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Due lettori, entrambi lombardi, ci sottopongono il verbo cinquantare in uso dalle loro parti: qual è la sua origine?

Geographical and temporal differences of microplastic occurrence were documented in water and fish collected in 2017 and 2019 from the Giglio Island (North Tyrrhenian Sea) close to the area where the Costa Concordia sank in January 2012. Results on water samples showed a site-dependent difference, suggesting the role of surface current dynamics in the microplastic local distribution, while tested Neuston nets (200 μm and 330 μm mesh size) did not influence microplastic retention efficiency. Fish exhibited in 2019 a higher frequency of specimens positive to microplastic ingestion with respect to 2017, with an occurrence higher than those typically observed in other Mediterranean areas. Both in water and fish, fragments were the dominating shape, polypropylene and polyethylene were the prevalent polymers, without particular difference between sites and years. This study highlights the importance of applying microplastic investigation in biotic and abiotic matrices for an effective monitoring of this pollution in the marine environment.

Resumo Este estudo analisou a tendência dos gastos e das Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) em crianças residentes na Bahia. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal, na Bahia, de 2000 a 2012. Foram calculadas as taxas anuais de ICSAP em menores de cinco anos, dos gastos totais e dos gastos médios. Para a análise da tendência temporal foram construídos modelos de regressão linear. Foram notificadas 810.831 ICSAP em menores de cinco anos na Bahia de 2000 a 2012. A taxa de ICSAP decresceu 24,7% no período, passando de 44,6 para 33,6 hospitalizações/1.000 crianças. O gasto total foi estimado em 155,8 milhões de reais, sendo observada redução de 50,4%, comparando-se o primeiro com o último ano da série. A análise de regressão linear evidenciou tendência de redução das ICSAP (β = -1,20; p = 0,014), dos gastos médios (β = -3,45; p < 0,01) e gastos totais (β = -0,46; p < 0,01). Apesar do comportamento de queda, ainda há elevadas taxas de ICSAP, que repercutem em um grande volume de recursos gastos com tais hospitalizações. Nesse sentido, diminuir as ICSAP em menores de cinco anos é importante tanto para melhorar a saúde da população quanto para reduzir gastos hospitalares. Abstract This study analyses expenditure trends in Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSCs) in children. It is an ecological time-series study, including hospitalizations of children under five in Bahia, between 2000 and 2012. We calculate the annual ACSC rates, as well as the total and average expenditure on these hospitalizations. We construct linear regression analysis models for the temporal trends. Between 2000 and 2012, 810,831 ACSC hospitalizations for the under-fives were recorded in Bahia. Hospitalization rates dropped 24.7% over this period, falling from 44.6 to 33.6 per 1,000 children. The total expenditure on such admissions is estimated to be 155.8 million Brazilian Reals. When we compare the first with the last year of the series, we note a reduction of 50.4% in total expenditure. The linear regression analysis demonstrates a reduction trend in average ACSC expenditure (β = -1.20, p = 0.014), (β = -3.45, p

Wearing face masks is a fundamental prevention and control measure to limit the spread of COVID-19. The universal use and improper disposal of single-use face masks are raising serious concerns for their environmental impact, owing to the foregone contribution to plastic water pollution during and beyond the pandemic. This study aims to uncover the release of micro/nanoplastics generated from face mask nonwoven textiles once discarded in the aquatic environment. As assessed by microscopy and flow cytometry, the exposure to different levels of mechanical stress forces (from low to high shear stress intensities) was proved effective in breaking and fragmenting face mask fabrics into smaller debris, including macro-, micro-, and nano-plastics. Even at the low level of fabric deterioration following the first second of treatment, a single mask could release in water thousands of microplastic fibers and up to 108 submicrometric particles, mostly comprised in the nano-sized domain. By contributing to the current lack of knowledge regarding the potential environmental hazards posed by universal face masking, we provided novel quantitative data, through a suitable technological approach, on the release of micro/nanoplastics from single-use face masks that can threaten the aquatic ecosystems to which they finally end-up., Graphical Abstract ga1

Marine microplastics are recognized as an emerging pollutant accumulating in marine environment, throughout the water column and on the seabed [1]. Over 300 million tons of plastic are produced globally each year [2], and almost 10% of the annual production ends up into the oceans, where degradation of plastic objects can take several hundred years. Microplastics (MP) are particles with sizes below 5 mm that can derive from the breakdown of larger debris or can enter the environment as microscopic fragments. Because of their small size, MPs are of concern especially because they can be ingested by a variety of marine organisms, and possibly be transferred along the food web [3].

The Arctic is a unique and fragile ecosystem that needs to be preserved and protected. Despite its remoteness, plastic pollution has been documented in this region. In the coming years, it is likely to worsen since, with climate changes and the opening of new shipping routes, the human presence is going to increase in the whole area. Here, we investigated the presence of microplastics (MPs) in subsurface water and in two mid-trophic level Arctic fishes collected off Northeast Greenland: the demersal bigeye sculpin, Triglops nybelini, and the pelagic polar cod, Boreogadus saida. Plastics debris were found in the water samples at a concentration of 2.4 items/m(3) +/- 0.8 SD which is higher than in most seas at lower latitudes. Both fish species had eaten MPs with different proportion among the species, 34% for T. nybelini (n = 71) and 18% for B. saida (n = 85). The significant difference in the occurrence of MPs between the two species is likely a consequence of their feeding behavior and habitat. Polyethylene was the main plastic polymer for water samples (41%, n = 17) and polyester (34%, n = 156) for fish samples as analyzed by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Our data underscore that the Arctic regions are turning into a hotspot for plastic pollution, and this calls urgently for precautionary measures. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2019-08-20T18:23:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Artigo Joilma Santos Passos et al. 2018.pdf: 479578 bytes, checksum: 1b946d999645ed54cf063850712ef7d6 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2019-08-20T19:38:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Artigo Joilma Santos Passos et al. 2018.pdf: 479578 bytes, checksum: 1b946d999645ed54cf063850712ef7d6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-08-20T19:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Artigo Joilma Santos Passos et al. 2018.pdf: 479578 bytes, checksum: 1b946d999645ed54cf063850712ef7d6 (MD5) A transição epidemiológica e demográfica em curso no país impacta em novos desafios para a oferta de serviços de saúde, com aumento da demanda por assistência em alta complexidade, especialmente em leitos de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a distribuição de leitos de terapia intensiva adulto na Bahia. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, de série temporal, cuja unidade de análise foi a Bahia, de 2005 a 2014. A fonte dos dados acerca da disponibilidade dos leitos foram as informações do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde. Os resultados evidenciaram aumento na quantidade de leitos, tanto públicos quanto privados, sendo maior o crescimento proporcional nos leitos públicos. Apesar desse achado, em todos os anos estudados, a maioria dos leitos se concentrava na capital do estado. O estudo demonstrou a existência de vazios assistenciais na oferta de leitos de terapia intensiva na Bahia, apesar da melhoria na oferta desses serviços no interior do Estado. Esta pesquisa aponta a necessidade de expansão desses serviços, especialmente nos municípios de médio porte, de modo a garantir o cumprimento dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde, especialmente o princípio da integralidade da assistência.

Plastic debris accumulates in the marine environment, fragmenting into microplastics (MP), causing concern. about their potential toxic effects when ingested by marine organisms. The aim of this study was to verify whether 0.1 mu m polystyrene beads are likely to trigger lethal and sub-lethal responses in marine planktonic crustaceans. MP build-up, mortality, swimming speed alteration and enzyme activity (cholinesterases, catalase) were investigated in the larval stages of Amphibalanus amphitrite barnacle and of Artemia franciscana brine shrimp exposed to a wide range of MP concentrations (from 0.001 to 10 mg L-1) for 24 and 48 h. The results show that MP were accumulated in crustaceans, without affecting mortality. Swimming activity was significantly altered in crustaceans exposed to high MP concentrations (> 1 mg L-1) after 48 h. Enzyme activities were significantly affected in all organisms exposed to all the above MP concentrations, indicating that neurotoxic effects and oxidative stress were induced after MP treatment. These findings provide new insight into sub-lethal MP effects on marine crustaceans.

The aim of this study was to detect ecotoxicological effects of 0.1 μm polystyrene microbeads in marine organisms belonging to different trophic levels. MP build up, lethal and sub-lethal responses were investigated in the bacterium Vibrio anguillarum (culturability), in the green microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (growth inhibition), in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (mortality and swimming speed alteration) and in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (immobility and swimming speed alteration) exposed to a wide range of microplastic (MP) concentrations (from 0.001 to 10 mg L−1). Survival was not affected in all organisms up to 10 mg L−1, while algal growth inhibition, rotifer and sea urchin larvae swimming behaviour alterations were observed after exposure to MPs. Ingestion was only observed in rotifers and it was directly correlated with sub-lethal effects. These results account for the ecotoxicological risk associated to the polystyrene microbeads, which are able to affect different endpoints in primary producers and consumers (rotifers and sea urchins) since no effects were observed in decomposers. This study points out the importance of using a battery of marine organisms belonging to different trophic levels by studying acute toxicity of MPs at low and high contamination levels, and investigating sub-lethal responses. Further investigations aimed at studying the transfer of these materials through the web are particularly recommended.

The presence of toxicant needs to be assessed within short time in order to effectively protect the aquatic environment from serious threat. Based on the observation that at high temperatures aquatic organisms become more vulnerable to stressors than those maintained at room temperature, a new test was developed. The proposed bioassay consisted in the evaluation of the swimming speed alteration (SSA) of nauplii of Artemia franciscana incubated at 39 °C (± 1) for 6 h, using a Swimming Behavior Recorder system (SBR). A comparative ecotoxicological study between the 6 h SSA test and the 24 h mortality test was carried out in order to validate the new method in terms of sensitivity by means of EC 50 values. The bioassay was applied to screen different toxicants: K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , Cu(SO 4 ) 2 , NaClO, SDS and Sertraline hydrochloride. The EC 50s calculated for the short-term SSA test and those of the mortality test showed comparable values. For all toxicants, the 6 h SSA test was proved to be as sensitive as the 24 h mortality test. The method developed in this study is the first temperature-based toxicity test with nauplii of Artemia franciscana and it represents an attractive assay in ecotoxicology because of its convenience in terms of time and costs, feasibility and sensitivity.

This study analyses expenditure trends in Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSCs) in children. It is an ecological time-series study, including hospitalizations of children under five in Bahia, between 2000 and 2012. We calculate the annual ACSC rates, as well as the total and average expenditure on these hospitalizations. We construct linear regression analysis models for the temporal trends. Between 2000 and 2012, 810,831 ACSC hospitalizations for the under-fives were recorded in Bahia. Hospitalization rates dropped 24.7% over this period, falling from 44.6 to 33.6 per 1,000 children. The total expenditure on such admissions is estimated to be 155.8 million Brazilian Reals. When we compare the first with the last year of the series, we note a reduction of 50.4% in total expenditure. The linear regression analysis demonstrates a reduction trend in average ACSC expenditure (β = -1.20, p = 0.014), (β = -3.45, p0.01) and total expenditure (β = -0,46, p0.01). Despite the reductions in these indicators, ACSC rates remain high, which has a significant impact on the volume of resources spent on avoidable hospitalizations. To this end, it is important to reduce ACSC expenditure, to both improve population health and reduce hospital costs.Este estudo analisou a tendência dos gastos e das Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) em crianças residentes na Bahia. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal, na Bahia, de 2000 a 2012. Foram calculadas as taxas anuais de ICSAP em menores de cinco anos, dos gastos totais e dos gastos médios. Para a análise da tendência temporal foram construídos modelos de regressão linear. Foram notificadas 810.831 ICSAP em menores de cinco anos na Bahia de 2000 a 2012. A taxa de ICSAP decresceu 24,7% no período, passando de 44,6 para 33,6 hospitalizações/1.000 crianças. O gasto total foi estimado em 155,8 milhões de reais, sendo observada redução de 50,4%, comparando-se o primeiro com o último ano da série. A análise de regressão linear evidenciou tendência de redução das ICSAP (β = -1,20; p = 0,014), dos gastos médios (β = -3,45; p0,01) e gastos totais (β = -0,46; p0,01). Apesar do comportamento de queda, ainda há elevadas taxas de ICSAP, que repercutem em um grande volume de recursos gastos com tais hospitalizações. Nesse sentido, diminuir as ICSAP em menores de cinco anos é importante tanto para melhorar a saúde da população quanto para reduzir gastos hospitalares.

Behavioral endpoints have been used for decades to assess chemical impacts at concentrations unlikely to cause mortality. With recently developed techniques, it is possible to investigate the swimming behavior of several organisms under laboratory conditions. The aims of this study were: i) assessing for the first time the feasibility of swimming speed analysis of the early developmental stage sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus by an automatic recording system ii) investigating any Swimming Speed Alteration (SSA) on P. lividus early stages exposed to a chemical reference; iii) identifying the most suitable stage for SSA test. Results show that the swimming speed of all the developmental stages was easily recorded. The swimming speed was inhibited as a function of toxicant concentration. Pluteus were the most appropriate stage for evaluating SSA in P. lividus as ecotoxicological endpoint. Finally, swimming of sea urchin early stages represents a sensitive endpoint to be considered in ecotoxicological investigations.

Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms have received much less attention than developmental or reproductive ones due to the scarce presence of user-friendly tools for their acquisition. The technological development of data acquisition systems for quantifying behavior in the aquatic environment and the increase of studies on the understanding the relationship between the behavior of aquatic organisms and the physiological/ecological activities have generated renewed interest in using behavioral responses also in marine ecotoxicology. Recent reviews on freshwater environment show that behavioral end-points are comparatively fast and sensitive, and warrant further attention as tools for assessing the toxicological effects of environmental contaminants. In this mini-review, we perform a systematic analysis of the most recent works that have used marine invertebrate swimming alteration as behavioral end-point in ecotoxicological studies by assessing the differences between behavioral and acute responses in a wide range of species, in order to compare their sensitivity. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential toxicity of Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) in seawater by using the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus as biological model. SiO2 NPs exposure effects were identified on the sperm of the sea urchin through a multidisciplinary approach, combining developmental biology, ecotoxicology, biochemistry, and microscopy analyses. The following responses were measured: (i) percentage of eggs fertilized by exposed sperm; (ii) percentage of anomalies and undeveloped embryos and larvae; (iii) enzyme activity alterations (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) in the early developmental stages, namely gastrula and pluteus. Sperms were exposed to seawater containing SiO2 NPs suspensions ranging from 0.0001mg/L to 50mg/L. Fertilization ability was not affected at any concentration, whereas a significant percentage of anomalies in the offspring were observed and quantified by means of EC50 at gastrula stage, including undeveloped and anomalous embryos (EC50=0.06mg/L), and at pluteus stage, including skeletal anomalies and delayed larvae (EC50=0.27mg/L). Moreover, morphological anomalies were observed in larvae at pluteus stage, by immunolocalizing molecules involved in larval development and neurotoxicity effects - such as acetylated tubulin and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) - and measuring AChE activity. Exposure of sea urchins to SiO2 NPs caused neurotoxic damage and a decrease of AChE expression in a non-dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, through the multidisciplinary approach used in this study SiO2 NPs toxicity in sea urchin offspring could be assessed. Therefore, the measured responses are suitable for detecting embryo- and larval- toxicity induced by these NPs.

We examined egg fertilisation in purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) after sperm exposure to carbon-based nanomaterials, carbon black (CB) and graphene oxide (GO), from 0.0001 mg/L to 1.0mg/L. Gastrula stage embryos were investigated for acetylcholinesterase and propionylcholinesterase activities, and their morphological characteristics. Plutei were analysed for morphological abnormalities, with emphasis on skeletal rod formation. Egg fertilisation was significantly affected by CB, at all concentrations tested. Loss of cell adhesion at the gastrula surface was observed in eggs fertilised with sperm treated with CB. However, concentration-dependent morphological anomalies were observed in the gastrulae and plutei formed after sperm exposure to either CB or GO. The activities of both cholinesterases decreased in the gastrulae, although not in a concentration-dependent manner. These effects appear to arise from physical interactions between these carbon-based nanomaterials and the sperm, whereby nanomaterials attached to the sperm surface interfere with fertilisation, which leads to disturbances in the signalling pathways of early embryonic development. Reduced cholinesterase activity in gastrulae from eggs fertilised with nanomaterial-treated sperm confirms involvement of the cholinergic system in early sea urchin development, including skeletogenesis.

The aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle (NP)-induced embryotoxicity in aquatic organisms. We previously demonstrated that exposure of male gametes to NPs causes non-dose-dependent skeletal damage in sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) larvae. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these anomalies in sea urchin development from male gametes exposed to cobalt (Co), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) NPs were investigated by histochemical, immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. P. lividus sperm were exposed to different NP concentrations (from 0.0001 to 1 mg/L). The distribution of molecules related to skeletogenic cell identification, including ID5 immunoreactivity (IR), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) affinity and fibronectin (FN) IR, were investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy at the gastrula (24 h) and pluteus (72 h) stages. Our results identified a spatial correspondence among PMCs, ID5 IR and WGA affinity sites. The altered FN pattern suggests that it is responsible for the altered skeletogenic cell migration, while the Golgi apparatus of the skeletogenic cells, denoted by their WGA affinity, shows different aspects according to the degree of anomalies caused by NP concentrations. The ID5 IR, a specific marker of skeletogenic cells in sea urchin embryos (in particular of the msp130 protein responsible for Ca2+ and Mg2+ mineralization), localized in the cellular strands prefiguring the skeletal rods in the gastrula stage and, in the pluteus stage, was visible according to the degree of mineralization of the skeleton. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the investigated NPs suspended in seawater interfere with the bio-mineralization processes in marine organisms, and the results of this study offer a new series of specific endpoints for the mechanistic understanding of NP toxicity.

Il contributo prende in esame parole della gastronomia presenti in testi napoletani quattro e primo-cinquecenteschi. La scelta di concentrare l’attenzione sul tema del cibo e sull’area geografica napoletana si motiva con la particolare ricchezza e la varietà di questo campo semantico nel territorio considerato e con la produttività di Napoli come principale centro d’irradiazione di meridionalismi gastronomici nella lingua nazionale.

Questo contributo rende conto del ritrovamento e delle prime fasi di riordino dell’archivio del professor Mario Doria presso il Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici dell’Università di Trieste. In particolare, consideriamo uno schedario collegabile alla stesura del Grande dizionario del dialetto triestino storico etimologico fraseologico, noto appunto come il Doria (d’ora in avanti, GDDT) a cui ha fatto seguito una seconda edizione intitolata Nuovo Doria (d’ora in avanti, ND), conosciuta anche come “Doria-Zeper”, con l’aggiunta del nome del nuovo curatore. Nei §§ 2, 3 e 4 forniamo qualche informazione introduttiva e di contorno, atta a inquadrare la biografia dell’autore e definire brevemente il contesto in cui ha visto la luce il GDDT. Il § 5, invece, descrive l’archivio che abbiamo iniziato a scandagliare, portando qualche esempio delle prime schede lessicografiche analizzate e avanzando qualche ipotesi sul ruolo di questo schedario nell’economia delle ricerche doriane. Nel § 6, infine, si accenna – a mo’ di conclusione – alle direzioni che può prendere lo spoglio dell’archivio doriano, almeno per gli aspetti lessicografici.

Notizie sui lavori di redazione del Dizionario Etimologico e Storico del Napoletano. Le forme cestunia e testunia nella lessicografia dialettale e italiana.

La ‘partita doppia’ tra i finali de I Malavoglia e di Germinal può gettare una luce nuova sopra una questione cruciale della narrativa di fine secolo: che posto ha, nella serie letteraria che dall’éternel imparfait flaubertiano conduce alle intermittences du coeur proustiane, il «romanzo sperimentale»? si può tracciare un percorso lineare o perfino evolutivo di quella marca stilistica? che rilievo va accordato, nella configurazione del tempo narrativo, alla selezione del tempus verbale? Se si guardasse (in diacronia) al Mastro-don Gesualdo, parrebbe che, più che un imperfetto dell’histoire e uno del discours, si produca, come estremi assiologici di una linea ancora tutta da definire, un imperfetto dell’incoscienza e uno della coscienza; uno della corporeità irriflessa e automatizzata, e uno della psicologia avviluppata e riflessa, addirittura nei modi della reciprocità. Sono entrambe scelte di derivazione flaubertiana, destinate a innumerevoli modulazioni nel «romanzo figurale», anche in tempi assai prossimi a quelli del Gesualdo: da La Regenta di Clarín a L’Illusione di De Roberto.

Il vocabolario del cibo (concreto e metaforico) in Dante

Esame della composizione del lemmario, del pubblico, degli obiettivi e dei rapporti con la filiera dei vocabolari dialettali italiani

Il Dizionario del linguaggio italiano storico ed amministrativo di Giulio Rezasco, pubblicato a Firenze per i tipi Le Monnier nel 1881, è tra i maggiori risultati della lessicografia specialistica postunitaria e l’unico dizionario storico del diritto pubblico ad oggi disponibile. L’opera e l’autore (1813-1894), alto funzionario del Ministero della pubblica istruzione, sono spesso citati all’interno di lavori sulla lessicografia italiana e sui caratteri e sull’evoluzione del lessico giuridico in Italia o nell’ambito di studi più spiccatamente storici, ma fino ad ora non paiono essere stati oggetto di specifica attenzione. La ricerca illustra caratteri e finalità del dizionario, collegandoli al quadro storico-culturale che ne sostanziò l’ideazione e la realizzazione e al panorama della lessicografia coeva. Essa informa sulla macrostruttura del dizionario e sui criteri di selezione del lemmario e sulla scorta di esempi significativi descrive la struttura della voce e le modalità della definizione e della documentazione. Si sofferma inoltre su alcuni punti di pregio del dizionario, come l’amplissimo elenco delle fonti utilizzate (opere storiche, politiche e letterarie maggiori e minori; grandi vocabolari dell’800; statuti e bandi, documenti d’archivio, relazioni, cronache, lettere), indagate soprattutto nel loro interesse storico e amministrativo.

Si studia l'apporto di Tommaseo alla costruizione di un canone di poesie e prova, elevandola al rango di letteratura del nuovo stato nazionale.