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A 45-year-old man presents with 48-hour status of high temperature, cough and dyspnoea. In the context of pandemic, the patient is initially diagnosed with COVID-19 syndrome. Later, the laboratory and ultrasound study supported acute appendicitis diagnosis. Appendicectomy was performed. The histopathology study confirmed eosinophilic appendicitis and that a parasitic infection was suspected. The stool sample was positive for Strongyloides stercoralis. The diagnosis of a S.stercoralis is a rare finding in Spain. S. stercoralis simulates clinical findings of inflammatory bowel disease or eosinophilic gastroenteritis, which may lead to the wrong therapeutic choice. Since in inflammatory diseases corticosteroid treatments are considered the initial choice in many cases, in the case of S. stercoralis infection, the administration of this therapy can be fatal. In Spain, the number of diagnoses is much lower than in the past decade, although it is highly probable that the infection has been underdiagnosed due to low clinical awareness among Spanish population.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a common cause of acute renal failure affecting between 5% and 27%. It is characterized by the presence of interstitial inflammatory infiltrate, tubulitis and edema. A considerable number of cases develop chronic kidney disease (CKD), with a linear relationship observed with the diagnosis delay. There are different etiologies, most importantly those secondary to drug exposure and those related to immunological diseases. To the date, there are few studies comparing both etiologies. In this regard, the aim of this study is to determine difference between both etiologies by comparing clinical, histological and renal prognosis. METHOD A retrospective, observational, single-center study was performed. Clinical and histological characteristics of patients with a first episode of pharmacological or immunological AIN, confirmed by renal biopsy between 1998 and 2020, were compared. Histological analysis was measured by semi-quantitative methods. RESULTS A total of 67 patients have been described, with a mean age of 68 ± 13 years, 56% were women. The baseline creatinine was 93.8 umol/L with an eGFR (CKD-EPI) of 67 mL/min/1.73 m2; mean follow-up time was 63 ± 55 months. A total of 46 patients presented pharmacological AIN, being NSAIDs and antibiotics the most frequent agents, 21 patients with AIN associated to immunological diseases, being Sjögren’s syndrome the most frequent. Previous CKD was present in both groups, with 42% in immunological AIN versus 32% in pharmacological AIN, of which stage 3a CKD was more frequent in drug-mediated AIN (69% versus 33%) as opposed to stage 3b CKD was more frequent in immunological AIN (67% versus 19%). However, no significant differences were observed in the estimated glomerular filtration rate when comparing both groups. A longer diagnostic delay was observed in patients with immunological, defined as the elapsed time from renal function deterioration to the performance of renal biopsy, 93 ± 210 versus 13 ± 15 days (P = .021). However, creatinine at the time of diagnosis was higher in patients with pharmacological cause (380 ± 199 versus 252 ± 246 umol/L; P = .0002), leukocyturia was more frequent in the pharmacological AIN group without differences in the percentage of hematuria or proteinuria. In histological analysis, there were no significant differences in interstitial infiltrate, renal fibrosis or tubular atrophy. Once the biopsy was performed, treatment was started in all patients before the 5th day. In pharmacological AIN, the causative drug was withdrawn and corticosteroids were administered to the majority of patients. Out of 46 patients, 7 (15%) patients of the pharmacological AIN group, the drug was withdrawn with no additional treatment, 4 of them progressed to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). In the immunological AIN group, most of patients were treated with corticosteroids or immunosuppressants. Out of 21 patients, 3 patients (14%) were not treated and progressed to ESKD. Treatment time was longer in patients with immunologic AIN (290 ± 195 versus 141 ± 168 days; P = .004). No differences were observed in creatinine or glomerular filtration rate at 6, 12 months, end of treatment or last control. The recovery of renal function was also analyzed, observing a higher percentage of complete recovery in patients with AIN associated with immunological diseases at 6 months (43% versus 24%) and at 12 months of follow-up (58% versus 29%); however, did not reach statistical significance. During follow-up, 2/46 (4%) recurrences were recorded in patients with pharmacological AIN and 6/21 (28%) in the immunological AIN group. CONCLUSION Despite the fact that patients with AIN associated with immunologic disease have a higher rate of previous CKD related to diagnostic delay and a higher rate of relapses, we observed that the evolution/progression of renal function was similar to the patients with pharmacological AIN. This could suggest that immunological AIN has a more favorable clinical course or better response to the treatment.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by inflammation of small blood vessels, being the kidney one of the most frequently affected organs. AAV has a high morbidity and mortality, developing rapidly progressive renal failure that could lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathogenesis is complex and multifactorial; macrophages have turned out to be a key element in inflammation and also in fibrosis. As already described in previous publications, PR3-AAV and MPO-AAV show clinical-demographic differences and different renal phenotypes on kidney biopsy. Histopathological subgrouping into four classes (focal, crescentic, mixed and sclerotic, as defined by Berden et al.) was proposed to predict long-term renal survival rates, poorest in the sclerotic class. This classification, validated by our group and multiple others, is still under review. The aim of this study is to demonstrate whether interstitial fibrosis in AAV is at least as important as glomerular sclerosis in renal prognosis, being a differentiating element between MPO and PR3 vasculitis. METHOD We performed a retrospective single-center study of 95 AAV-patients (78 MPO-AAV and 17 PR3-AAV) diagnosed by renal biopsy from 1991 to 2021 and at least 1-year follow-up. Clinical and laboratory variables, presence and type of ANCA, immunosuppressant therapy and renal/patient survival were evaluated. Sixty-two kidney biopsy samples have been analyzed: histomorphometric quantification has been carried out using MetaMorph® software on trichrome-stained slides in order to measure the degree of fibrosis. Continuous variables were described using measures of central tendency and dispersion (mean and standard deviation), and categorical variables using frequency tables and percentages. Student's t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests, as appropriate, were performed to evaluate differences in mean values, and chi-squared tests were used to evaluate differences in qualitative variables. Statistical significance was defined as P-values RESULTS PR3-AAV population was predominantly male (70%) with a mean age at diagnosis of 62 years and a mean follow-up of 54 months, while MPO-AAV population was mainly female (65.8%), mean age 66 years and follow-up 65 months. There were no statistically significant differences in renal function between MPO and PR3-AAV at diagnosis. However, our data showed that MPO-AAV had worse renal function than PR3-AAV at the end of follow-up (P = .01). Furthermore, it should be highlighted that renal function improved throughout the follow-up (P < .01 and P = .05 in MPO and PR3-AAV, respectively). From a histological point of view: MPO-AAV manifests more interstitial fibrosis at diagnosis than PR3-AAV (P = .01). However, there were no statistically differences in the amount of glomerular sclerosis. It is noteworthy that PR3-AAV showed more crescentic proliferation at diagnosis (P = .03) but less fibrotic crescents than MPO-AAV (not reaching statistical significance). CONCLUSION The method we used allows a quantitative assessment of renal fibrosis. Our data confirm that renal prognosis is better in PR3-AAV than in MPO-AAV, which could be explained by a greater interstitial fibrosis, as well as more fibrotic crescentic in MPO-AAV at diagnosis.

El presente artículo tiene como objeto analizar la trayectoria educativa del alumnado sordo en España desde principios del siglo XX, en la que el papel de la lengua de signos como facilitador de la inclusión escolar toma cada vez más fuerza. Partimos de las necesidades comunicativo-lingüísticas de este alumnado justificando la importancia de la lengua oral y la lengua de signos. Comparamos los procesos de adquisición del lenguaje en contextos monolingües y bilingües. Después, describimos y valoramos el recorrido de los modelos educativos españoles para dar una respuesta educativa ajustada al alumnado sordo, señalando la presencia de ambas lenguas en cada uno. Destacamos las experiencias bilingües intermodales de la Comunidad de Madrid y hacemos referencia a proyectos semejantes de otras zonas del país. A modo de conclusión, se destaca el valor inclusivo de la lengua de signos y su utilidad para la actividad educativa, así como para el desarrollo social y emocional.

Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 2019-nCoV; Hemodiàlisi; Mortalitat Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 2019-nCoV; Hemodiálisis; Mortalidad Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 2019-nCoV; Haemodialysis; Mortality Age and chronic kidney disease have been described as mortality risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Currently, an important percentage of patients in haemodialysis are elderly. Herein, we investigated the impact of age on mortality among haemodialysis patients with COVID-19. Data was obtained from the Spanish COVID-19 chronic kidney disease (CKD) Working Group Registry. From 18 March 2020 to 27 August 2020, 930 patients on haemodialysis affected by COVID-19 were included in the Registry. A total of 254 patients were under 65 years old and 676 were 65 years or older (elderly group). Mortality was 25.1% higher (95% CI: 22.2–28.0%) in the elderly as compared to the non-elderly group. Death from COVID-19 was increased 6.2-fold in haemodialysis patients as compared to the mortality in the general population in a similar time frame. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.59, 95% CI: 1.31–1.93), dyspnea at presentation (HR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.11–2.04), pneumonia (HR 1.74, 95% CI: 1.10–2.73) and admission to hospital (HR 4.00, 95% CI: 1.83–8.70) were identified as independent mortality risk factors in the elderly haemodialysis population. Treatment with glucocorticoids reduced the risk of death (HR 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.96). In conclusion, mortality is dramatically increased in elderly haemodialysis patients with COVID-19. Our results suggest that this high risk population should be prioritized in terms of protection and vaccination. The authors are current recipients of FONDOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN SANITARIA—FEDER (ISCIII) PI17/00257, REDINREN RD16/0009/0030, RD/16/0009/0026, and EIN2020-112338.

Resumen Objetivo: Reportamos un caso clínico con presentación atípica de una úlcera duodenal benigna que simula el cuadro clínico y radiológico de una neoplasia de páncreas. Materiales y Método: Presentamos el caso de un varón de 83 años que debuta con un cuadro clínico de astenia e ictericia mucocutánea. En estudio de imagen se identifica una masa en cabeza pancreática. En estudio endoscópico se observa úlcera duodenal benigna penetrada a cabeza de páncreas que condiciona obstrucción de vía biliar. Discusión y Conclusiones: El manejo de estos pacientes suele ser quirúrgico porque desarrollan un deterioro asociado a sepsis o perforación. Si la situación clínica lo permite se puede intentar un tratamiento conservador. En nuestro caso el paciente precisó un mes de hospitalización con antibioticoterapia intravenosa de amplio espectro, reposo alimentario, nutrición parenteral y tratamiento con inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) para la resolución del cuadro. La penetración o fistulización a la cabeza del páncreas es una complicación grave e infrecuente de la enfermedad ulcerosa péptica. Su manejo puede ser conservador en casos seleccionados donde no exista perforación de la úlcera a la cavidad peritoneal, ni exista deterioro séptico ni hemodinámico.

Summary The human brain has undergone rapid expansion since humans diverged from other great apes, but the mechanism of this human-specific enlargement is still unknown. Here, we use cerebral organoids derived from human, gorilla, and chimpanzee cells to study developmental mechanisms driving evolutionary brain expansion. We find that neuroepithelial differentiation is a protracted process in apes, involving a previously unrecognized transition state characterized by a change in cell shape. Furthermore, we show that human organoids are larger due to a delay in this transition, associated with differences in interkinetic nuclear migration and cell cycle length. Comparative RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) reveals differences in expression dynamics of cell morphogenesis factors, including ZEB2, a known epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulator. We show that ZEB2 promotes neuroepithelial transition, and its manipulation and downstream signaling leads to acquisition of nonhuman ape architecture in the human context and vice versa, establishing an important role for neuroepithelial cell shape in human brain expansion., Graphical abstract, Highlights • Human brain organoids are expanded relative to nonhuman apes prior to neurogenesis • Ape neural progenitors go through a newly identified transition morphotype state • Delayed morphological transition with shorter cell cycles underlie human expansion • ZEB2 is as an evolutionary regulator of this transition, Cerebral organoid models reveal that differences in the duration of a developmental transitional state driven by the factor ZEB2 underlie the basis of brain expansion in humans in comparison to great apes.

Eosinophilic colitis (EC) is a rare entity. It is part of eosinophilic gastroenteritis, a rare inflammatory disorder characterised by eosinophilic infiltration of tissues that can affect any segment of the digestive tract. The diagnosis is established by the presence of an increased eosinophilic infiltrate in the colon wall in symptomatic patients. There is no characteristic clinical picture of EC. It can be associated with abdominal pain, changes in bowel movements, diarrhoea and rectal bleeding. Biopsies are mandatory if EC is suspected and despite visualising a normal mucosa. Although there are no protocol guidelines in this regard, steroid treatment is the first option in controlling the disease. Increasing the knowledge of clinicians and pathologists of this disorder and the recording its real incidence and population impact, could improve the understanding and treatment of the disease.

Zebrafish are now well established as the preeminent vertebrate model with which to carry out gene discovery/forward genetic screens to identify the molecular genetic basis of biological processes. Gene discovery screens in zebrafish have already provided novel insight into mechanisms of glial cell development and function. The vast majority of genetic screens in zebrafish are based around a three generation screen that starts with the random induction of mutations in adult males using the chemical mutagen ENU. Here we outline the methods that underlie this type of screen, detailing each step, from ENU mutagenesis, through the breeding schemes required to recover homozygous mutant animals in subsequent generations, the screening procedure itself, with a focus on the analysis of myelinating glia, and the subsequent confirmation of mutant phenotypes.

A 45-year-old man presents with 48-hour status of high temperature, cough and dyspnoea. In the context of pandemic, the patient is initially diagnosed with COVID-19 syndrome. Later, the laboratory and ultrasound study supported acute appendicitis diagnosis. Appendicectomy was performed. The histopathology study confirmed eosinophilic appendicitis and that a parasitic infection was suspected. The stool sample was positive for Strongyloides stercoralis. The diagnosis of a S.stercoralis is a rare finding in Spain. S. stercoralis simulates clinical findings of inflammatory bowel disease or eosinophilic gastroenteritis, which may lead to the wrong therapeutic choice. Since in inflammatory diseases corticosteroid treatments are considered the initial choice in many cases, in the case of S. stercoralis infection, the administration of this therapy can be fatal. In Spain, the number of diagnoses is much lower than in the past decade, although it is highly probable that the infection has been underdiagnosed due to low clinical awareness among Spanish population.

Zebrafish are now well established as the preeminent vertebrate model with which to carry out gene discovery/forward genetic screens to identify the molecular genetic basis of biological processes. Gene discovery screens in zebrafish have already provided novel insight into mechanisms of glial cell development and function. The vast majority of genetic screens in zebrafish are based around a three generation screen that starts with the random induction of mutations in adult males using the chemical mutagen ENU. Here we outline the methods that underlie this type of screen, detailing each step, from ENU mutagenesis, through the breeding schemes required to recover homozygous mutant animals in subsequent generations, the screening procedure itself, with a focus on the analysis of myelinating glia, and the subsequent confirmation of mutant phenotypes.

Xenarthrans -anteaters, sloths, and armadillos- have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. Have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become. Fil: Marques Santos, Paloma. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Brasil Fil: Bocchiglieri, Adriana. Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Brasil Fil: Garcia Chiarello, Adriano. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Pereira Paglia, Adriano. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Brasil Fil: Moreira, Adryelle. Amplo Engenharia e Gestão de Projetos ; Brasil Fil: Abba, Agustin Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina Fil: Gatica, Ailin. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Ochoa, Ana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente.; Argentina Fil: Tellaeche, Cintia Gisele. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Centro de Estudios Ambientales Territoriales y Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina Fil: Varela, Diego Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Vanderhoeven, Ezequiel Andres. Ministerio de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Caruso, María Flavia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina Fil: Arrabal, Juan Pablo. Secretaria de Gobierno de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - Sede Puerto Iguazú Misiones; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Cruz, Paula Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina Fil: Reppucci, Juan Ignacio. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Benito Santamaria, Silvia. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Quiroga, Verónica Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina Fil: Di Blanco, Yamil Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Marás, Gustavo Arnaldo. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Camino, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Perovic, Pablo Gastón. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Martínez Pardo, Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Costa, Sebastián Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Pinheiro, Fabiana. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Volkmer de Castilho, Pedro. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Bercê, William. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Camara Assis, Julia. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho. Faculdade de Engenharia.; Brasil Fil: Rodrigues Tonetti, Vinicius. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Alves Eigenheer, Milene. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Chinem, Simonne. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Honda, Laura K.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Bergallo, Helena de Godoy. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Alberici, Vinicius. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Wallace, Robert. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Ribeiro, Milton Cezar. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Galetti, Mauro. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil

Pigmentation of the skin and hair represents the result of melanin biosynthesis within melanosomes of epidermal melanocytes, followed by the transfer of mature melanin granules to adjacent keratinocytes within the basal layer of the epidermis. Natural variation in these processes produces the diversity of skin and hair color among human populations, and defects in these processes lead to diseases such as oculocutaneous albinism. While genetic regulators of pigmentation have been well studied in human and animal models, we are still learning much about the cell biological features that regulate melanogenesis, melanosome maturation, and melanosome motility in melanocytes, and have barely scratched the surface in our understanding of melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Herein, we describe cultured cell model systems and common assays that have been used by investigators to dissect these features and that will hopefully lead to additional advances in the future.

Fil: Paviolo, Agustín Javier. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Paviolo, Agustín Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Paviolo, Agustín Javier. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Cruz, María Paula. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Cruz, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Cruz, María Paula. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Martínez Pardo, Julia. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Martínez Pardo, Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Martínez Pardo, Julia. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Varela, Diego Martin. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Varela, Diego Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Varela, Diego Martin. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: De Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: De Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil De Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Benito, Silvia. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Vanderhoeven, Ezequiel Andrés. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Vanderhoeven, Ezequiel Andrés. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Instituto Nacional de Medicina; Argentina. Fil: Palacio, Lucía Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Palacio, Lucía Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Quiroga, Verónica Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Quiroga, Verónica Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Quiroga, Verónica Andrea. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Arrabal, Juan Pablo. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Arrabal, Juan Pablo. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Instituto Nacional de Medicina; Argentina. Fil: Costa, Sebastián Andrés. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Costa, Sebastián Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Costa, Sebastián Andrés. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Large carnivores are key elements of natural ecosystems and most of them are declining due to the impacts of human activities. Jaguars and pumas are the largest felids of the American continent, and particularly jaguars are critically endangered in the Atlantic Forest of South America. As with other tropical forests, the Atlantic Forest has been converted to human land uses including forest tree plantations with exotic species. We assessed jaguars and pumas habitat use in a productive landscape of exotic pine plantations and forest areas in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. We estimated the availability of their main preys in this landscape and evaluated the variables that affect their occupancy pattern. We developed large scale camera traps surveys between 2013 and 2014 in an area that includes pine plantations, protected areas, and unprotected areas covered by native forest and small rural properties. In total, we sampled 274 sampling stations with an effort of 13,347 camera-trap days. We used single-species single-season occupancy models to evaluate the effect of the proportion of pine plantation around the sampling station, the cost of human access, and the distance to the edge of the continuous forest block on the occupancy of the felids and its main prey species. For felids, we also evaluated the effect of the availability of their prey species. With a few exceptions, the occupancy probabilities of most prey were affected by one or two of the landscape variables tested. Habitat use by jaguars and pumas was affected by this anthropogenic landscape change. Even though the relative proportion of plantation to forest around camera stations did not affect the habitat use of either of the two feline species, other factors associated with this anthropic land-use, as human accessibility and distance to the continuous forest, did show an effect on these big cat species. According to our results, relatively small and well-managed areas of exotic tree plantations interspersed with forest areas do not constitute barriers for jaguars and pumas in the Atlantic Forest and can function as potential corridors. Forest plantations as such, do not appear to constitute optimal habitats for these felids. The role of tree plantations as potential corridors or supplementary habitat for pumas, jaguars and their prey relies, to different degrees, on the maintenance of a high proportion of native forest among the plantations, on a good connectivity with the large patches of protected forest, and on the control of poaching.

espanolIntroduccion. El estudio de la alexitimia en ninos (especialmente en ninos sanos), a diferencia de la poblacion adulta, no ha sido estudiado ampliamente, a pesar de su estrecha relacion con la salud y la calidad de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar por un lado, la relacion entre la alexitimia infantil y la alexitimia de sus padres, y por otro lado, la relacion entre la alexitimia infantil y la calidad de vida de los ninos, asi como establecer si esta relacion esta mediada por la alexitimia de los padres. Metodo. Se administraron cuestionarios de alexitmia y calidad de vida a ninos de entre 8 y 12 anos y un cuestionario de alexitmia a sus padres, padre o madre que fuera la principal figura de cuidados. Se utilizo un diseno correlacional transversal, con analisis descriptivos de las variables de interes, correlaciones de Pearson, T de Student, regresiones lineales, y analisis de mediacion empleando analisis de regresion multiple y el test de Sobel. Resultados. Los resultados indicaron una relacion significativa en las dimensiones de alexitmia entre los ninos y los padres (a excepcion de la dimension de pensamiento orientado hacia el exterior). La dificultad de los ninos para identificar emociones y la dificultad para describir las emociones predicen todas las dimensiones de calidad de vida (excepto el bienestar fisico). Los resultados indicaron ademas, que esta relacion fue parcialmente mediada por la dificultad de los padres para describir las emociones de algunas de las dimensiones de calidad de vida de los ninos. Conclusion. Estos hallazgos tienen importantes implicaciones practicas con respecto a la planificacion de programas educativos para ninos. Especificamente, en un sistema educativo en el que se valora la adquisicion de competencias, se deben incorporar estrategias de identificacion y expresion emocional para mejorar la calidad de vida de los ninos y prevenir los problemas derivados de la alexitimia en la poblacion adulta. EnglishIntroduction. The study of alexithymia in children (especially in healthy children), contrary to adult populations, has not been studied extensively, despite its relevant relation to health and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to analyze, in healthy children, the relation between children's alexithymia and their parents' alexithymia, the relation between children's alexithymia and children's quality of life, as well as to understand whether this relation is mediated by parents' alexithymia. Method. Alexithymia and quality of life questionnaires were administered to children aged 8- 12, and Alexithymia questionnaires were administered to their parents, father or mather who was the main care-takers. Correlational study. Means and standard deviations of the all variables were described. Pearson’ correlations, t-tests, multiple linear regressions and mediation analysis using ordinary least squares multiple regression and Sobel test were employed. Results. Results indicated a significant relation between Alexithymia dimensions for children and parents (except for the externally oriented thinking dimension). Children’s difficulty identifying feelings and difficulty describing feelings predict all their quality of life dimensions (except for physical well-being). Results further indicated that this relation was partially mediated by parent’s difficulty describing feelings for some of the children’s quality of life dimensions. Conclusion. These findings have important practical implications regarding the planning of educational school programs for children. Specifically, within an educational system according to competences, identification and emotional expression strategies should be incorporated for the enhancement of quality of life in children and the prevention of alexithymia and somatization problems in adults.

Alkaline phosphatases (APs) remove the phosphate (dephosphorylation) needed in multiple metabolic processes (from many molecules such as proteins, nucleotides, or pyrophosphate). Therefore, APs are important for bone mineralization but paradoxically they can also be deleterious for other processes, such as vascular calcification and the increasingly known cross-talk between bone and vessels. A proper balance between beneficial and harmful activities is further complicated in the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this narrative review, we will briefly update the complexity of the enzyme, including its different isoforms such as the bone-specific alkaline phosphatase or the most recently discovered B1x. We will also analyze the correlations and potential discrepancies with parathyroid hormone and bone turnover and, most importantly, the valuable recent associations of AP’s with cardiovascular disease and/or vascular calcification, and survival. Finally, a basic knowledge of the synthetic and degradation pathways of APs promises to open new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of the CKD-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) in the near future, as well as for other processes such as sepsis, acute kidney injury, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome or, in diabetes, cardiovascular complications. However, no studies have been done using APs as a primary therapeutic target for clinical outcomes, and therefore, AP’s levels cannot yet be used alone as an isolated primary target in the treatment of CKD-MBD. Nonetheless, its diagnostic and prognostic potential should be underlined.

Osteoporosis (OP) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) independently influence bone and cardiovascular health. A considerable number of patients with CKD, especially those with stages 3a to 5D, have a significantly reduced bone mineral density leading to a high risk of fracture and a significant increase in associated morbidity and mortality. Independently of classic OP related to age and/or gender, the mechanical properties of bone are also affected by inherent risk factors for CKD ("uraemic OP"). In the first part of this review, we will analyse the general concepts regarding bone mineral density, OP and fractures, which have been largely undervalued until now by nephrologists due to the lack of evidence and diagnostic difficulties in the context of CKD. It has now been proven that a reduced bone mineral density is highly predictive of fracture risk in CKD patients, although it does not allow a distinction to be made between the causes which generate it (hyperparathyroidism, adynamic bone disease and/or senile osteoporosis, etc.). Therefore, in the second part, we will analyse the therapeutic indications in different CKD stages. In any case, the individual assessment of factors which represent a higher or lower risk of fracture, the quantification of this risk (i.e. using tools such as FRAX

The human brain is often described as the most complex organ in our body. Because of the limited accessibility of living brain tissue, human-specific features of neurodevelopment and disease remain largely unknown. The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells to self-organize into 3D brain organoids has revolutionized approaches to studying brain development in vitro. This review will first look at the history of studying neural development in a dish and how organoids came to be. We evaluate the ability of brain organoids to recapitulate key developmental events, focusing on the generation of various regional identities, cytoarchitecture, cell diversity, features of neuronal maturation, and circuit formation. We also consider the limitations of the model and review recent approaches to improve reproducibility and the healthy maturation of brain organoids.

Este trabajo presenta la adaptación y validación española del Cuestionario Sociométrico Guess Who 4 (GW4) (Mavroveli, Petrides, Sangareau, & Furnham, 2009), que evalúa la reputación social en el contexto del grupo-aula, fundamentado en la técnica de evaluación por pares de Coie & Dodge (1988). La muestra se compone de 668 alumnos de tercero a sexto de Educación Primaria, y edades comprendidas entre 7-13 años (M= 9.6, DT= 1.11). Se analizan las correlaciones del GW4 con problemas emocionales y de conducta infantil, y rendimiento académico, en función del sexo. Los resultados avalan la fiabilidad y validez criterial del instrumento para la evaluación breve de la competencia social, con fines de investigación o de aplicación en la práctica de la evaluación psicoeducativa y la orientación psicopedagógica.

Background To evaluate prospectively the relationship between white, or whole grain bread, and glycemic index, or glycemic load from diet and weight change in a Mediterranean cohort. Methods We followed-up 9 267 Spanish university graduates for a mean period of 5 years. Dietary habits at baseline were assessed using a semi-quantitative 136-item food-frequency questionnaire. Average yearly weight change was evaluated according to quintiles of baseline glycemic index, glycemic load, and categories of bread consumption. We also assessed the association between bread consumption, glycemic index, or glycemic load, and the incidence of overweight/obesity. Results White bread and whole-grain bread were not associated with higher weight gain. No association between glycemic index, glycemic load and weight change was found. White bread consumption was directly associated with a higher risk of becoming overweight/obese (adjusted OR (≥2 portions /day) versus (≤1 portion /week): 1.40; 95% CI: 1.08-1.81; p for trend: 0.008). However, no statistically significant association was observed between whole-grain bread, glycemic index or glycemic load and overweight/obesity. Conclusions Consumption of white bread (≥2 portions /day) showed a significant direct association with the risk of becoming overweight/obese.

IL-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of both illnesses. The anti-IL1 therapy (anakinra/ canakinumab) had been proved to be very effective in their treatment. The infections related to these treatments in children had been hardly described in literature.

Synopsis Human skin and hair pigmentation play important roles in social behavior but also in photoprotection from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. The main pigments in mammalian skin, the melanins, are synthesized within specialized organelles called melanosomes in melanocytes, which sit at the basal layer of the epidermis and the hair bulb. The melanins are then transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes, where they accumulate perinuclearly in membrane-bound organelles as a “cap” above the nucleus. The mechanism of transfer, the nature of the pigmented organelles within keratinocytes, and the mechanism governing their intracellular positioning are all debated and poorly understood, but likely play an important role in the photoprotective properties of melanin in the skin. Here, we detail our current understanding of these processes and present a guideline for future experimentation in this area.