben werden, fehlen Erhebungen, die das dynamische Zusammenspiel von Geburtenregistrierung und Exklusion/Inklusion nachzuvollziehen erlauben würden. In diesem Beitrag versuche ich zu zeigen, in welcher Weise qualitative Sozialforschung helfen kann, diese Lücke zu schließen und die Aktivitäten in Richtung einer umfassenden Geburtenregistrierung zu stützen.
- Published
- 2018
39. Review: Godfrey Kanyenze, Herbert Jauch, Alice D. Kanengoni, Masego Madzwamuse, and Deprose Muchena (eds), Towards Democratic Developmental States in Southern Africa (2017)
- Author
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Melber, Henning and Melber, Henning
- Published
- 2018
40. Bob's Out, the Croc Is In: Continuity or Change in Zimbabwe?
- Author
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Southall, Roger and Southall, Roger
- Abstract
The military-assisted ousting of Robert Mugabe as president of Zimbabwe and his replacement by Emmerson Mnangagwa was widely welcomed by Zimbabweans. However, hopes of significant change were dashed by the nature of his cabinet appointments, which indicated greater continuity than change vis-à-vis the Mugabe era. Mnangagwa is likely to pursue an agenda of authoritarian reform: rendering the economy more attractive for foreign investment while maintaining political control from above., Die vom Militär Zimbabwes unterstützte Entfernung Robert Mugabes aus dem Präsidentenamt und seine Ersetzung durch Emmerson Mnangagwa wurde von den Bürgern des Landes weitgehend begrüßt. Durch die Zusammensetzung seines Kabinetts jedoch, die eher Kontinuität zur Mugabe-Ära als politischen Wandel signalisierte, wurden alle Hoffnungen auf einen deutlichen Wandel enttäuscht. Mnangagwa wird voraussichtlich eine Agenda autoritärer Reform verfolgen, indem er versucht, die Attraktivität des Landes für Auslandsinvestitionen zu steigern und gleichzeitig die politische Kontrolle von oben aufrechtzuerhalten.
- Published
- 2018
41. The water cycle
- Author
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Nyongesa, Andrew and Nyongesa, Andrew
- Abstract
The Water Cycle is tremendously scenic and realistic in depiction of the plight of the African child in the midst of clash of Western and African cultures. This novel presents a captivating rendition of a clash of cultures and is a well-woven, heart rending tragedy of a man at the crossroads of two cultures.
- Published
- 2018
42. Death or Dearth of Democracy in Zimbabwe?
- Author
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David Moore
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Zimbabwe ,democracy ,descriptive study ,Sociology and Political Science ,Politikwissenschaft ,media_common.quotation_subject ,lcsh:DT1-3415 ,deskriptive Studie ,Development ,Public administration ,present ,Sociology & anthropology ,Afrika ,lcsh:Social Sciences ,anglophones Afrika ,Afrika südlich der Sahara ,Political science ,Entwicklungsland ,Sociology of Developing Countries, Developmental Sociology ,elections, political parties, international relations ,Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ,Africa South of the Sahara ,media_common ,politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ,320, 321, 323, 324 ,südliches Afrika ,Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie ,developing country ,lcsh:International relations ,Democracy ,Simbabwe ,lcsh:H ,lcsh:History of Africa ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,ddc:320 ,English-speaking Africa ,Africa ,Political Science and International Relations ,Political culture ,political science ,ddc:301 ,Southern Africa ,Demokratie ,lcsh:JZ2-6530 - Abstract
Constribution to the Debate on the Political Culture in (Southern) African States in Africa Spectrum .
- Published
- 2014
43. Zimbabwean Politics in the Post-2013 Election Period
- Author
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Brian Raftopoulos
- Subjects
Battle ,Sociology and Political Science ,Afrika ,westliche Welt ,Entwicklungsland ,political science, development studies ,Political science ,media_common ,320, 324, 330 ,lcsh:International relations ,Economy ,foreign policy ,domestic policy, international relations, ZANU-PF, MDC ,politics ,Southern Africa ,lcsh:JZ2-6530 ,Cultural Studies ,Politik ,Zimbabwe ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Politikwissenschaft ,lcsh:DT1-3415 ,Developing country ,Public policy ,Development ,Nationalismus ,present ,lcsh:Social Sciences ,Politics ,anglophones Afrika ,Afrika südlich der Sahara ,Western world ,nationalism ,Außenpolitik ,Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ,Africa South of the Sahara ,International relations ,politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ,südliches Afrika ,developing country ,Domestic policy ,Nationalism ,Simbabwe ,lcsh:H ,lcsh:History of Africa ,Foreign policy ,Political economy ,Political Science and International Relations ,ddc:320 ,English-speaking Africa ,Africa - Abstract
"Die Wahlen in Zimbabwe von 2013 haben den Griff Mugabes und der ZANU-PF auf die Politik des Landes gefestigt. Der Wahlausgang ist das Resultat einer Kombination verschiedener Faktoren. Dazu gehören nicht nur die Langzeitwirkungen der ZANU-PF-Unterdrückungspolitik, die mit einem radikal-nationalistischen Diskurs begründet wird, sondern auch die Veränderungen der Sozialstruktur infolge der politischen und ökonomischen Umgestaltungen seit den späten 1990er Jahren. Nach den Wahlen von 2013 haben die enormen ökonomischen Probleme, vor denen das Land steht, das Mugabe-Regime gezwungen, einen konzilianteren Ton anzuschlagen; auf der Suche nach wirtschaftlicher Unterstützung bemüht man sich um eine Wiederannäherung an den Westen. Beim Versuch, diesen ökonomischen Herausforderungen zu begegnen, muss die ZANU-PF auch mit dem zunehmenden Kampf in den eigenen Reihen um die Nachfolge Mugabes fertig werden, denn seine Regierungszeit nähert sich dem Ende." (Autorenreferat), "The 2013 elections in Zimbabwe confirmed the grip of Mugabe and ZANU-PF on Zimbabwean politics. The electoral outcome was the result of a combination of factors that included not only the longterm legacy of ZANU-PF's coercive politics, constructed through a radical nationalist discourse, but also the changes in the social structure of the country as a result of the reconfiguration of Zimbabwe's political economy since the late 1990s. In the aftermath of the 2013 elections, the enormous economic constraints confronting the country have forced the Mugabe regime to take a more conciliatory tone as it seeks to re-engage with the West in the search for economic assistance. In its attempts to find a path through these economic challenges, ZANU-PF must also contend with the growing battle for succession within the party as Mugabe's rule draws to an end." (author's abstract)
- Published
- 2014
44. Becoming Zimbabwe or Becoming Zimbabwean: Identity, Nationalism and State-building
- Author
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Alois S. Mlambo
- Subjects
allgemeine Geschichte ,Zimbabwe ,Cultural Studies ,History ,Sociology and Political Science ,nationale Identität ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Land Question ,Identity (social science) ,Identitätsbildung ,Systems of governments & states ,Nationalismus ,Development ,Colonialism ,Nationenbildung ,Kolonialzeit bis heute ,Politics ,multikulturelle Gesellschaft ,State (polity) ,Geschichte ,Entwicklungsland ,nationalism ,national identity ,Sociology ,postkoloniale Gesellschaft ,Citizenship ,post-colonial society ,media_common ,südliches Afrika ,identity formation ,General History ,historische Entwicklung ,developing country ,Gender studies ,State-building ,historical development ,Nationalism ,Staatsformen und Regierungssysteme ,Simbabwe ,Zimbabwe, nation and state-building, society, national identity ,Political System, Constitution, Government ,Staatenbildung ,Political Science and International Relations ,ddc:321 ,multicultural society ,Staat, staatliche Organisationsformen ,Southern Africa ,ddc:900 ,state formation - Abstract
This lecture explores the processes of identity-making and state-building in a multi-ethnic and multiracial society recently emerging from a protracted armed struggle against racially ordered, settler-colonial domination. It explores the extent to which historical factors, such as the nature of the state, the prevailing national political economy, and regional and international forces and developments have shaped notions of belonging and citizenship over time and have affected state-building efforts. The role of the postcolonial state and economy, political developments and the land question in shaping the postcolonial dispensation is also examined. The lecture argues that, like most African states created by colonialism, Zimbabwe is not yet a nation and that it is only in the process of becoming. It also comments on the role of historians in shaping notions of nationhood and identity. Dieser Beitrag – ursprünglich eine Antrittsvorlesung – sondiert Identitäts- und Staatsbildungsprozesse in der multi-ethnischen Gesellschaft Zimbabwes, die erst vor verhältnismäßig kurzer Zeit aus einem langwierigen bewaffneten Kampf gegen eine nach rassistischen Kriterien geschichtete Siedler-Kolonie hervorgegangen ist. Untersucht wird, inwieweit historische Faktoren – wie die Struktur des Staates, die vorrangige nationale politische Ökonomie sowie regionale und internationale Kräfte und Entwicklungen – die Vorstellungen von Zusammengehörigkeit und Staatsbürgerschaft geprägt und die Bemühungen um die Bildung des neuen Staates beeinflusst haben, aber auch, inwieweit die entstandene Gesellschaftsordnung durch die postkoloniale Entwicklung von Staat, Wirtschaft und Politik sowie der Landfrage gestaltet wurde. Der Autor argumentiert, dass Zimbabwe – wie die meisten Staaten Afrikas, die durch den Kolonialismus geschaffen wurden – noch keine Nation ist, sondern sich erst im Prozess des Werdens befindet. Zudem verweist er auf die Rolle von Historikern bei der Gestaltung von Vorstellungen zu Nationalstaatlichkeit und Identität.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Review: Godfrey Kanyenze, Herbert Jauch, Alice D. Kanengoni, Masego Madzwamuse, and Deprose Muchena (eds), Towards Democratic Developmental States in Southern Africa (2017)
- Author
-
Melber, Henning
- Subjects
socioeconomic development ,Zimbabwe ,politische Entwicklung ,Malawi ,women's policy ,Botswana ,südliches Afrika ,democracy ,sozioökonomische Entwicklung ,Entwicklungsländersoziologie, Entwicklungssoziologie ,Frauenpolitik ,soziale Gerechtigkeit ,Namibia ,Sociology & anthropology ,Simbabwe ,Angola ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,political development ,Republic of South Africa ,social justice ,Sociology of Developing Countries, Developmental Sociology ,Republik Südafrika ,ddc:301 ,Southern Africa ,Demokratie - Published
- 2017
46. Researching the dynamics of birth registration and social exclusion for child rights advocacy: the unique role of qualitative research
- Author
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Chereni, Admire
- Subjects
narrative ,content analysis ,data acquisition ,Erzählung ,Sociology & anthropology ,Afrika ,Expertenbefragung ,Exklusion ,birth ,Bevölkerung ,lcsh:Social sciences (General) ,birth registration ,Geburt ,Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie ,Narration ,social exclusion ,common knowledge ,child advocacy ,key informant interviews ,lived experience ,motivational frame ,qualitative research ,experiential knowledge ,ddc:300 ,lcsh:H1-99 ,ddc:301 ,Sociology of Science, Sociology of Technology, Research on Science and Technology ,Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie ,Inhaltsanalyse ,social research ,Zimbabwe ,qualitative Methode ,expert survey ,Population Studies, Sociology of Population ,motivation ,Erfahrungswissen ,Interview ,Social sciences, sociology, anthropology ,Sozialforschung ,exclusion ,Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften ,Forschung ,children's rights ,research ,Kinderrechte ,Simbabwe ,Methods and Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis, Statistical Methods, Computer Methods ,qualitative method ,inclusion ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,Datenerfassung ,Alltagswissen ,Africa ,Inklusion - Abstract
In response to the persistent problem of deficient birth registration, NGO-led coalitions in Zimbabwe are seeking to build a strong case for prioritizing universal birth registration. Beside efforts to amplify children's right to birth registration as defined in international rights conventions, these coalitions seek to construct a causal relationship between birth registration and social exclusion outcomes. The idea that the absence of birth registration intensifies social exclusion for children has become something of a mantra in birth registration activism, but despite the surveys conducted in Zimbabwe and other developing countries, data to demonstrate the dynamic interplay of birth registration and social exclusion are lacking. In this article I illustrate that qualitative research can bridge this gap and strengthen birth registration activism. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1701104, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, Vol 18, No 1 (2017)
- Published
- 2017
47. Sanctions and Signals: How International Sanction Threats Trigger Domestic Protest in Targeted Regimes
- Author
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Grauvogel, Julia, Licht, Amanda A., and Soest, Christian von
- Subjects
protest behavior ,Zimbabwe ,Politikwissenschaft ,Fallstudie ,opposition ,legitimacy ,politischer Konflikt ,Internationale politische Konflikte ,Innerstaatlicher Konflikt ,Politischer Protest ,Multilateral ,Menschenrechtsschutz ,Internationale Beziehungen ,human rights ,Legitimation ,Wirkung ,case study ,sanction ,statistical analysis ,Menschenrechte ,political conflict ,Rolle ,Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ,innere Sicherheit ,Political science ,politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ,südliches Afrika ,effect ,Legitimität ,meaning ,International Relations, International Politics, Foreign Affairs, Development Policy ,statistische Analyse ,Simbabwe ,ddc:320 ,Sanktion ,Auswirkung ,impact ,role ,Protestverhalten ,International relations ,internationale Beziehungen, Entwicklungspolitik ,Bedeutung ,domestic security ,Southern Africa ,ddc:327 - Abstract
Western powers often turn to international sanctions in order to exert pressure on incumbent governments and signal their support for the opposition. Yet whether, and through what mechanisms, sanctions trigger protest remains unclear. We argue that sanction threats work as an international stamp of approval for would-be protesters; they encourage collective action against governments. Moreover, sanction threats send particularly clear and coherent signals if multiple senders issue them and if they focus on human rights, which makes such sanctions threats more effective in sparking social unrest. Using count models of protest activity, we find strong support for our arguments. We corroborate our findings with qualitative evidence from the case of Zimbabwe.
- Published
- 2017
48. Bob's Out, the Croc Is In: Continuity or Change in Zimbabwe?
- Author
-
Roger Southall
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Zimbabwe ,Sociology and Political Science ,050204 development studies ,Politikwissenschaft ,Foreign direct investment ,Development ,change of government ,Politics ,Political science ,political control ,0502 economics and business ,political development ,050602 political science & public administration ,Political Process, Elections, Political Sociology, Political Culture ,politisches System ,autoritäres System ,politische Willensbildung, politische Soziologie, politische Kultur ,economic policy ,politische Entwicklung ,südliches Afrika ,05 social sciences ,Authoritarianism ,politische Kontrolle ,political system ,authoritarian system ,0506 political science ,Regierungswechsel ,Simbabwe ,Political system ,Wirtschaftspolitik ,Political economy ,Political Science and International Relations ,ddc:320 ,Southern Africa - Abstract
The military-assisted ousting of Robert Mugabe as president of Zimbabwe and his replacement by Emmerson Mnangagwa was widely welcomed by Zimbabweans. However, hopes of significant change were dashed by the nature of his cabinet appointments, which indicated greater continuity than change vis-à-vis the Mugabe era. Mnangagwa is likely to pursue an agenda of authoritarian reform: rendering the economy more attractive for foreign investment while maintaining political control from above., Die vom Militär Zimbabwes unterstützte Entfernung Robert Mugabes aus dem Präsidentenamt und seine Ersetzung durch Emmerson Mnangagwa wurde von den Bürgern des Landes weitgehend begrüßt. Durch die Zusammensetzung seines Kabinetts jedoch, die eher Kontinuität zur Mugabe-Ära als politischen Wandel signalisierte, wurden alle Hoffnungen auf einen deutlichen Wandel enttäuscht. Mnangagwa wird voraussichtlich eine Agenda autoritärer Reform verfolgen, indem er versucht, die Attraktivität des Landes für Auslandsinvestitionen zu steigern und gleichzeitig die politische Kontrolle von oben aufrechtzuerhalten.
- Published
- 2017
49. Meso- to Neoarchean Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum- (LCT-) Pegmatites (Western Australia, Zimbabwe) and a Genetic Model for the Formation of Massive Pollucite Mineralisations
- Author
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Dittrich, Thomas, Seifert, Thomas, Schulz, Bernhard, Hagemann, Steffen, Lehmann, Bernd, and TU Bergakademie Freiberg
- Subjects
ddc:550 ,Pegmatit ,Tantal ,Lithium ,Cäsium ,Lagerstättenbildung ,Lagerstättenkunde ,Lithiumlagerstätte ,Tantallagerstätte ,Metallogenese ,Mineralisation ,Vorkommen ,Kimberleyplateau ,Western Australia ,Pilbara ,Pollucit ,Geologie ,Kraton ,Gesteinskunde ,Mineralogie ,Mineralbildung ,Limpopo-Gürtel ,Simbabwe ,%22">Archaikum ,Cäsiumsilicate ,Cäsiumverbindungen ,cesium, pollucite, LCT-Pegmatite, massive pollucite mineralisation, exploration, lithium, neoarchean, tantalum, Bikita, Londonderry, Cattlin Creek, Wodgina, Mount Deans, craton, Yilgarn, Pilbara, Zimbabwe, 2650 Ma, 2600 Ma, melt immiscibility, analcim, rare metal, ore deposit, Greenbushes, Tanco ,Cäsium, Polluzit, LCT-Pegmatit, Massive Polluzit Minerlisation, Exploration Lithium, Neoarchaisch, Tantal, Bikita, Londonderry, Cattlin Creek, Wodgina, Mount Deans, Craton, Yilgarn, Pilbara, Zimbabwe, 2650 Ma, 2600 Ma, Schmelzentmischung, Analzim, seltene Metalle, Lagerstätte, Greenbushes, Tanco - Abstract
Lithium Cesium Tantalum (LCT) pegmatites are important resources for rare metals like Cesium, Lithium or Tantalum, whose demand increased markedly during the past decade. At present, Cs is known to occur in economic quantities only from the two LCT pegmatite deposits at Bikita located in Zimbabwe and Tanco in Canada. Host for this Cs mineralisation is the extreme rare zeolite group mineral pollucite. However, at Bikita and Tanco, pollucite forms huge massive, lensoid shaped and almost monomineralic pollucite mineralisations that occur within the upper portions of the pegmatite. In addition, both pegmatite deposits have a comparable regional geological background as they are hosted within greenstone belts and yield a Neoarchean age of about 2,600 Ma. Furthermore, at present the genesis of these massive pollucite mineralisations was not yet investigated in detail. Major portions of Western Australia consist of Meso- to Neoarchean crustal units (e.g., Yilgarn Craton, Pilbara Craton) that are known to host a large number of LCT pegmatite systems. Among them are the LCT pegmatite deposits Greenbushes (Li, Ta) and Wodgina (Ta, Sn). In addition, small amounts of pollucite were recovered from one single diamond drill core at the Londonderry pegmatite field. Despite that, no systematic investigations and/or exploration studies were conducted for the mode of occurrence of Cs and especially that of pollucite in Western Australia. In the course of the present study nineteen individual pegmatites and pegmatite fields located on the Yilgarn Craton, Pilbara Craton and Kimberley province have been visited and inspected for the occurrence of the Cs mineral pollucite. However, no pollucite could be detected in any of the investigated pegmatites. Four of the inspected LCT-pegmatite systems, namely the Londonderry pegmatite field, the Mount Deans pegmatite field, the Cattlin Creek LCT pegmatite deposit (Yilgarn Craton) and the Wodgina LCT pegmatite deposit (Pilbara Craton) was sampled and investigated in detail. In addition, samples from the Bikita pegmatite field (Zimbabwe Craton) were included into the present study in order to compare the Western Australian pegmatites with a massive pollucite mineralisation bearing LCT pegmatite system. This thesis presents new petrographical, mineralogical, mineralchemical, geochemical, geochronological, fluid inclusion and stable and radiogenic isotope data. The careful interpretation of this data enhances the understanding of the LCT pegmatite systems in Western Australia and Zimbabwe. All of the four investigated LCT pegmatite systems in Western Australia, crop out in similar geological settings, exhibit comparable internal structures, geochemistry and mineralogy to that of the Bikita pegmatite field in Zimbabwe. Furthermore, in all LCT pegmatite systems evidences for late stage hydrothermal processes (e.g., replacement of feldspars) and associated Cs enrichment (e.g., Cs enriched rims on mica, beryl and tourmaline) is documented. With the exception of the Wodgina LCT pegmatite deposit, that yield a Mesoarchean crystallisation age (approx. 2,850 Ma), all other LCT pegmatite systems gave comparable Neoarchean ages of 2,630 Ma to 2,600 Ma. The almost identical ages of the LCT pegmatite systems of the Yilgarn and Zimbabwe cratons suggests, that the process of LCT pegmatite formation at the end of the Neoarchean was active worldwide. Nevertheless, essential distinguishing feature of the Bikita pegmatite field is the presence of massive pollucite mineralisations that resulted from a process that is not part of the general development of LCT pegmatites and is associated with the extreme enrichment of Cs. The new findings of the present study obtained from the Bikita pegmatite field and the Western Australian LCT pegmatite systems significantly improve the knowledge of Cs behaviour in LCT pegmatite systems. Therefore, it is now possible to suggest a genetical model for the formation of massive pollucite mineralisations within LCT pegmatite systems. LCT pegmatites are generally granitic in composition and are interpreted to represent highly fractionated and geochemically specialised derivates from granitic melts. Massive pollucite mineralisation bearing LCT pegmatites evolve from large and voluminous pegmatite melts that intrude as single body along structures within an extensional tectonic setting. After emplacement, initial crystallisation will develop the border and wall zone of the pegmatites, while due to fractionated crystallisation immobile elements (i.e., Cs, Rb) become enriched within the remaining melt and associated hydrothermal fluids. Following this initial crystallisation, a relatively small portion (0.5–1 vol.%) of immiscible melt or fluid will separate during cooling. This immiscible partial melt/fluid is enriched in Al2O3 and Na2O, as well as depleted in SiO2 and will crystallise as analcime. In addition, this melt might allready contains up to 1–2 wt.% Cs2O. However, due to the effects of fluxing components (e.g., H2O, F, B) this analcime melt becomes undercooled which prevents crystallisation of the analcime as intergranular grains. Since this analcime melt exhibits a lower relative gravity when compared to the remaining pegmatite melt the less dense analcime melt will start to ascent gravitationally and accumulate within the upper portion of the pegmatite sheet. At the same time, the remaining melt will start to crystallise separately and form the inner portions of the pegmatite. This crystallisation is characterised by still ongoing fractionation and enrichment of incompatible elements (i.e., Cs, Rb) within the last crystallising minerals (e.g., lepidolite) or concentration of these incompatible elements within exsolving hydrothermal fluids. As analcime and pollucite form a continuous solid solution series, the analcime melt is able to incorporate any available Cs from the melt and/or associated hydrothermal fluids and crystallise as Cs-analcime in the upper portion of the pegmatite sheet. Continuing hydrothermal activity and ongoing substitution of Cs will then start to shift the composition from Cs-analcime composition towards Na-pollucite composition. In addition, if analcime is cooled below 400 °C it is subjected to a negative thermal expansion of about 1 vol.%. This contraction results in the formation of a prominent network of cracks that is filled by late stage minerals (e.g., lepidolite, quartz, feldspar and petalite). Certainly, prior to filling, this network of cracks enhances the available conduits for late stage hydrothermal fluids and the Cs substitution mechanism within the massive pollucite mineralisation. Furthermore, during cooling of the pegmatite, prominent late stage mineral replacement reactions (e.g., replacement of K-feldspar by lepidolite, cleavelandite, and quartz) as well as subsolidus self organisation processes in feldspars take place. These processes are suggested to release additional incompatible elements (e.g., Cs, Rb) into late stage hydrothermal fluids. As feldspar forms large portions of pegmatite a considerable amount of Cs is released and transported via the hydrothermal fluids towards the massive pollucite mineralisation in the upper portion of the pegmatite. Consequently, the initial analcime can accumulate enough Cs in order to shift its composition from the Cs-analcime member (>2 wt.% Cs2O) towards the Na-pollucite member (23–43 wt.% Cs2O) of the solid solution series. The timing of this late stage Cs enrichment is interpreted to be quasi contemporaneous or immediately after the complete crystallisation of the pegmatite melt. However, much younger hydrothermal events that overprint the pegmatite are also interpreted to cause similar results. Hence, it has been demonstrated that the combination of this magmatic and hydrothermal processes is capable to generate an extreme enrichment in Cs in order to explain the formation of massive pollucite mineralisations within LCT pegmatite systems. This genetic model can now be applied to evaluate the potential for occurrences of massive pollucite mineralisations within LCT pegmatite systems in Western Australia and worldwide.:Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Versicherung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Motivation and Scope of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. Structure of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Fundamentals 7 2.1. The Alkali Metal Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1. Distribution of Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2. Mineralogy of Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.3. Geochemical Behaviour of Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1.4. Economy of Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2. Pollucite – (Cs,Na)2Al2Si4O12×H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.1. Crystal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.2. Analcime–Pollucite–Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.3. Formation of Pollucite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.4. Pollucite Occurences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3. Pegmatites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.1. General Characteristics of Pegmatites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.2. Controls on Pegmatite Formation and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.3.3. Pegmatite Age Distribution and Continental Crust Formation . . . . . . 43 3. Geological Settings of Archean Cratons 47 3.1. Zimbabwe Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.1.1. Tectonostratigraphic Subdivision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1.2. Tectonometamorphic Evolution of the Northern Limpopo Thrust Zone . 49 3.1.3. Pegmatites within the Zimbabwe Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.1.4. Masvingo Greenstone Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.5. Geological Setting of the Bikita Pegmatite District . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2. Yilgarn Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.2.1. Tectonostratigraphic Framework and Geological Development . . . . . 62 3.2.2. Tectonic Models for the Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.2.3. Pegmatites within the Yilgarn Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2.4. Geological setting of the Londonderry Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2.5. Geological Setting of the Mount Deans Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . 85 3.2.6. Geological Setting of the Cattlin Creek Pegmatite Deposit . . . . . . . . 91 3.3. Pilbara Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3.3.1. Tectonostratigraphic Framework and Geological Development . . . . . 99 3.3.2. Tectonic Model for the Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.3.3. Pegmatites within the Pilbara Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.3.4. Geological Setting of the Wodgina Pegmatite District . . . . . . . . . . 106 4. Fieldwork and Sampling of Selected Pegmatites and Pegmatite Fields 115 4.1. Bikita Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.2. Londonderry Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.2.1. Londonderry Feldspar Quarry Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.2.2. Lepidolite Hill Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.2.3. Tantalite Hill Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.3. Mount Deans Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.3.1. Type I – Flat Lying Pegmatites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.3.2. Type II – Steeply Dipping Pegmatites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 4.4. Cattlin Creek Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 4.5. Wodgina LCT-Pegmatite Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.5.1. Mount Tinstone Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.5.2. Mount Cassiterite Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5. Petrography and Mineralogy 139 5.1. Quantitative Mineralogy by Means of Mineral Liberation Analysis . . . . . . . . 141 5.2. Mineralogical and Petrographical Characteristics of Individual Mineral Groups . 141 5.2.1. Feldspar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.2.2. Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 5.2.3. Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 5.2.4. Pollucite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 5.2.5. Petalite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.2.6. Spodumene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.2.7. Beryl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 5.2.8. Tourmaline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.2.9. Apatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.2.10. Ta-, Nb- and Sn-oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.3. Reconstruction of the General Crystallisation Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6. Geochemistry 165 6.1. Major Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.2. Selected Minor and Trace Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 6.3. Fractionation Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 6.4. Rare Earth Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 7. Geochronology 193 7.1. 40Ar/39Ar-Method on Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 7.1.1. Bikita Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 7.1.2. Mount Deans Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.1.3. Londonderry Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.1.4. Cattlin Creek Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.1.5. Wodgina Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 7.2. Th-U-Total Pb Monazite Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 7.2.1. Monazite Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 7.3. U/Pb Dating of Selected Ta-, Nb- and Sn-Oxide Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7.3.1. Bikita Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7.3.2. Londonderry Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7.3.3. Mount Deans Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 7.3.4. Cattlin Creek Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 7.3.5. Wodgina Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 8. Fluid Inclusion Study 211 8.1. Bikita Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.2. Wodgina Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.3. Carbon Isotope Analysis on Fluid Inclusion Gas of Selected Mineral Phases . . 212 9. Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes 217 9.1. Whole Rock Sm/Nd-Isotopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.1.1. New Whole Rock Sm/Nd Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.2. Lithium Isotope Analysis on Selected Mineral Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 9.2.1. New Lithium Isotope Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 10.Discussion 227 10.1. Regional Geological and Tectonomagmatic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 10.1.1. Constraints from Field Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 10.1.2. Petrographical and Mineralogical Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 10.1.3. Geochemical Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 10.1.4. Isotopic Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 10.1.5. Constraints from Fluid Inclusion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 10.1.6. Geochronological Constrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 10.2. Massive Pollucite Mineralisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 10.2.1. Unique Characteristics of Massive Pollucite Mineralisations . . . . . . . 243 10.2.2. New Concepts for the Formation of Massive Pollucite Mineralisations . . 252 10.3. Genetic Model for the Formation of Massive Pollucite Mineralisations within LCT Pegmatite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 11.Summary and Conclusions 267 References 273 Lists of Abbreviations 309 General Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Mineral Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 List of Figures 311 List of Tables 315 Appendix 317 A. Legend for Topographic Maps 319 B. Sample List 323 C. Methodology 331 C.1. Quantitative Mineralogy by Means of Mineral Liberation Analysis . . . . . . . . 331 C.2. Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 C.3. 40Ar/39Ar-Method on Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 C.4. Th-U-Total Pb Monazite Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 C.5. U/Pb Dating of Selected Ta-, Nb- and Sn-Oxide Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 C.6. Fluid Inclusion Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 C.7. Whole Rock Sm/Nd-Isotopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 C.8. Lithium Isotope Analysis on Selected Mineral Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 D. Data – Mineral Liberation Analysis 341 E. Data – Geochemistry 345 F. Data – Geochronology 349 G. Data – Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes 353 Lithium-Caesium-Tantal-(LCT) Pegmatite repräsentieren eine bedeutende Quelle für seltene Metalle, deren Bedarf im letzten Jahrzehnt beträchtlich angestiegen ist. Im Falle von Caesium sind zurzeit weltweit nur zwei LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätten bekannt, die abbauwürdige Vorräte an Cs enthalten. Dies sind die LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätten Bikita in Simbabwe und Tanco in Kanada. Das Wirtsmineral für diese Cs-Mineralisation ist das extrem selten auftretende Zeolith-Gruppen-Mineral Pollucit. In den Lagerstätten Bikita und Tanco bildet Pollucit dagegen massive, linsenförmige und fast monomineralische Pollucitmineralisationen, die in den oberen Bereichen der Pegmatitkörper anstehen. Zusätzlich befinden sich beide Lagerstätten in geologisch vergleichbaren Einheiten. Die Nebengesteine sind Grünsteingürtel die ein neoarchaisches Alter von ca. 2,600 Ma aufweisen. Die Bildung derartiger massiver Pollucitmineralisationen ist bis jetzt noch nicht detailliert untersucht worden. Große Bereiche von Westaustralien werden von meso- bis neoarchaischen Krusteneinheiten (z.B. Yilgarn Kraton, Pilbara Kraton) aufgebaut, von denen auch eine große Anzahl an LCT-Pegmatitsystemen bekannt sind. Darunter befinden sich unter anderem die LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätten Greenbushes (Li, Ta) und Wodgina (Ta, Sn). Zusätzlich wurden kleine Mengen an Pollucit in einer einzigen Kernbohrung im Londonderry Pegmatitfeld angetroffen. Ungeachtet dessen, wurden in Westaustralien bis jetzt keine systematischen Untersuchungen und/oder Explorationskampagnen auf Vorkommen von Cs und speziell der von Pollucit durchgeführt. Im Verlauf dieser Studie wurden insgesamt neunzehn verschiedene Pegmatitvorkommen und Pegmatitfelder des Yilgarn Kratons, Pilbara Kratons und der Kimberley Provinz auf das Vorkommen des Minerals Pollucit untersucht. Allerdings konnte in keinem der untersuchten LCT-Pegmatitsystemen Pollucit nachgewiesen werden. Von vier der untersuchten LCT-Pegmatitsystemen, dem Londonderry Pegmatitfeld, dem Mount Deans Pegmatitfeld, der Cattlin Creek LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätte (Yilgarn Kraton) und der Wodgina LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätte (Pilbara Kraton) wurden detailliert Proben entnommen und weitergehend untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden die massiven Pollucitmineralisationen im Bikita Pegmatitfeld beprobt und in die detailierten Untersuchungen einbezogen. Der Probensatz aus dem Bikita Pegmatitfeld dient als Referenzmaterial mit dem die Pegmatitproben aus Westaustralien verglichen werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit fasst die wesentlichen Ergebnisse der petrographischen, mineralogischen, mineralchemischen, geochemischen und geochronologischen Untersuchungen sowie der Flüssigkeitseinschlussuntersuchungen und stabilen und radiogenen Isotopenzusammensetzungen zusammen. Alle vier der in Westaustralien untersuchten LCT-Pegmatitsysteme kommen in geologisch ähnlichen Rahmengesteinen vor, weisen einen vergleichbaren internen Aufbau, geochemische Zusammensetzung und Mineralogie zu dem des Bikita Pegmatitfeldes in Simbabwe auf. Weiterhin konnten in allen LCT-Pegmatitsystemen Hinweise für späte hydrothermale Prozesse (z.B. Verdrängung von Feldspat) nachgewiesen werden, die einhergehend mit einer Anreicherung von Cs verbunden sind (z.B. Cs-angereicherte Säume um Glimmer, Beryll und Turmalin). Mit der Ausnahme der Wodgina LCT-Pegmatitlagerstätte, in der ein mesoarchaisches Kristallisationsalter (ca. 2,850 Ma) nachgewiesen wurde, lieferten die Altersdatierungen in den anderen LCT-Pegmatitsystemen übereinstimmende neoarchaische Alter von 2,630 Ma bis 2,600 Ma. Diese fast identischen Alter der LCT-Pegmatitsysteme des Yilgarn und Zimbabwe Kratons suggerieren, dass die Prozesse, die zur LCT-Pegmatitbildung am Ende des Neoarchaikums führten, weltweit aktiv waren. Ungeachtet dessen stellt das Vorhandensein von massiver Pollucitmineralisation das Alleinstellungsmerkmal des Bikita Pegmatitfeldes dar, welche sich infolge eines Prozesses gebildet haben der nicht Bestandteil der üblichen LCT-Pegmatitentwicklung ist und sich durch eine extreme Anreicherung an Cs unterscheidet. Die neuen Ergebnisse die in dieser Studie von den Bikita Pegmatitfeld und den Westaustralischen LCT-Pegmatitsystemen gewonnen wurden, verbessern das Verständnis des Verhaltens von Cs in LCT-Pegmatitsystemen deutlich. Somit ist es nun möglich, ein genetisches Modell für die Bildung von massiven Pollucitmineralisationen in LCT-Pegmatitsystemen vorzustellen. LCT-Pegmatite weisen im Allgemeinen eine granitische Zusammensetzung auf und werden als Kristallisat von hoch fraktionierten und geochemisch spezialisierten granitischen Restschmelzen interpretiert. Die Bildung von massiven Pollucitmineralisationen ist nur aus großen und voluminösen Pegmatitschmelzen, die als einzelner Körper entlang von Störungen in extensionalen Stressregimen intrudieren möglich. Nach Platznahme der Schmelze bildet die beginnende Kristallisation zunächst die Kontakt- und Randzone des Pegmatits, wobei infolge von fraktionierter Kristallisation die immobilen Elemente (v.a. Cs, Rb) in der verbleibenden Restschmelze angereichert werden. Im Anschluss an diese erste Kristallisation entmischt sich nach Abkühlung eine sehr kleine Menge (0.5–1 vol.%) Schmelze und/oder Fluid von der Restschmelze. Diese nicht mischbare Teilschmelze/-fluid ist angereichert an Al2O3 und Na2O sowie verarmt an SiO2 und kristallisiert als Analcim. Zusätzlich kann diese Schmelze bereits mit 1–2 wt.% Cs2O angereichert sein. Aufgrund der Auswirkung von Flussmitteln (z.B. H2O, F, B) wird allerdings der Schmelzpunkt dieser Analcimschmelze herabgesetzt und so die Kristallisation des Analcims als intergranulare Körner verhindert. Da diese Analcimschmelze im Vergleich zu der restlichen Schmelze eine geringere relative Dichte besitzt, beginnt sie gravitativ aufzusteigen und sich in den oberen Bereichen des Pegmatitkörpers zu akkumulieren. Währenddessen beginnt die restliche Schmelze separat zu kristallisieren und die inneren Bereiche des Pegmatits zu bilden. Diese Kristallisation ist einhergehend mit fortschreitender Fraktionierung und der Anreicherung von inkompatiblen Elementen (v.a. Cs, Rb) in den sich als letztes bildenden Mineralphasen (z.B. Lepidolit) oder der Konzentration der inkompatiblen Element in die sich entmischenden hydrothermalen Fluiden. Da Analcim und Pollucit eine lückenlose Mischungsreihe bilden, ist die Analcimschmelze in der Lage, alles verfügbare Cs von der Restschmelze und/oder assoziierten hydrothermalen Fluiden an sich zu binden und als Cs-Analcim im oberen Bereich des Pegmatitkörpers zu kristallisieren. Fortschreitende hydrothermale Aktivität und Substitution von Cs verschiebt dann die Zusammensetzung des Analcims von der Cs-Analcim- zu Na-Pollucitzusammensetzung. Zusätzlich erfährt der Analcim bei Abkühlung unter 400 °C eine negative thermische Expansion von ca. 1 vol.%. Diese Kontraktion führt zu der Bildung des markanten Rissnetzwerkes das durch späte Mineralphasen (z.B. Lepidolit, Quarz, Feldspat und Petalit) gefüllt wird. Vor der Mineralisation allerdings, erhöht dieses Netzwerk an Rissen die verfügbaren Wegsamkeiten für die späten hydrothermalen Fluide und begünstigt somit den Cs-Substitutionsmechanismus in der massiven Pollucitmineralisation. Weiterhin kommt es bei der Abkühlung des Pegmatits zu späten Mineralverdrängungsreaktionen (z.B. Verdrängung von K-Feldspat durch Lepidolit, Cleavelandit und Quarz), sowie zu Subsolidus-Selbstordnungsprozessen in Feldspäten. Diese Prozesse werden weiterhin interpretiert inkompatible Elemente (z.B. Cs, Rb) in die späten hydrothermalen Fluide freizusetzen. Da Feldspäte große Teile der Pegmatite bilden, kann somit eine beträchtliche Menge an Cs freigeben werden und durch die späten hydrothermalen Fluide in die massive Pollucitmineralisation in den oberen Bereichen des Pegmatitkörpers transportiert werden. Infolgedessen ist es möglich, dass genügend Cs frei gesetzt werden kann, um die Zusammensetzung innerhalb der Mischkristallreihe von Cs-Analcim (>2 wt.% Cs2O) zu Na-Pollucit (23–43 wt.% Cs2O) zu verschieben. Die zeitliche Einordnung dieser späten Cs-Anreicherung wird als quasi zeitgleich oder im direkten Anschluss an die vollständige Kristallisation der Pegmatitschmelze interpretiert. Es kann allerdings nicht vernachlässigt werden, dass auch jüngere hydrothermale Ereignisse, die den Pegmatitkörper nachträglich überprägen, ähnliche hydrothermale Prozesse hervorrufen können. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass es durch Kombination dieser magmatischen und hydrothermalen Prozessen möglich ist, genügend Cs anzureichern, um die Bildung von massiven Pollucitmineralisationen in LCT-Pegmatitsystemen zu ermöglichen. Dieses genetische Modell kann nun dazu genutzt werden, um das Potential von Vorkommen von massiven Pollucitmineralisationen in LCT-Pegmatitsystemen in Westaustralien und weltweit besser einzuschätzen.:Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Versicherung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Motivation and Scope of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. Structure of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Fundamentals 7 2.1. The Alkali Metal Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1. Distribution of Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2. Mineralogy of Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.3. Geochemical Behaviour of Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1.4. Economy of Cesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2. Pollucite – (Cs,Na)2Al2Si4O12×H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.1. Crystal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.2. Analcime–Pollucite–Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.3. Formation of Pollucite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.4. Pollucite Occurences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3. Pegmatites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.1. General Characteristics of Pegmatites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.2. Controls on Pegmatite Formation and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.3.3. Pegmatite Age Distribution and Continental Crust Formation . . . . . . 43 3. Geological Settings of Archean Cratons 47 3.1. Zimbabwe Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.1.1. Tectonostratigraphic Subdivision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1.2. Tectonometamorphic Evolution of the Northern Limpopo Thrust Zone . 49 3.1.3. Pegmatites within the Zimbabwe Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.1.4. Masvingo Greenstone Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.1.5. Geological Setting of the Bikita Pegmatite District . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2. Yilgarn Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 3.2.1. Tectonostratigraphic Framework and Geological Development . . . . . 62 3.2.2. Tectonic Models for the Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.2.3. Pegmatites within the Yilgarn Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2.4. Geological setting of the Londonderry Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2.5. Geological Setting of the Mount Deans Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . 85 3.2.6. Geological Setting of the Cattlin Creek Pegmatite Deposit . . . . . . . . 91 3.3. Pilbara Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3.3.1. Tectonostratigraphic Framework and Geological Development . . . . . 99 3.3.2. Tectonic Model for the Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.3.3. Pegmatites within the Pilbara Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.3.4. Geological Setting of the Wodgina Pegmatite District . . . . . . . . . . 106 4. Fieldwork and Sampling of Selected Pegmatites and Pegmatite Fields 115 4.1. Bikita Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.2. Londonderry Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.2.1. Londonderry Feldspar Quarry Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.2.2. Lepidolite Hill Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.2.3. Tantalite Hill Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.3. Mount Deans Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.3.1. Type I – Flat Lying Pegmatites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.3.2. Type II – Steeply Dipping Pegmatites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 4.4. Cattlin Creek Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 4.5. Wodgina LCT-Pegmatite Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.5.1. Mount Tinstone Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.5.2. Mount Cassiterite Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5. Petrography and Mineralogy 139 5.1. Quantitative Mineralogy by Means of Mineral Liberation Analysis . . . . . . . . 141 5.2. Mineralogical and Petrographical Characteristics of Individual Mineral Groups . 141 5.2.1. Feldspar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.2.2. Quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 5.2.3. Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 5.2.4. Pollucite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 5.2.5. Petalite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.2.6. Spodumene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 5.2.7. Beryl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 5.2.8. Tourmaline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.2.9. Apatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.2.10. Ta-, Nb- and Sn-oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.3. Reconstruction of the General Crystallisation Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6. Geochemistry 165 6.1. Major Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.2. Selected Minor and Trace Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 6.3. Fractionation Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 6.4. Rare Earth Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 7. Geochronology 193 7.1. 40Ar/39Ar-Method on Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 7.1.1. Bikita Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 7.1.2. Mount Deans Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.1.3. Londonderry Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.1.4. Cattlin Creek Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.1.5. Wodgina Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 7.2. Th-U-Total Pb Monazite Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 7.2.1. Monazite Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 7.3. U/Pb Dating of Selected Ta-, Nb- and Sn-Oxide Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7.3.1. Bikita Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7.3.2. Londonderry Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 7.3.3. Mount Deans Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 7.3.4. Cattlin Creek Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 7.3.5. Wodgina Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 8. Fluid Inclusion Study 211 8.1. Bikita Pegmatite Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.2. Wodgina Pegmatite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.3. Carbon Isotope Analysis on Fluid Inclusion Gas of Selected Mineral Phases . . 212 9. Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes 217 9.1. Whole Rock Sm/Nd-Isotopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.1.1. New Whole Rock Sm/Nd Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9.2. Lithium Isotope Analysis on Selected Mineral Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 9.2.1. New Lithium Isotope Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 10.Discussion 227 10.1. Regional Geological and Tectonomagmatic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 10.1.1. Constraints from Field Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 10.1.2. Petrographical and Mineralogical Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 10.1.3. Geochemical Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 10.1.4. Isotopic Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 10.1.5. Constraints from Fluid Inclusion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 10.1.6. Geochronological Constrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 10.2. Massive Pollucite Mineralisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 10.2.1. Unique Characteristics of Massive Pollucite Mineralisations . . . . . . . 243 10.2.2. New Concepts for the Formation of Massive Pollucite Mineralisations . . 252 10.3. Genetic Model for the Formation of Massive Pollucite Mineralisations within LCT Pegmatite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 11.Summary and Conclusions 267 References 273 Lists of Abbreviations 309 General Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Mineral Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 List of Figures 311 List of Tables 315 Appendix 317 A. Legend for Topographic Maps 319 B. Sample List 323 C. Methodology 331 C.1. Quantitative Mineralogy by Means of Mineral Liberation Analysis . . . . . . . . 331 C.2. Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 C.3. 40Ar/39Ar-Method on Mica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 C.4. Th-U-Total Pb Monazite Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 C.5. U/Pb Dating of Selected Ta-, Nb- and Sn-Oxide Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 C.6. Fluid Inclusion Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 C.7. Whole Rock Sm/Nd-Isotopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 C.8. Lithium Isotope Analysis on Selected Mineral Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 D. Data – Mineral Liberation Analysis 341 E. Data – Geochemistry 345 F. Data – Geochronology 349 G. Data – Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes 353
- Published
- 2016
50. Health, Shocks, and Poverty Persistence
- Author
-
Dercon, Stefan and Hoddinott, John
- Subjects
Simbabwe ,Äthiopien ,Dürre ,I12 ,Schock ,Armut ,Gesundheit ,ddc:330 ,D91 ,Kinder ,D10 ,O15 - Abstract
In this paper we review the evidence on the impact of large shocks, such as drought, on child and adult health, with particular emphasis on Zimbabwe and Ethiopia. Our focus is on the impact of shocks on long-term outcomes, and we ask whether there are intrahousehold differences in these effects. The evidence suggests substantial fluctuations in body weight and growth retardation in response to shocks. While there appears to be no differential impact between boys and girls, adult women are often worse affected by these shocks. For children, there is no full recovery from these losses, affecting adult health and education outcomes, as well as lifetime earnings. For adults, there is no evidence of persistent effects from transitory shocks in our data. – health ; risk ; shocks ; consumption smoothing ; catching up
- Published
- 2016
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