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Mining is the branch of the economy which is most represented in the Varaždin County. The usable value of mineral raw materials is constantly changing, depending on the needs, and it is the job of the profession to continually assess its value. Mineral raw materials are usually defined as natural aggregates of minerals and/or natural compounds that can be used for different economic needs and are primarily considered from the point of view of the possibility of being put into function or through possible exploitation. The aim of this paper is to present the actual situation in the area related to the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the period from the preparation of the first Study of the potential and basis of mineral resources management in the Varaždin County to the present day through the analysis of the current spatial plans of cities and municipalities.

Položaj okrajev in njihove glavne značilnosti so dobra podlaga za razvoj kmetijske proizvodnje, težava pa so majhna zemljiška posestva in njihova struktura, kar je tudi razlog za stagnacijo kmetijske proizvodnje v okrajih. Veliko število starejših kmetov prinaša določene težave, ki so najbolj očitne pri postavljanju klasične obdelave tal pred nekatere inovativne ideje, ki bi manj obremenjevale okolje. Okraji so znani tudi po mesni in mlečni industriji, katere kakovost izdelkov je priznana na evropskem trgu. Prispevek vsebuje podatke o ureditvi gozdov in gozdnih zemljišč po gospodarskih enotah v okrajih. Z gozdovi je treba skrbno in pravilno upravljati, ker je njihova vrednost velika, zato v teh okrožjih potekajo posveti, ki spodbujajo kmete, da z njimi ravnajo trajnostno. Prispevek opisuje tudi stanje lovstva in našteva število lovskih društev, ki so vključena v različna izobraževanja z namenom izboljšanja in zaščite lova na podlagi zakona o lovstvu.

Turizam, kao najveća uslužna djelatnost u svijetu, odlična je podloga za promicanje održivog razvoja. Umjesto masovnog turizma koji je bio zaslužan za ekspanziju turizma općenito, sada je nastupilo vrijeme kada je među turistima i pružateljima turističkih usluga porasla svijest o okolišu. Ekoturizam je pojam koji označava zelenu alternativu drugim oblicima turizma. Poanta ekoturizma je boravak turista u prirodnom okolišu, koji nije zagađen i često se nalazi pod određenim stupnjem zaštite, stoga su destinacije ekoturista nerijetko nacionalni parkovi i ostala zaštićena područja. Za razliku od ostalih oblika turizma temeljenih na prirodi, ekoturizam nije koncentriran prvenstveno na sam doživljaj turista, već su mu primarni ciljevi: zaštita prirode, očuvanje ekosustava, dobrobit lokalne zajednice i edukaciju turista. Hrvatska je zemlja koja ima veliki potencijal za razvoj ekoturizma zbog brojnih nacionalnih parkova i zaštićenih područja te zbog bioraznolikosti na svom teritoriju. U ovom radu, osim pregleda općih definicija, nalaze se i prednosti i nedostaci ekoturizma u nacionalnim parkovima i zaštićenim područjima. Također prikazan je pozitivan primjer ekoturizma u svijetu, kao i kod nas u Hrvatskoj.

Odkritje endokanabinoidnega sistema (ECS) je bilo temeljnega pomena ne le pri razumevanju učinkov rastlinskih kanabinoidov, amapk je vodilo tudi do precej širšega biokemisjkega delovanja našega telesa in odprlo velike terapevtske potenciale. Fitokanabinoidi in tudi sintetični kanabinoidi delujejo preko našega endokanabinoidnega sistema in razumevanje osnovne biokemije tega ključnega signalnega sistema omogoča vpogled v koristne in terapevtske učinke teh molekul. Na voljo je veliko raziskovalnih in znanstvenih člankov na temo kanabinoidov, ECS ter njihove vloge in vpliva na zdravje in potek bolezni. Številni podatki so tudi zbrani iz epidemioloških raziskav in iz Life science laboratorijev in vsi ti podatki dajejo bolnikom in zdravstvenim delavcem dobre osnove za uporabo kanabinoidov v medicini. Toda razumevanje biokemije ECS ter vloge tega signalnega sistema v človeški fiziologiji je ključ do pravilne uporabe teh močnih molekul.

The discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has not only increased our understanding of the effects of plant cannabinoids, but also increased our understanding of human biochemistry as well as opened up avenues towards new therapeutic targets. Phytocannabinoids as well as their synthetic counterparts are known to engage with our endocannabinoid system ; hence our understanding of the basic biochemistry of this pivotal signaling system offers insights into beneficial and therapeutic uses of these molecules. There is a plethora of research data and scientific peer-reviewed papers on the topic of cannabinoids, the ECS and health/disease. Much data has been gathered from epidemiological and biomedical research, thus providing patients and medical professionals with good foundations for the use of cannabinoids in medicine. But understanding the biochemistry of the ECS and the role this signaling system plays in human physiology is the key to the proper use of these potent molecules.

Environmental protection ensures the complete preservation of environmental quality by individual environmental components (soil, water, air, nature) and the preservation of natural resources and their rational use as a basic condition for sustainable development. Croatia is not particularly rich in mineral resources, but exploration and exploitation, as a primary activity in each country's economy, is of great importance. The exploitation of mineral resources is one of the activities that significantly affect the soil, relief, flora and fauna and partially or completely alter the original complete and recognizable image of the landscape. The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyse anthropogenic agents and the environmental impact of the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in order to raise awareness of how important our role in environmental protection is. It is important to emphasize that the implementation of existing laws and regulations related to the preservation of environmental quality and environmental components will preserve the existing state of the environment and reduce the adverse impact of the exploitation of mineral resources. The research methodology in this paper was based on theoretical research, which was based on the analysis of data obtained from the competent and public government bodies, as well as inductive - deductive data analysis in order to show the existing state of mineral resources in the Republic of Croatia and its environmental impact. Predictions and rapid depletion of solid minerals have not materialized (this does not apply to oil and gas whose estimated reserves are limited), so mining will be able to meet the energy sector's needs for mineral resources in the future, with a strong emphasis on environmental protection. Environmental protection has become a strong limiting factor in the excavation of mineral resources.

Mineralne i geotermalne vode Hrvatske predstavljaju izuzetno značajan prirodni resurs Republike Hrvatske kojem treba posvetiti bitno više pažnje i istraživanja a poglavito iznaći optimalne oblike korištenja prvenstveno u gospodarstvu, energetici, zdravstvu i turizmu. Korištenje ovoga obnovljivog resursa treba kontinuirano pratiti s obzirom na očekivani gospodarski razvitak i učinke koji se time mogu postići uvažavajući podatak da su geotermalni gradijenti hrvatskog prostora znatno viši od europskog prosjeka. S obzirom na sirovinski potencijal i zahtjeve za sve većim količinama mineralnih sirovina Varaždinska županija ima perspektivu razvoja na vlastitim resursima. Međutim, postojeće mineralne sirovine, iako nisu brojne, parcijalno su istražene, nepoznata im je količina, kvaliteta i kompletna primjena. Cilj ovog rada jest skrenuti pozornost na spektar primjene mineralnih sirovina geotermalnih voda koji bi mogao biti znatno širi, nego što je do sada utvrđeno, stoga bi trebalo izvršiti regionalna istraživanja mineralnih sirovina s ciljem izdvajanja perspektivnih područja s najkvalitetnijom sirovinom, te ispitivanja mogućnosti njihove primjene., Mineral and geothermal water of Croatia represents an extremely important natural resource of the Republic of Croatia, which needs to devote much more attention and research and especially to finding optimal forms of use primarily in the economy, energy, health and tourism. The use of this renewable resource needs to be continuously monitored in view of the expected economic development and the effects that can be achieved by taking into account that the geothermal gradients of Croatian space are considerably higher than the European average. Given the raw potentials and demands for higher amounts of mineral raw materials, Varaždin County has a prospect of development on its own resources. However, existing mineral resources, though not numerous, have been partially explored, their quantity, quality and complete application are unknown. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the spectrum of mineral resource utilization of geothermal water, which could be considerably wider than it has been, so it is necessary to carry out regional exploration of mineral raw materials with the aim of extracting the best quality raw materials and examining the possibilities of their application.

Rudarstvo je jedna od najstarijih grana gospodarstva koja se bavi istraživanjem i eksploatacijom mineralnih sirovina. Mineralne sirovine predstavljaju neobnovljiv prirodni resurs. Uporabna vrijednost mineralnih sirovina stalno se mijenja, ovisno o potrebama, te je zadatak struke da stalno valorizira njihovu vrijednost. Mineralne sirovine obično se definiraju kao prirodni agregati minerala i / ili prirodnih spojeva koji se mogu koristiti za različite gospodarske potrebe, te se prvenstveno razmatraju s aspekta mogućnosti stavljanja u funkciju, odnosno kroz moguću eksploataciju. Mineralni resursi Republike Hrvatske omogućavaju eksploataciju i preradu mineralnih sirovina u naftnoj, kemijskoj, staklarskoj, keramičkoj, cementnoj, vatrostalnoj, ciglarskoj te u industriji arhitektonsko-građevnog kamena, a posebice u graditeljstvu. Mogućnosti, odnosno ograničenja iskorištavanja mineralne sirovine ovise o geološkim, genetskim, tehničko-eksploatacijskim, regionalnim, tržišnim i društveno gospodarskim faktorima. Bilo koja aglomeracija stijena smatra se ležištem mineralne sirovine tek ako se utvrdi da postoji tehnologija kojom bi se iz nje ekstrahirale korisne tvari ili energija, da je ima u dovoljnim količinama za ekonomičnu eksploataciju, te da ležišni uvjeti omogućuju ekonomičnost tj. eksploataciju mineralnih sirovina., Mining is one of the oldest branches of economy that deals with research and exploitation of mineral raw materials. Mineral raw materials represent a non-renewable natural resource. Utility value of mineral raw materials constantly changes and it is the task of science to constantly valorize their value. Mineral raw materials are usually defined as natural aggregates of minerals and/or natural compounds which can be used for various economic purposes, and are primarily assessed from the aspect of being put into function, i.e. through the possibility of their exploitation. Mineral resources of the Republic of Croatia enable exploitation and processing of mineral raw materials in oil, chemical, glass, ceramic, fireproof glass and brick industry, as well as in the industry of architectural stone material, especially in the construction industry. Possibilities and limitations related to utilization of mineral raw material primarily depend on geological, genetic, technical, exploitation, regional, market and social and economic fac tors. Any kind of rock agglomeration is considered as finding site of mineral row material after establishing availability of technology that would enable extraction of useful substance or energy in sufficient quantities for economic exploitation, as well as after establishing that the site conditions enableefficiency, i.e. exploitation of the mineral raw material.

Ekološka proizvodnja, kao najprirodniji tip poljoprivredne proizvodnje, sve više raste u svijetu. Nastoji se proizvesti proizvod sa što manjim onečišćenjem ekosustava. Cilj je očuvanje okoliša, poboljšanje kvalitete proizvoda i okoliša, biološke raznolikosti te kvalitete tla. Konvencionalna poljoprivredna proizvodnja je, uz promet i industriju, najveći onečišćivač okoliša. Razlikuju se po jednoj bitnoj činjenici: dok su industrija i promet izvori onečišćenja, poljoprivreda je istovremeno izvor onečišćenja i njegova žrtva. U ovom radu bit će riječi što je ekološka, a što je konvencionalna proizvodnja, objašnjene osnovne razlike između ekološke i konvencionalne poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Također će biti navedene prednosti i nedostatci oba načina proizvodnje i prikazano stanje ekološke poljoprivrede u Hrvatskoj. Bit će objašnjena štetnost stalne uporabe pesticida te navedeni pesticidi koji se smiju upotrebljavati kod ekološke proizvodnje. Na kraju bit će definirana svrha prelaska s konvencionalne na ekološku poljoprivredu.

The purpose of the research paper is the importance of branding products bearing one of the quality marks (European Union or national branding) and their recognition on the Croatian market. Marketing Quality Marks promoted by Croatian Agricultural Agency are: "Honey from our beautiful, Controlled quality, Croatian island product, Egg of Croatian farms, Meat of Croatian farms, Milk of Croatian farms". Quality Marks of the European Union for Agricultural and Food Products (Ministry of Agriculture) are: "Protected designation of origin, protected designation of geographical origin, Traditional specialty guaranteed". The Croatian Chamber of Commerce is behind the branding of products bearing the inscriptions "Croatian Quality and Original Croatian". Zagreb trademarks were protected as the intellectual property of a producer association: "Zagreb's fresh cow cheese (ZG sirek), Jagodica purgerica (Strawberry Purgerica), Zagreb pušlek, Zagreb cherry". Branding an agricultural product means creating a certain awareness among consumers, making it recognizable on the market. In order to achieve that, it is important to involve agricultural experts from the beginning of the production preparation process through soil treatments (strict control of chemical substances) and environmental protection. Methodology used is historical, analysis and synthesis as well as quantitative and qualitative primary research. Quantitative method was conducted through questionnaire distributed to random sample of Croatian consumers with response of 920 collected responses. The research shows how many users of quality agricultural products at the EU level or users of marketing quality labels at the Croatian level are familiar with the labels, whether the quality labels are sufficiently commercially promoted and how it influences consumers buying preferences. Qualitative research was conducted by interviewing Assistant Minister at Ministry of Agriculture and Deputy Head of City Office for Agriculture and Forestry at City of Zagreb. The research results show that promotion of national agricultural products with labels of quality is extremely important for consumers but still not sufficient and needs to be improved on all levels ; by producers, Ministry of Agriculture, City of Zagreb and all stakeholders

Izvori svjetla imaju različite emisijske spektre tj. pojedini tip svjetiljke emitira određene valne duljine boje. Reakcija biljke na svjetlost ovisi o valnoj duljini pri čemu se događaju transdukcijski signali nakon čega slijedi proces klijanja, širenja listova, rast i cvjetanje. Valne duljine pogoduju više ili manje rastu pojedinih biljaka, imaju utjecaj na fotosintezu, fototropizam, fotoperiodizam, klijanje i defolijaciju. Kulture koje se uzgajaju na otvorenom koriste sunčevu svjetlost kao izvor energije putem fotosinteze. Promatrane su razlike u klijanju i porastu biljaka pod određenim svjetlom s ciljem primjene kontroliranoga uzgoja te postavljanja stabilne proizvodnje bez obzira na sezonu i klimatske uvjete okoline. Proučavan je utjecaj osvjetljenja na klijavost, utjecaj svjetla na broj listova, cvjetova i mahuna, visinu stabljike, masu korijena, te je mjerena vlaga i temperatura zraka. Prednosti LED osvjetljenja su veliki intenzitet, malo zračenje topline, mogućnosti postavljanja uz samu biljku, dugi životni vijek i manji utrošak električne energije i disipacije svjetlosti, odnosno same iskoristivosti svjetiljke te veća izdržljivost. LED tehnologija pruža potencijal za poboljšanje biljnoga rasta te stvaranje održivoga sustava. U radu je prikazana imitacija prirodnog svjetla uz pomoć LED svjetiljki kako bi se osigurao rast i razvoj biljaka, te na koji način određena valna duljina i intenzitet mogu utjecati na razvoj i metabolizam biljke s ciljem proizvodnje funkcionalne hrane, u ovom slučaju niskoga graha.

Višnja maraska (Prunus cerasus var. Marasca) jedna je od najznačajnijih voćnih vrsta Dalmacije, još od 16 stoljeća od kada datira i proizvodnja poznatog likera Maraschino. Areal rasprostranjenosti maraske ograničen je uglavnom na dio područja sjeverne i srednje Dalmacije od Zadra do Makarske, gdje klima i tlo omogućuju postizanje visoke kvalitete ploda i specifične arome. Provedena istraživanja imala su za cilj utvrditi fizikalno-kemijske parametre (ukupnu suhu tvar, vodotopivu suhu tvar, ukupnu kiselost, udio mesa i koštica), ukupne polifenole i antocijane te antioksidativni kapacitet u plodu višnje maraske u dvije klimatski različite godine (2012 i 2013), na plantaži „Vlačine“ (Zadar). Značajno veće vrijednosti ukupne suhe tvari, ukupnih polifenola i antioksidativnog kapaciteta utvrđene su u 2012., dok su veće vrijednosti ukupnih kiselina i antocijana utvrđene u 2013. godini, što se može dovesti u svezu s većim količinama oborina i nižim temperaturama u fazi zriobe plodova u 2013. godini. Značajno niže vrijednosti antocijana u 2012. u odnosu na 2013. godinu mogu se objasniti ekstremno visokim temperaturama u fazi zriobe u 2012. godini, koje prema literaturnim navodima mogu smanjiti količinu antocijana i do 90 %. U obje godine istraživanja utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija između ukupnih polifenola i antocijana, što potvrđuje činjenicu da su antocijani dominantni polifenolni spojevi u plodu maraske.

Višnja maraska (Prunus cerasus var. Marasca) jedna je od najznačajnijih voćnih vrsta Dalmacije, još od 16 stoljeća od kada datira i proizvodnja poznatog likera Maraschino. Areal rasprostranjenosti maraske ograničen je uglavnom na dio područja sjeverne i srednje Dalmacije od Zadra do Makarske, gdje klima i tlo omogućuju postizanje visoke kvalitete ploda i specifične arome. Provedena istraživanja imala su za cilj utvrditi fizikalno-kemijske parametre (ukupnu suhu tvar, vodotopivu suhu tvar, ukupnu kiselost, udio mesa i koštica), ukupne polifenole i antocijane te antioksidativni kapacitet u plodu višnje maraske u dvije klimatski različite godine (2012 i 2013), na plantaži „Vlačine“ (Zadar). Značajno veće vrijednosti ukupne suhe tvari, ukupnih polifenola i antioksidativnog kapaciteta utvrđene su u 2012., dok su veće vrijednosti ukupnih kiselina i antocijana utvrđene u 2013. godini, što se može dovesti u svezu s većim količinama oborina i nižim temperaturama u fazi zriobe plodova u 2013. godini. Značajno niže vrijednosti antocijana u 2012. u odnosu na 2013. godinu mogu se objasniti ekstremno visokim temperaturama u fazi zriobe u 2012. godini, koje prema literaturnim navodima mogu smanjiti količinu antocijana i do 90 %. U obje godine istraživanja utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija između ukupnih polifenola i antocijana, što potvrđuje činjenicu da su antocijani dominantni polifenolni spojevi u plodu maraske., Sour cherry cv. Marasca (Prunus cerasus cv. Marasca) is one of the most important fruit species of Dalmatia ever since 16th century. Production of the famous liqueur Maraschino began at that time. The areal of the prevalence of marasca is limited mainly to the part of the north and central Dalmatia, from Zadar to Makarska, where the climate and soil allow the achievement of high fruit quality and specific aroma. The investigations were aimed to determine the physico-chemical parameters (total dry matter, water soluble dry matter, total acids and percentage of flesh and endocarp in fruit) and biologically active compounds (total polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity) of the marasca cherry fruit in the climatic two different years (2012 and 2013) on the „Vlačine” (Zadar) plantation. Significantly higher values of total dry matter, total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity were determined in 2012, while in 2013 higher values of total acids and anthocyanins were determined. That can be brought into connection with significantly higher amount of precipitation and lower temperatures in the phase of fruit ripening in 2013. In both years of investigation a positive correlation between the total polyphenols and anthocyanins was determine which confirms the fact that the anthocyanins are dominant polyphenolic compounds in the marasca fruit. Significantly lower values of anthocyanins in 2012. compared to 2013. can be explained by the extremely high temperatures in the stage of maturity in 2012. which, according to the literature, can reduce the amount of anthocyanins up to 90%

Azbest je mineralni kristal vlaknaste strukture. Postoji šest osnovnih tipova azbesta, a najčešće korišteni azbestni materijal u Republici Hrvatskoj bio je krizotil, koji je najmanje opasan. S obzirom na jako dobre osobine azbest se dodavao raznim proizvodima kako bi im se osigurala mehanička i kemijska svojstva, otpornost na vlagu, vatru, vrućinu, buku, elektricitet, habanje i trenje. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati problematiku rješavanja azbestnog otpada. Kako bi se to što bolje prikazalo, teoretski dio za početak mora objasniti definiciju, štetne utjecaje i lokacije azbestnog otpada te kako se ta problematika prije rješavala i s kojim posljedicama. Činjenica je da se ulaskom Republike Hrvatske u Europsku uniju moraju zadovoljiti okviri, vezani za zbrinjavanje otpada, odlagališta i sortiranje, azbestni otpad samo je jedan od izazova s kojima se u tom procesu susreće. Osim izazova zbrinjavanja novih količina otpada, velik izazov je i sanacija postojećih velikih količina takvog opasnog otpada koji do sada nije bio pravilno sortiran niti zbrinjavan.

U okviru istraživanja cavee Belojača, koja se nalazi na zapadnom rubu Panonske kotline na dodiru zapadnih Karavanki i Haloz, provedeno je polugodišnje istraživanje značajki ekosustava s naglaskom na mikroklimu. Podaci su pridobiveni terenskim mjerenjima u razdoblju od listopada 2016 do ožujka 2017. Jamski ekosustavi pripadaju u ekstremne jer se njihova svojstva mjenjaju sporije i sa zadrškom glede na svojstva drugih ekosustava. Upravo je to obilježje koje privlači različita živa bića koja tu pronalaze idealne uvjete za zimovanje i život općenito. Najpoznatiji su šišmiši. S ciljem pojašnjavanja mikroklimatskih svojatava jame, jedne od rijetkih na zapadnom rubu Panonske kotline, s prikupljenim mjerenjima dokazali smo zanimljivu korelaciju klimatskih čimbenika.

Concern for a healthy drinking water derived from the basic human needs , because it is required under the international convention to ensure clean safe water for all at all levels. Therefore, municipalities and local communities are already submitting their proposals for decades to obtain financial resources for co-financing wastewater treatment plants. Since this kind of tenders are no longer available, and the majority of rural areas (in Slovenia 60%) still does not have regulated sewerage, other approaches, that allow reducing the concentrations of pollutants in the water, which are harmful for our health, are becoming more and more important. In this paper we presented the possibility of using natural wastewater treatment systems, which in the comparative method pilot test work reliably and are ready to be quickly, without major investment used in practice. We analyzed Gajševsko Lake as an example of highly contaminated water accumulation. In a cross-border project Slovenia - Croatia we developed approaches to reduce pollutants in water and this has an important influence on the quality of the soil and human health., Skrb za zdravo pitno vodo izhaja iz osnovnih človekovih potreb, saj je potrebno po mednarodni konvenciji na vseh ravneh zagotoviti čisto zdravo vodo za vse. Zato se občine in lokalne skupnosti že desetlejta prijavljajo na razpise za pridobitev finančnih sredstev za sofinanciranje čistilnih naprav, saj prav odpadna voda iz gospodinjstev, ki teče v vodotoke, onesnažuje tako tekoče kot stoječe vode in podtalnico. V prispevku je prikazan čezmejni projekt Slovenija – Hrvaška (2014 – 2015) z naslovom Doba voda za vse in prizadevanja, da bi prav preko zmanjševanja odpadnih voda, ki tečejo v reko Ščavnico zmanjšali onesnaževanje vodne akumulacije Gajševsko jezero. Čepav številni monitoringi kažejo slabo stanje vode v tem jezeru, novejše ugotovitve kažejo, da se jezero zaradi zaraščenosti z vlagoljubno vegetacijo in zaradi močvirnih območij že čisti samo. Zato je bil cilj projekta tudi raziskati možnosti naravnih čistilnih sistemov za vodne akumulacije, kot je Gajševsko jezero.

Concern for a healthy drinking water derived from the basic human needs , because it is required under the international convention to ensure clean safe water for all at all levels. Therefore, municipalities and local communities are already submitting their proposals for decades to obtain financial resources for co- financing wastewater treatment plants. Since this kind of tenders are no longer available, and the majority of rural areas (in Slovenia 60%) still does not have regulated sewerage, other approaches, that allow reducing the concentrations of pollutants in the water, which are harmful for our health, are becoming more and more important. In this paper we presented the possibility of using natural wastewater treatment systems, which in the comparative method pilot test work reliably and are ready to be quickly, without major investment used in practice. We analyzed Gajševsko Lake as an example of highly contaminated water accumulation. In a cross- border project Slovenia - Croatia we developed approaches to reduce pollutants in water and this has an important influence on the quality of the soil and human health.

Obrazovni turizam je oblik djelovanja koji se temelji na posredovanju aktualnih, upotrebljivih i inovativnih znanja korisnicima, to mogu biti turisti različitih generacija, od mladih, školske dobi, do onih starijih. Prednost obrazovnog turizma je to što se kod mladih može uklopiti u dio obrazovnog procesa kao jedan od oblika (nastava u prirodi, terenski rad), dok je kod zrelih generacija obrazovni turizam investicija pojedinca u sebe, što predstavlja određenu prednost. U radu je predstavljen obrazovni turizam na poligonu za učenje i samodostatnost Dole u opčini Poljčane u Sloveniji, koji godišnje posjeti 10.000 ljudi s potrebom za dodatnom edukacijom iz područja tloznanstva, geobotanike, hidrologije, čišćenja otpadnih voda i permakulture.

Proizvodnja bioplina iznimno je važna u ciklusu održivog korištenja agrarne biomase i organskog otpada životinjskog podrijetla kao obnovljivog izvora energije na poljoprivrednom imanju. Biokemijski proces anaerobne digestije (AD) u proizvodnji bioplina može značajno pridonijeti povećanju sanitarne kakvoće digestata u odnosu na sirovi stajski gnoj. Ovaj rad uspoređuje prisutnost četiriju vrsta patogenih bakterija u uzorcima svježeg stajskog gnoja s primjesama biljne ili industrijske sirovine u odnosu na digestat nastao anaerobnom digestijom u bioplinskom postrojenju Mala Branjevina 2. s područja sjeveroistočne Slavonije. Uzorci sirovine uzeti su prije, a uzorci digestata nakon procesa anaerobne fermentacije. U obje faze uzorkovanja radi se o sirovini približno istog kemijskog sastava: 80% goveđeg gnoja, 15% biljnog materijala i 5% industrijskog otpada prehrambene industrije. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su pretpostavku o znatno više očekivanih patogenih bakterija u svježem stajskom gnoju u usporedbi s digestatom koji je sanitarno gotovo sterilan, a time i zdravstveno sigurniji za ljude.

Proizvodnja bioplina iznimno je važna u ciklusu održivog korištenja agrarne biomase i organskog otpada životinjskog podrijetla kao obnovljivog izvora energije na poljoprivrednom imanju. Biokemijski proces anaerobne digestije (AD) u proizvodnji bioplina može značajno pridonijeti povećanju sanitarne kakvoće digestata u odnosu na sirovi stajski gnoj. Ovaj rad uspoređuje prisutnost četiriju vrsta patogenih bakterija u uzorcima svježeg stajskog gnoja s primjesama biljne ili industrijske sirovine u odnosu na digestat nastao anaerobnom digestijom u bioplinskom postrojenju Mala Branjevina 2. s područja sjeveroistočne Slavonije. Uzorci sirovine uzeti su prije, a uzorci digestata nakon procesa anaerobne fermentacije. U obje faze uzorkovanja radi se o sirovini približno istog kemijskog sastava: 80% goveđeg gnoja, 15% biljnog materijala i 5% industrijskog otpada prehrambene industrije. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su pretpostavku o znatno više očekivanih patogenih bakterija u svježem stajskom gnoju u usporedbi s digestatom koji je sanitarno gotovo sterilan, a time i zdravstveno sigurniji za ljude., The production of biogas is of great importance in the cycle of sustainable use of agricultural biomass and organic animal waste as a renewable energy source on a farm. The biochemical process of anaerobic digestion (AD) of the process can significantly contribute to increasing the sanitary quality of digestate compared to raw manure. This paper compares the presence of four types of pathogenic bacteria in samples of fresh manure with a touch of herbal or industrial raw materials in relation to the digestate created by anaerobic digestion biogas plant Small Branjevina second in the field of northeastern Slavonia. Samples of raw materials are taken before and samples digestate after an anaerobic digestion. In both phases of sampling it is the raw material of about the same chemical composition: 80% bovine manure, 15% vegetable material and 5% of industrial waste of the food industry. Results confirmed the assumption of the expected significantly more pathogenic bacteria in the fresh manure compared with the digestate is almost sterile, sanitary, health and thus safer for people.

In the research, in this paper, we investigate spatial and temporal variations in the composition of wastewater near Croatian highways in three climatic regions (continental, Mediterranean, highland) during three seasons (autumn, winter and spring). In our paper, the spatial division of the investigated areas that pertain to the three aforementioned climatic regions was obtained using the method of hierarchical clustering of monitored locations. One thousand five hundred thirty-three samples from 14 locations along Croatian highways were collected and analysed by methods of multivariate exploratory analysis. By methods of principal components, factor analysis and hierarchical clustering of variables, we grouped the variables into factors. Whereas 60 % of variation in the data was explained by three principal components, six principal components accounted for 88 % of data variation. The key section of our research was conducted by the decision tree method. For the purpose of analysis, we classified 1,533 samples into three classes representing climatic regions separately for each season and obtained the accuracy of 76–90 % on test samples. Finally, using decision trees, we identified the most important variables that differentiate climatic regions by the level of contamination of water along highways in different seasons.

Proučavano je djelovanje biljnih regulatora rasta na trešnju sorte 'Regina'. Tretmani su bili: 3, 5, 6-TPA (3, 5, 6-trikloro-2-piridiloksioctena kiselina) (auksin I) primijenjen 25 dana nakon pune cvatnje u koncentraciji 25 mg•L-1, NAA (naftiloctena kiselina) (auksin II), primijenjena 25 dana nakon pune cvatnje u koncentraciji 30 mg•L-1, giberelin GA3 primijenjen u vrijeme promjene osnovne zelene u slamnato žutu boju kožice ploda u koncentraciji 20 mg•L-1, auksin I + giberelin GA3 primijenjeni u vrijeme promjene osnovne zelene u slamnato žutu boju kožice ploda, auksin II + Giberelin GA3 primijenjeni u vrijeme promjene osnovne zelene u slamnato žutu boju kožice ploda i zadnji tretman kao kontrola koja je netretirana. Istraživanje je provedeno u Donjem Kraljevcu (Međimurje), u 2009. i 2010. godini. Godina 2009. bila je klimatološki iznimno topla godina, a 2010. bila je prosječna. Sezona je značajno utjecala na povećanje mase i veličinu ploda. Utjecaj regulatora značajniji je u 2010. nego u 2009. godini. To se može objasniti razlikama u temperaturi zraka i količinom padalina u navedenim godinama i učinkom regulatora rasta preostalima iz prošle godine. 3, 5, 6-TPA imao je inhibirajući učinak na veličinu ploda u 2009., a u 2010. ne pokazuje nikakav utjecaj. Negativan utjecaj regulatora rasta najjače je izražen kada je 3, 5, 6-TPA u kombinaciji s GA3. Stoga zaključujemo da genetski čimbenici imaju jak utjecaj na djelotvornost ove kombinacije regulatora rasta. Za razliku od GA3 NAA je vrlo učinkovit u obje godine istraživanja. Iz toga se može zaključiti da je auksin vrlo važan čimbenik povećanja veličine i mase ploda trešnje. Topljiva suha tvar uglavnom je ostala nepromijenjena utjecajem regulatora rasta. Tretman, godina i interakcija godine i tretmana značajno utječu na koncentraciju vinske i fumarne kiseline. Tretman i interakcija godine i tretmana značajno utječu na koncentraciju šikiminske kiseline, a na koncentraciju limunske kiseline značajno utječe jedino tretman. To ukazuje da klimatski uvjeti imaju jak utjecaj na te spojeve. Jabučna kiselina dominantna je organska kiselina, nakon nje slijedi vinska, limunska, šikiminska i fumarna. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu daljnjih istraživanja na različitim lokacijama kako bi se proširile spoznaje o djelovanju regulatora rasta na kakvoću ploda trešnje. Na temelju ovoga istraživanja može se preporučiti primjena NAA u koncentraciji od 30 mg•L-1 25 dana nakon pune cvatnje za poboljšanje kakvoće ploda trešnje u uvjetima Međimurja.

The effect of 10 ppm 3, 5, 6-TPA (3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyloxyocetic acid) , 20 ppm GA 3 and their combination on size and weight of cherry fruit (Prunus avium L. cv. Regina) were studied. 3, 5, 6-TPA was applied 25 days after full bloom and GA 3 during stage of fruit color change from green to straw-yellow. Fruit height, width, thickness and weight were measured. Width, thickness and weight of control fruit were the smallest. Fruit from 3, 5, 6-TPA - treated trees did not show significant difference in comparison to control. However, fruit from GA 3 – treated trees had significantly improved all characteristics in comparison to control fruits. Weight of fruit from trees treated with combination of 3, 5, 6-TPA and GA 3 was 14 % higher than control fruit and 2, 8 % higher than fruit from GA 3 - treated trees, but there were no significant difference comparing to fruit from trees treated with GA 3 alone. These results are preliminary results after a one-year study and more research should be done to examine the possible influence of other factors, such as ecological factors, before final management recommendations could be made.

Alelopatija je kemijska interakcija između dvaju biljaka koja se ostvaruje putem specifičnih kemijskih spojeva - alelokemikalija. Osim kao odnos između biljaka, alelopatija postoji i kao odnos mikrob-mikrob, biljka-insekt, biljka- mikrob, ili biljka- biljojed. Alelokemikalije se iz biljke koja ih sintetizira oslobađaju na četiri načina, a biljka na koju alelokemikalije djeluju ih upija preko korijena. Prvi je način u obliku plinova koji se oslobađaju iz lišća. Drugi je način ispiranje alelokemikalija s lišća ili stabljike za vrijeme kiše, rose, magle i snijega. Treći je način izlučivanje alelokemikalija iz korijena. Četvrti je način putem razgradnje biljnih ostataka pri čemu alelokemikalije dospjevaju u rizosferu. Alelokemikalije se u biljci nalaze u obliku vodotopivih glikozida i mogu se podijeliti u nekoliko skupina: antibiotici, fitoncidi, marazmini i kolini. One se razlikuju po kemijskom sastavu, načinu djelovanja i vrsti organizama na koje djeluju. Njihovo izlučivanje je reakcija biljke na okolišne parametre, prisutnost kompetitora i herbivore, odnosno stres u bilo kojem obliku. Jedan od glavnih ciljeva alelopatskih istraživanja je primjena alelokemikalija kao dodatne mjere borbe protiv korova i biljnih štetočina kao što su nematode radi smanjenja uporabe sintetičkih pesticida i smanjenja njihovog negativnog utjecaja na okoliš.

Raspucavanje plodova trešnje jedan je od problema u uzgoju trešanja (Prunus avium L.). Uzrok raspucavanja je prekomjerna apsorpcija vode. Apsorpcija može biti povećana zbog velike količine padalina u završnom stadiju zrelosti, utjecaja podloge i sorte trešnje. Raspucavanje uzrokovano pretjeranom apsorpcijom vode najčešće se događa na apikalnom dijelu ploda. Ozljede tog tipa na lateralnom dijelu ploda također su moguće, ali ne nužno zbog istih uzroka. Takva oštećenja plodova za posljedicu imaju izlaganje mesa ploda, što omogućava ulazak uzročnicima gljivičnih oboljenja, utječe na senzoričke vrijednosti ploda, a samim time i na način korištenja pobranih plodova. Postotak raspucalih plodova trešanja utječe na ekonomsku vrijednost uroda, to jest na cijenu koju voće postiže na tržištu.

Unlike other types of development activities, mineral resources can only be pro-duced where they exist. Therefore, exploitation sites depend on the geological composition of the area. Acceptance of a particular space as the potential for mineral exploitation depends on a number of factors, from economic to envi- ronmental. Mineral resources are non- renewable resources and are therefore considered a national treasure without which life would be unthinkable and significantly difficult.One of the main goals of the spatial development and development of the Coun-ty of Varaždin is the protection and conservation of the area with two bases - the protection of the high biological and landscape diversity of the County and the basis for the protection of drinking water. Therefore, the requirements for the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources are harmonized with the requirements of nature, environment and cultural and historical heritage, with the highest priority being the protection of drinking water reservoirs.This paper presents the existing exploitation fields located in the zones of sani-tary protection of springs on the Varaždin aquifer. The aim of this paper is to outline activities carried out for the purpose of reservoir protection, in order minimize the possible negative impact of mineral resource exploitation on groundwater and the environment in a broader sense.

With ecological approaches to farming, we more and more seek after safe food. In the area of flour milling sector there are many challenges with raw materials, marketing of local products, growing desires for sustainability, self- sufficiency, as well as with compliance with production standards and safety. Young, who are being educated in flour milling sector in Slovenia, are bakers, millers and confectioners. They are aware about needs to acquire additional knowledge and skills, especially amongst young employed in this sector. Data for research were acquired by two various workshops. The main purpose of first experiential workshop was to present to the students the importance of natural approaches for self-sufficiency, and to encourage them to think that anyone of us can become at least partially self-sufficient in everyday life. In the context of the different student activities implementation they also learned about the importance and opportunities for practical integration of sustainability into everyday life and future profession. The problems addressed by the second workshop were with educational sector. Aspects of sustainability are quite hidden in the educational system and not enough discussed about. Students in the course of education meet with the basic contents of environmental protection and sustainable development, but especially through the practical work, it appears that the students hardly transmit the theoretical knowledge into everyday practice and to their local environment. The purpose of the workshop with participation of the young employees, representatives from the education sector, was to obtain views on the needs and problems, as well as sustainability aspects in the food sector educational system. Our aim in the research in this article is to find determine which competencies are needed, where students see challenges in their profession. We conclude in our findings that digital open learning environment must be established for permanent and continuing education of young candidates.

Until recently organic waste was viewed as something we must get rid of at the lowest possible cost. Now slowly the paradigm is shifting and the value and potential of organic matter is being recognised. Organic waste can be composted and with some knowledge a humus rich soil can be produced. Since soil can store twice as much carbon as is present in the air, the soil is a very important reservoir of carbon. By fixing carbon from organic waste in a stable form and introducing it back to the land, we can bring a huge contribution in reducing CO2 burden. Archaeologists have found very fertile and stable humus soils in certain areas of Amazonia and if we lead the composting process in the direction to form stable and rich soil, we can offer a possibility of organic fertilisers that have shown an enormous advantage over mineral fertilizers. Researchers have found ways to influence composting processes to enhance production of extremely fertile soil in composition similar to terra preta found in Amazonia. The Green mine we have so far followed standard procedures of composting, but we plan to implement results of terra preta research terra in the process of composting. Research has shown that the presence of mineral flour and charcoal essential in the formation of extremely fertile and sustainable soil. Mineral flour offers micronutrients along with other ingredients forms fertile soil composites. Charcoal provides an extremely large surface for the formation of new habitats for microorganisms and thus allows propagation of beneficial microbes that are essential for the formation of fertile soil. We see the future of composting as a unique opportunity to create sustainable fertile soil that will enrich and renew by now exhausted fields and at the same time fix carbon from the air and contribute to climate protection.

Permaculture is a complex approach that connects environmental, social and economic aspects. Due to its innovative approaches and natural appearance, it is interesting for people of all ages, including the young, and there is a growing need to deploy permaculture in practise. Permaculture means new opportunities for soil protection and saving natural resources and ensuring greater self- sufficiency. We illustrate the points with reference to the Dole site in Slovenia.

70-ih godina u doba prvih naznaka energetske krize porasla je svijest o potrebi zamjene skupih, često i uvoznih fosilnih goriva. Sve intenzivnije razmišlja se o mogućnostima uvođenja OIE, među kojima je i proizvodnja bioplina metodom AD, što je najprihvatljivije rješenje u ruralnim područjima Hrvatske, odnosno Međimurja, gdje biomase ima u izobilju, a gnojovke i životinjski nusproizvodi nisu adekvatno zbrinuti kako to zahtijeva EU Direktiva 1774/2002. Međimurje je smješteno u blizini naprednijih država Slovenije i Austrije, gdje već desetljećima postoje bioplinska postrojenja od kojih su neka vrlo profitabilna, no ima i onih manje uspješnih. Ovaj rad bavi se otkrivanjem jeftinih sirovina, nadohvat ruke (lako dostupnih) koje su odlične sirovine za dobivanje biometana. Također se otkrivaju uzroci različite profitabilnosti s aspekta upotrijebljenih sirovina u procesu kodigestije. Iako stručne procjene EU udruga za biomasu (EuropeanBiomassAssociation– AEBIOM), kao i mnoge studije širom svijeta, globalno ukazuju na visok potencijal za proizvodnju bioplina u Hrvatskim ruralnim područjima, danas se koristi vrlo mali dio tog potencijala.

In relation to the development of tourist activity in the Republic of Croatia, the Varaždin County has significant indicators in the development of tourism, and in the present development has represented a particularly significant and attractive tourist area. A lot of research of tourist trends for several years now has shown that tourism in the Varaždin County has been expanding intensively in all areas where there are natural and cultural resources that allow you to get to know the untouched nature, culture of the area where tradition is nurtured, cities that have their history and architecture, enjoyment in sports and recreational activities, maintaining health and meeting many other tourism goals. The aim of this paper is to present the project "Holiday Homes with a Story" as a good driver of sustainable tourism development in the Varaždin County with an emphasis on how to maximize the satisfaction of tourists with a holiday home with a story. This project was initiated by the Varaždin County Tourist Board in cooperation with the Varaždin County and is very well received because through holiday homes, family farms and their branded products are connected and promoted. For the purpose of research for this paper, data from the Varaždin County Tourist Board was used to obtain results on the tourist traffic, increase in overnight stays, extension of season, number of accommodation capacities for the project "Holiday Homes with a Story" by methods of analysis and synthesis.

The rapid population growth, urbanisation and industrialisation as well as modern agricultural practices, have resulted in production of large volumes of various kinds of wastes that pollute the environment. Management of waste is a serious challenge in both developed and developing countries. Hemp /marijuana, scientifically referred to as Cannabis sativa L., is a controversial herb in all spheres of society. While the plant is praised for its therapeutic and perhaps prophylactic properties against a number of ailments, hemp has also found a place in bioremediation, with applications that include ridding environments of biological and chemical contaminants, particularly in wastewater and solid waste. The following account appraises the known and potential applications of hemp in environmental remediation. Studies have shown that Cannabis sativa L. can take up and accumulate heavy metals in its tissues. The specific mechanisms that hemp employs in the bioremediation processes include: (i) phytoexraction, (ii) rhizofiltration, (iii) phytodegradation and (iv) phytovolatisation. Based on the novelty of applications of hemp in bioremediation, further research is urged to unravel the full potential of the plant in all spheres of environmental management.

Voda je pomembna surovina Zemlje, vsako živo bitje jo potrebuje, saj preko nje vnašamo hranji- ve snovi v organizem in te blagodejno vplivajo na naše zdravje. Je osnovni pogoj za preživetje na našem planetu, saj je neizogibna za odvijanje vseh vitalnih procesov v biosferi. Pomembna je tudi za vzdrževanje osebne in splošne higiene, proizvodnjo hrane in v industriji.Pridobivanje, razdelitev ter nadzor kakovosti vode so del kmetijskega sektorja in so pod po-sebnim nadzorom kakovosti in zdravstvene neoporečnosti. V tem članku bomo govorili o vodi za pitje, karakteristikah, načinu pridobivanja ter membranskem procesu kot načinu obdelave vode za pitje. Pojasnjena bo tudi analiza vode, pokazatelji kakovosti vode za pitje, delo na te- renu in vzorčenje. Na področju mesta Varaždina in okolice (Republika Hrvaška) se prebivalstvo oskrbuje z vodo iz treh glavnih črpališč: Varaždin, Bartolovec, Vinkovščak. Z vodo za pitje se oskrbuje okoli 151.000 prebivalcev kar je 82 % županije. Na temelju analiz, narejenih v obdob-ju 2010-2016, so obdelani parametri vode za pitje. Namen tega dela je analizirati laborato-rijske podatke vode za pitje na črpališču Bartolovec, Vinkovščak in na naravnem izvoru Bela. Zdravstvena neoporečnost vode za pitje je regulirana s Pravilnikom o zdravstvenoj ispravnosti vode za pitje. Tako bomo v prispevku govorili tudi o zakonski regulativi, vezani na področje vode za pitje in o navedenem Pravilniku.

The term agroecology (AE) is very broad and it is understood as a responsible way of life according to the tradition of the local environment. The approaches that are developed in Slovenia and in which we can find the content of AE, are limited to single segments of the term. Thus Organic Farming (OF) means farming according to EU guidelines, which takes into account the relationship to plants and animals, but they are not based on heritage or tradition and they do not direct natural resources in the direction of energy-saving use. OF knows irrigation and reclamation of land, ploughing, spraying and protective agents. OF procedures are certified and as such generally applicable everywhere, regardless of location, tradition or the conditions of nature (Online source 2). Typical of biodynamic agriculture is the compliance with the rhythm of nature and to understand the cosmic forces and energies of the Earth, such as ethers. This is the highest level of responsible attitude to nature, but is not officially supported since it is not interesting for biodynamic agricultural markets because it does not use poisons (Online source 1). AE deals with contents as ecology in agriculture, organic farming, sustainable agriculture, green agriculture, permaculture, ecoremediations, integrated farming and natural agriculture. According to the official definition, the term AE means the use of traditional practices that are consistent with the characteristics of the local environment and do not limit only on food production, but also on food processing (recipes), products made from natural materials, especially wood, stone and construction as well as on ways of sustainable relationship to nature (water storage, attitude to water use, attitude to soil, shallow ploughing, attitudes toward animals, plants). We have discovered the concept of AE and its use and influence in Croatia.

Meliorativna gnojidba spada u oblik osnovne gnojidbe. U prvom planu, meliorativna gnojidba dovodi do promjena kemijskih svojstava tla koje zatim utječu na promjenu fizikalnih i bioloških svojstava. Od fizikalnih svojstava popravljaju se struktura, vododržnost, propusnost tla za vodu, kapacitet i propusnost za zrak (aeracija) te toplinska svojstva tla. Od kemijskih svojstava tla popravlja se sadržaj humusa, stvaranje blagoga humusa, pH - vrijednost tla i apsorpcija korisnih hranjiva, a od bioloških svojstava popravlja se rast i funkcioniranje korijenja kulturnih biljaka te prisutnost raznolike i mnogobrojne faune tla. U ovaj oblik gnojidbe spadaju kalcifikacija, humizacija, gipsanje, fosfatizacija, kalizacija i nitrogenizacija. Potreba za navedenim oblicima gnojidbe postoji na teškim glejnim i pseudoglejnim tlima hrvatskog dijela Posavine gdje su zbog posljedica geografskoga položaja i nemarnoga gospodarenja tlima izrazito narušena fizikalno – kemijska svojstva tala.

Increased industrialization leads to water pollution with heavy metal ions. Heavy metals in drinking water appear lately increasingly often. Drinking wa-ter contains them in small quantities that are permitted by the regulations in force, but as our knowledge about all the harmful effects of these substances is still incomplete, many believe that even a small quantity of harmful substances can be potentially dangerous. Due to the strict regulations and greater efforts to safeguard the environment by removing these ions from water is the subject of a lot of research. Today, different methods are used with the aim of is try-ing to achieve the effective removal of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr from the waste stream. The paper will describe the application of an adsorption process to remove heavy metal ions using the properties of natural zeolite, which ac-cording to previous research can effectively remove traces of heavy metal ions from the contaminated water by selecting appropriate settings. According to the published information, the method of adsorption with the use of zeolite can achieve efficient removal of Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Cr3+ ions. The most commonly used and most effective zeolite for removing heavy metals from water is clinoptiolite. According to recent findings and research results it can be concluded that natural zeolite with an increased proportion of clinoptilo-lite as active components and their chemical modification has a great potential to remove the heavy metal ions during the final stage of water treatment.