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Background: Peanut allergy (PA) is a significant and increasing problem, interfering with psychological development and family life. The standard recommendation to avoid peanut products and have access to injectable epinephrine is often inadequate. Oral immunotherapy for PA has been formally studied. Clinical observations of allergen immunotherapy have repeatedly enhanced patient care., Objective: The purpose of this study was to report observations on the treatment of 270 patients with PA over 8.5 years., Methods: This is a retrospective record review of patients beginning peanut oral immunotherapy between January 1, 2009, and June 1, 2017, approved by the North Texas Institutional Review Board., Results: A total of 270 patients aged 4 to 18 years comprising 107 girls and 163 boys were treated. A total of 214 of 270 patients (79%) completed immunotherapy escalation. Age (P < .001) and peanut IgE (P < .001) correlate inversely with completing dose escalation. Epinephrine-treated reactions in 63 and isolated gastrointestinal symptoms in 101 patients, respectively, were the most common adverse reactions to treatment but did not preclude success. Peanut IgE decreased by 65% after 3 years of maintenance treatment and 14 of 214 patients (6.5%) were able to achieve sustained unresponsiveness., Conclusions: In an allergy office practice setting, 79% of patients are able to complete a peanut desensitization protocol and maintain the desensitized state indefinitely with daily dosing. With appropriate planning and precautions, peanut oral immunotherapy may be performed in an allergy office. Careful observations of clinical treatment can contribute to the development of effective treatment strategies., (Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The prevalence of food allergy has risen dramatically in the last two decades. Primary care providers encounter food-allergic children on a daily basis. Although the standard of care has traditionally been strict avoidance of the allergen and advisement to carry an epinephrine autoinjector in case of an accidental exposure resulting in a severe reaction, food allergy research has progressed in the past decade concerning various immunotherapies that may provide an alternate treatment strategy. Oral immunotherapy (OIT), performed under the supervision of an allergist, is the most widely studied of these therapies. In the past, OIT has been available in the realm of clinical trials, but it is now being offered by a small but increasing number of allergists in private practice throughout the United States. Pediatric primary care clinicians should be aware of both the risks and possible benefits of this treatment, because they are likely to encounter patients who may inquire about OIT in their practices. In this case report, use of OIT will be reviewed in the treatment of a food-allergic child., (Copyright © 2018 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recent data reveal that the rate of anaphylaxis is increasing and suggest that idiopathic anaphylaxis may account for most of these cases., Objective: To determine the pattern of anaphylaxis at a tertiary care referral center., Methods: A retrospective electronic medical record review spanning 12 years (2002-2013) identified patients with anaphylaxis., Results: Of the 4,777 records reviewed, 730 patients met our anaphylaxis definition. Median age was 34.0 years; 72.7% were adults, 58.6% were female, and 86.8% were white. Median time to evaluation by an allergist was 8.8 months. Foods were the most common cause (29.9%), followed by Hymenoptera venom (24.6%), idiopathic anaphylaxis (13.7%), and medications (13.3%). The most common foods were peanuts (23.9%), tree nuts (21.6%), shellfish (16.1%), and egg and milk (both 10.1%). The most common cause of anaphylaxis in adults was Hymenoptera venom. The most frequent symptoms were urticaria and/or angioedema, reported in 84.7% of cases. Atopy was present in 43.8%. In 15.4% of cases, anaphylaxis was not the chief reason for the office visit., Conclusion: We found food allergy was the most common overall cause of anaphylaxis, with peanut the most frequent food trigger. Idiopathic anaphylaxis was not the most common cause but accounted for 13.7% of all cases. Approximately 1 in 6 cases of anaphylaxis may be missed if a comprehensive evaluation is not performed., (Copyright © 2016 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using assays to detect T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) began in Wisconsin in 2008, and SCID was added to the national recommended uniform panel for newborn screened disorders in 2010. Currently 23 states, the District of Columbia, and the Navajo Nation conduct population-wide newborn screening for SCID. The incidence of SCID is estimated at 1 in 100,000 births., Objectives: To present data from a spectrum of SCID newborn screening programs, establish population-based incidence for SCID and other conditions with T-cell lymphopenia, and document early institution of effective treatments., Design: Epidemiological and retrospective observational study., Setting: Representatives in states conducting SCID newborn screening were invited to submit their SCID screening algorithms, test performance data, and deidentified clinical and laboratory information regarding infants screened and cases with nonnormal results. Infants born from the start of each participating program from January 2008 through the most recent evaluable date prior to July 2013 were included. Representatives from 10 states plus the Navajo Area Indian Health Service contributed data from 3,030,083 newborns screened with a TREC test., Main Outcomes and Measures: Infants with SCID and other diagnoses of T-cell lymphopenia were classified. Incidence and, where possible, etiologies were determined. Interventions and survival were tracked., Results: Screening detected 52 cases of typical SCID, leaky SCID, and Omenn syndrome, affecting 1 in 58,000 infants (95% CI, 1/46,000-1/80,000). Survival of SCID-affected infants through their diagnosis and immune reconstitution was 87% (45/52), 92% (45/49) for infants who received transplantation, enzyme replacement, and/or gene therapy. Additional interventions for SCID and non-SCID T-cell lymphopenia included immunoglobulin infusions, preventive antibiotics, and avoidance of live vaccines. Variations in definitions and follow-up practices influenced the rates of detection of non-SCID T-cell lymphopenia., Conclusions and Relevance: Newborn screening in 11 programs in the United States identified SCID in 1 in 58,000 infants, with high survival. The usefulness of detection of non-SCID T-cell lymphopenias by the same screening remains to be determined.

African Americans not only have a higher prevalence of asthma than whites, they also are encumbered with higher rates of asthma-associated morbidity and death. Factors such as genetics, socioeconomic status, health maintenance behaviors, air quality, and obesity likely contribute in combination to these burdens. Further work is needed to better understand these complex risk factors. To remedy these disparities, we need to ensure that patients at higher risk are given proper care and the knowledge to control their asthma.