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Textile wastewater has the potential to contain high ammonia, especially from the printing process. Nitrification-denitrification becomes the focus of treatment for this pollutant so comes the main source of the inability of the WWTP to meet the quality standards. An electrocatalytic reactor consisting of a cylindrical Ti/RuO2 anode and a copper pipe cathode (Cu) has been applied as new alternative technology. The reactor capacity is made of 1 liter with a fixed distance between the electrodes of 2 cm. Potential voltage, salt content, and hydraulic retention time are parameters for variable operation. The reactor had a high performance where ammonia concentration can be reduced by 70% for HRT of 15 minutes and 100% for 30 minutes. The ammonia removal is not only affected by processing time but also by the potential electrode and salt concentration. The removal was obtained at a complete level (100%) in operating conditions where the salt content of 2000 mg/L, a voltage of 7 volts, and an HRT of 30 minutes. The ammonia removal rate follows reaction order 1 with k of 0.1679 dan R2 of 0.9369. The pathway of nitrogen transforming ammonia directly to gas nitrogen was not through other forms (nitrate or nitrite). This method is a high-promise to improve the performance of the textile industry WWTP.

This study was aimed to study the potential of biogas (methane) production from vinasse wastewater in real full-scale application using a two-stage sequencing Up-flow High Rate Anaerobic Reactor (UHRAR), with effluent recirculation and substrate modification. Batch experiment was initially conducted prior full-scale application experiment. Batch experiment was done with experimental condition variable: undiluted sample (pH 6) and diluted samples (pH: 5; 6 and 7). pH and methane production were observed for 50 days. Full-scale application was carried out in two-stage UHRAR reactors with volume 60 m3, HRT 40 d and OLR 60.1 – 104 kg COD/m3.d. Observation was lasted for 32 d. Result from batch experiment showed that diluted samples achieved higher COD degradation and methane generation than undiluted sample. The optimum condition occurred at pH 7, with theoretical methane yield of 7.51 – 10.64 L CH4 per kg COD. While in full scale application, at day 32, COD removal was 71% (69.1 kg COD/d removed), with methane production was 36.72 m3 CH4/d. Methane production per COD removed was 0.53 m3 CH4/kg COD.d. Substrate modification and effluent recirculation could improve the substrate biodegradability, maintain microbial diversity and enrich nutrients in the reactor.

The methods of microbial cells preservation were already known by liquid drying, freeze-drying, and freezing. Those methods could preserve bacteria cells in a long period of time but its survivability was relatively low and used relatively high energy during preservation. Immobilization was known as entrapping, attaching or encapsulating bacterial cells in a suitable matrix. This research was conducted to know the suitability of zeolite as immobilization carrier and also as preservation matrix of two halophilic archaea Haloferax chudinovii and Haloferax lucentense. Variable of this research was the type of the carrier which was raw zeolite, 110oC and 300oC heat-activated zeolite carrier, parameters measured in this study was physical and chemical of zeolite such as chemical content, Si/Al ratio, surface area and pore volume, and biochemical assay, bacterial cells numbers after immobilization and bacterial cells after preservation as bacterial response to the immobilization and preservation. Heat activation was significantly affecting the chemical composition, carrier surface area, and pore volume. Highest surface area, pore volume, and Si/Al ratio were obtained in 110oC pretreated zeolite followed by 300oC pretreated zeolite. The bacterial cells obtained after immobilization process was 1,8x107 cfu/g, 3,0 x 107 cfu/g, and 2,1x107 for raw zeolite, 110oC pretreated zeolite and 300oC zeolite respectively. After 4 months preservation, the slight reduction of the bacterial cells was observed. Immobilization halophilic archaeae using zeolite as carrier was proven as low cost and effective preservation method due to relatively simple process and unspecific preservation temperature requirements.

Research about Hybrid Upflow-Anaerobic Filter (HU-AF) integrated technology for bioenergy generation from vinasse was conducted. Modification of influent flow system, expansion of filter contact area and addition of gas accumulator for biogas collection were used to enhance the degree of vinasse biodegradation biogas generation, and yet to shorten the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Hybrid Upflow-Anaerobic Filter (HU-AF) integrated technology was a double dome reactor with sequential connection, with up-flow inlet distribution inside the reactor. Total volume of HU-AF was 60 m3. A mixing and a feeding chamber, with volume 3 m3, each were installed before HU-AF reactor. A reservoir chamber with volume of 6 m3 was added after HU-AF reactor. OLR was 2.04 kg COD/day. A methanogenic seed sludge derived from anaerobic lagoon. The experiment was carried out initially by seeding, acclimatization and adaptation of microorganisms inside the reactor. A feeding ratio of vinasse: water = 1:4, and initial pH of 6 were adjusted. Result showed that Full-scale HU-AF integrated technology was able to degrade COD with maximum degradation of COD 55.45% at pH 7.1, and shorten the HRT into 32 days. Biogas production was consisted of 57.21 % methane, 13.98% CO2 and various gases 28.1% (H2S, VOC, CO and H2O). This experiment showed that HRT was shorter than conventional reactor.

This study investigated several parameters for cell-wall disruption from microalgae Chlorella vulgaris during catalytic ozonation over microporous carbon-supported titanium oxide, including flow ozone, catalytic time, and reactor capacity. At the same time, the cell-wall disruption yield and an active compound yield such as chlorophyll and carotenoid were evaluated for each pretreatment. The required delivered flow ozone to achieve 76,47% cell-wall disruption of Chlorella vulgaris was 1 minute at 4 LPM, which produced chlorophyll 56,75% and carotenoid 89,09%. Carbon-supported titanium oxide reduces the required O3 dose and catalytic time for cell-wall disruption; however, it limited chlorophyll yield did not exceed 75,67%. Pretreatment with 1 minute at 1 LPM in 2 liters produced carotenoid yield by approximately 98,18%, though it reduced chlorophyll to 59,45%.

Biomass waste in the form of fiber dregs contains many components of lignocellulose and hemicellulose. Lignocellulose can be used to produce ethanol through enzymatic biotechnology processes. Sago palm fiber industry is one potential industry producing biomass waste in the form of solid waste of fiber dregs (about 30% from the weight of processed raw materials). Solid fiber waste contains crude fiber and lignocellulose compound consists of cellulose (35-50%), hemicellulose ( 20-35%) and lignin (12-20%). This study aimed to utilize solid waste of sago palm fiber as a raw material of bioethanol production through enzymatic biotechnology processes of delignification, saccharification and fermentation which was then purified by distillation process to get ethanol. Delignification, saccharification, and fermentation stages are conducted using Phanerochaete chrysosporus Mushroom, Trichoderma viride fungus, and saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively and then purified by distillation process (one level) to produce ethanol. The process of saccharification and fermentation process were done in an integrated manner (addition of Trichoderma viride and yeast saccharomyces cereviceae fungi done simultaneously). The weight of raw materials of solid waste fiber treated was about 6 kgs. Alcohol content obtained was about ± 4% (distillation). No water, air, and soil pollution inflicted, more added value, and sustainable were the main benefits of biotech process or bioprocess.

Energy resources are gradually scarce and expensive. Raised a gap between increasing demand and energy supply. Bridging gap of demand together with energy supply by increase energy supplies is a very costly decision. Moreover, in the industrial sector with the high cost of energy, the longer the competitiveness decreases. Energy costs in total production costs reduce the number of profits each year. The strategy to prevent these problems is by increasing the efficiency of industrial operations and equipment. Several stages of the efficiency process begin with identifying balance, energy-saving opportunities, and energy utilization. This stage is better known as an energy audit. The advanced stage of the energy audit helps identify potential energy conservation and encourages the industry to focus on efficiency and conservation and is supported by adequate financing. In the research strategy, the opportunity to save energy costs in oil boiler units is practical, sustainable and economically feasible. On the results of measurements and calculations obtained boiler efficiency of 53.67% where the factors that cause the low efficiency of this boiler are the high excess water by 17.32% and heat loss from dry exhaust gas by 42.03%. The solution is done by controlling excess air by regulating the air entering the combustion chamber. In this way, energy savings can be increased by 15%.

Large-scale industrial wastewater is a longstanding problem, but considerations of the industrial wastewater treatment progress are unusual, and the design of wastewater treatment required by industry is severely deficiënt. To make industrial wastewater an economically viable source of clean water, we propose a logical approach towards designing a large scale catalytic ozonation reactor for reuse large scale industrial wastewater. ANSYS software is used as a primary tooi to estimate the ozone transfer and catalytic performance of the reactor, and the effects of reactor design are investigated. The ozone transfer of 100 g/h, energy consumption rate of 3 kWh and a catalytic time of 120 seconds are all within acceptable ranges typical to industrial wastewater. It is estimated that a doublé catalytic ozonation reactor of 5 m3 can supply the clean water demand of 100 m3/day.

Penggunaan biogas sebagai bahan bakar secara langsung sering menimbulkan permasalahan yaitu terjadi bau tidak sedap, peralatan logam dan kompor cepat berkarat, dinding dapur terkikis dan api sering padam sendiri. Hal ini disebabkan dalam biogas selain metana (CH4) terkandung gas-gas lain H2S, NH3, CO2, H2 , CO dan uap air (H2O). Beberapa gas yang bersifat impurities ( H2S, NH3, CO2 dan uap air /H2O) akan menurunkan nilai kalori dari biogas dan merugikan lingkungan dan kesehatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghilangkan gas impurities dari biogas melalui proses purifikasi sehingga diperoleh biogas yang mempunyai nilai kalor tinggi dan ramah lingkungan.Metode yang dilakukan dengan proses adsorpsi menggunakan adsorben karbon aktif dengan variabel waktu kontak, untuk mendapatkan daya adsorpsi yang optimum dari karbon aktif terhadap gas impurities yang ada dalam biogas. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh data- data penghilangan / reduksi gas impuritis H2S mencapai 99,99% , dari 4200 ppm menjadi 0,22 ppm, penghilangan gas NH3 mencapai 94,96%, dari 12,7 ppm menjadi 0,65 ppm, penghilangan gas CO2 mencapai 77,48 %, dari 30, 77 % menjadi 6,93 %, penghilangan uap air (H2O) mencapai 97,95%, dari 0,584 mg/lt menjadi 0,012 mg/lt.Kenaikan konsentrasi methane (CH4) dari 38,2 % menjadi 84,12 %. Hasil purifikasi metana (CH4) dari biogas ini merupakan sumber energi terbarukan yang aman dan ramah lingkungan serta dapat di kembangkan lagi penerapannya di IKM tahu lainnya. Waktu jenuh adsorben karbon aktif diperoleh setelah 48 jam proses purifikasi berlangsung. Daya adsorpsi Karbon aktif optimum terhadap masing masing komponen gas impuritis adalah sebagai berikut terhadap H2S adalah 10,98 mg H2S/gram karbon aktif/menit, terhadap NH3 adalah 0,016 mg NH3/gram karbon aktif/menit, terhadap CO2 adalah 0,090mg CO2/gram karbon aktif/menit.Dampak yang terjadi bila biogas tidak dimanfaatkan dan dibiarkan terlepas ke udara , maka dapat memicu efek gas rumah kaca dan pemanasan global karena biogas mengandung gas CH4 dan CO2 yang sangat signifikan jumlahnya. Kata Kunci : waktu kontak, adsorpsi, karbon aktif, purifikasi,biogas ABSTRACT The use of biogas as a fuel directly use often problem occur that is awful odor, equipment fast burner and rusted metal, kitchen walls eroded and fire often turns off its self. This is due in a biogas other than methane (CH4) contained other gases, H2S, NH3, CO2, H2, CO and water vapor (H2O). Some gases which are impurities (H2S, NH3, CO2 and water vapor/H2O) will lower the value of calories from biogas and detrimental to the environment and health. The purpose of this research is to eliminate impurities from gases biogas through a process of purification until obtained biogas which has higher heat value and enviromental friendly. The Methods undertaken by adsorption process using adsorbent activated carbon with variable time contacts, to obtain the optimum adsorption power of activated carbon toward gas impurities that are present in wastewater. The results of this research were obtained data removal/reduction of H2S gas impuritis achieve 99.99%, from 4200 ppm to be 0.22 ppm NH3 gas removal, reach the 12.7%, from 94,96 ppm be 0.65 ppm, removal of CO2 gas reached 77.48%, from levels 30, 77% to 6.93%, removal of water vapour (H2O) reached 97,95%, from 0.584 mg/l be 0.012 mg/l.The increase in the concentration of methane (CH4) from 38.2% to 84.12%. Results of methane (CH4) as a result of this biogas is renewable energy sources that are safe and environmentally friendly and can be developed in other Tofu IKM. The Time saturated activated carbon adsorbents obtained after 48 hours, the process of purification occur. Optimum active Carbon adsorption power towards each component gas impuritis is as follows against the H2S is 10.98 mg H2S/gram of activated carbon/minute, against the NH3 is 0.016 mg NH3/gram of activated carbon/minute, against CO2 is 0.090mg activated carbon/gram CO2/minute.The impact when biogas is not utilized and left aside in the air, then it can trigger the effect of greenhouse gases and global warming due to biogas containing gases CH4 and CO2 are a very significant number. Keywords: contact time, adsorption, activated carbon, purification, biogas

Peran industri kecil di beberapa wilayah Kabupaten Semarang sangat penting dalam menunjang perekonomian, khususnya di sekitar lokasi industri tersebut. Salah satu industri kecil yang memiliki potensi berkembang adalah industri tahu. Di Jawa tengah ada sekitar 500 industri tahu, yang sampai saat ini masih terus mengembangkan kapasitas produksinya. Industri tahu adalah salah satu industri kecil yang berpotensi menyebabkan masalah lingkungan. Hampir seluruh industri kecil, terutama industri tahu, sebagian besar tidak memiliki instalasi pemanfaatan limbah dan pengolahan limbah, karena dibutuhkan investasi yang besar untuk membangun unit tersebut. Dengan melihat masalah tersebut, pendekatan yang dapat menyelesaikan masalah tersebut adalah dengan cara menerapkan produksi bersih. Kajian penerapan teknologi bersih ini dilakukan dengan metode quick scanning pada setiap tahapan proses produksi. Proses produksi tahu terdiri dari pemilihan kedelai, penimbangan kedelai, perendaman, pencucian, penggilingan, ekstraksi, penyaringan, pemasakan, penggumpalan, pemisahan whey, pembungkusan, pengepresan, pemasakan, dan pengemasan. Pada proses pembuatan tahu di industri ini memiliki perbedaan dari pembuatan tahu di Industri tahu lain, yaitu terdapat penambahan garam dan bawang putih untuk menambah sedap produk tahu. Hasil kajian penerapan produksi bersih di industri tahu adalah good house keeping, recycle, reduce dan reuse. Berdasarkan beberapa kriteria kelayakan, alternatif penerapan produksi bersih untuk industri ini berupa modifikasi tungku yang dilengkapi dengan cerobong asap, modifikasi alat penyaringan dengan mesin, dan pembangunan instalasi digester untuk penghasil biogas. Kesimpulan kajian ini industri tahu ini belum mengenal produksi bersih. Manfaat yang diperoleh dari penerapan produksi bersih berupa penghematan bahan bakar, peningkatan rendemen filtrat tahu, dan kebersihan lingkungan.

Absorption study of emission gas (SO2, NO2, CO, and CO2) from coal boiler with NaOH absorber waste of textile industry has been done. Acid gasses neutralized and particulate trapped by NaOH solution. NaOH was chosen for efficiency of waste neutralized and obtained from waste absorber and conventional textile finishing process (NaOH) with the concentration of 100 mol/m3. Emitted disposal gas concentration at flow rate 500, 1000, 2500, 5000, and 10,000 L/hour before and after absorption was measured and analyzed using MATLAB and EXCEL software. There was no significant difference between observation and theoretical calculation data (P