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2. Critical-sized cartilage defects in the equine carpus

Author

Salonius, Eve, Rieppo, Lassi, Nissi, Mikko J, Pulkkinen, Hertta J, Brommer, Harold, Brünott, Anne, Silvast, Tuomo S, van Weeren, P René, Muhonen, Virpi, Brama, Pieter A.J., Kiviranta, Ilkka, LS Heelkunde, dES RMSC, LS Equine Muscoskeletal Biology, Dep Gezondheidszorg Paard, LS Heelkunde, dES RMSC, LS Equine Muscoskeletal Biology, Dep Gezondheidszorg Paard, I kirurgian klinikka (Töölö), Clinicum, Department of Surgery, and HUS Musculoskeletal and Plastic Surgery

Subjects
spontaneous repair, Cartilage, Articular, musculoskeletal diseases, Time Factors, 0206 medical engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Biology, Biochemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, Preclinical research, Animal model, Rheumatology, Similarity (network science), critical-sized defect, TOMOGRAPHY, medicine, Articular cartilage repair, Animals, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, preclinical research, Horses, Cartilage repair, HORSE, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, REPAIR, Wound Healing, 0303 health sciences, Carpal Joints, Cartilage, X-Ray Microtomography, Cell Biology, Anatomy, 3126 Surgery, anesthesiology, intensive care, radiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 020601 biomedical engineering, medicine.anatomical_structure, ANIMAL-MODELS, TISSUE, OSTEOCHONDRAL DEFECTS, 1182 Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, cartilage repair, Microscopy, Polarization, BONE
Abstract

Aim: The horse joint, due to its similarity with the human joint, is the ultimate model for translational articular cartilage repair studies. This study was designed to determine the critical size of cartilage defects in the equine carpus and serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of new cartilage treatment options. Material and Methods: Circular full-thickness cartilage defects with a diameter of 2, 4, and 8 mm were created in the left middle carpal joint and similar osteochondral (3.5 mm in depth) defects in the right middle carpal joint of 5 horses. Spontaneously formed repair tissue was examined macroscopically, with MR and mu CT imaging, polarized light microscopy, standard histology, and immunohistochemistry at 12 months. Results: Filling of 2 mm chondral defects was good (77.8 +/- 8.5%), but proteoglycan depletion was evident in Safranin-O staining and gadolinium-enhanced MRI (T-1Gd). Larger chondral defects showed poor filling (50.6 +/- 2.7% in 4 mm and 31.9 +/- 7.3% in 8 mm defects). Lesion filling in 2, 4, and 8 mm osteochondral defects was 82.3 +/- 3.0%, 68.0 +/- 4.6% and 70.8 +/- 15.4%, respectively. Type II collagen staining was seen in 9/15 osteochondral defects but only in 1/15 chondral defects. Subchondral bone pathologies were evident in 14/15 osteochondral samples but only in 5/15 chondral samples. Although osteochondral lesions showed better neotissue quality than chondral lesions, the overall repair was deemed unsatisfactory because of the subchondral bone pathologies. Conclusion: We recommend classifying 4 mm as critical osteochondral lesion size and 2 mm as critical chondral lesion size for cartilage repair research in the equine carpal joint model.

Published
2018
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4. Critical-sized cartilage defects in the equine carpus

Author

Salonius, Eve, Rieppo, Lassi, Nissi, Mikko J, Pulkkinen, Hertta J, Brommer, Harold, Brünott, Anne, Silvast, Tuomo S, van Weeren, P René, Muhonen, Virpi, Brama, Pieter A.J., Kiviranta, Ilkka, Salonius, Eve, Rieppo, Lassi, Nissi, Mikko J, Pulkkinen, Hertta J, Brommer, Harold, Brünott, Anne, Silvast, Tuomo S, van Weeren, P René, Muhonen, Virpi, Brama, Pieter A.J., and Kiviranta, Ilkka

Abstract

AIM: The horse joint, due to its similarity with the human joint, is the ultimate model for translational articular cartilage repair studies. This study was designed to determine the critical size of cartilage defects in the equine carpus and serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of new cartilage treatment options.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Circular full-thickness cartilage defects with a diameter of 2, 4 and 8 mm were created in the left middle carpal joint and similar osteochondral (3.5 mm in depth) defects in the right middle carpal joint of five horses. Spontaneously formed repair tissue was examined macroscopically, with MR and µCT imaging, polarized light microscopy, standard histology and immunohistochemistry at 12 months.RESULTS: Filling of 2 mm chondral defects was good (77.8±8.5%) but proteoglycan depletion was evident in Safranin-O staining and gadolinium-enhanced MRI (T1Gd). Larger chondral defects showed poor filling (50.6±2.7% in 4 mm and 31.9±7.3% in 8 mm defects). Lesion filling in 2, 4 and 8 mm osteochondral defects was 82.3±3.0%, 68.0±4.6% and 70.8±15.4%, respectively. Type II collagen staining was seen in 9/15 osteochondral defects but only in 1/15 chondral defects. Subchondral bone pathologies were evident in 14/15 osteochondral samples but only in 5/15 chondral samples. Although osteochondral lesions showed better neotissue quality than chondral lesions, the overall repair was deemed unsatisfactory because of the subchondral bone pathologies.CONCLUSIONS: We recommend classifying 4 mm as critical osteochondral lesion size and 2 mm as critical chondral lesion size for cartilage repair research in the equine carpal joint model.

Published
2019

5. Critical-sized cartilage defects in the equine carpus

Author

LS Heelkunde, dES RMSC, LS Equine Muscoskeletal Biology, Dep Gezondheidszorg Paard, Salonius, Eve, Rieppo, Lassi, Nissi, Mikko J, Pulkkinen, Hertta J, Brommer, Harold, Brünott, Anne, Silvast, Tuomo S, van Weeren, P René, Muhonen, Virpi, Brama, Pieter A.J., Kiviranta, Ilkka, LS Heelkunde, dES RMSC, LS Equine Muscoskeletal Biology, Dep Gezondheidszorg Paard, Salonius, Eve, Rieppo, Lassi, Nissi, Mikko J, Pulkkinen, Hertta J, Brommer, Harold, Brünott, Anne, Silvast, Tuomo S, van Weeren, P René, Muhonen, Virpi, Brama, Pieter A.J., and Kiviranta, Ilkka

Published
2019

8. Bath Concentration of Anionic Contrast Agents Does Not Affect Their Diffusion and Distribution in Articular Cartilage In Vitro

Author

Silvast, Tuomo S., Jurvelin, Jukka S., Tiitu, Virpi, Quinn, Thomas M., and Töyräs, Juha

Abstract

Objective: Differences in contrast agent diffusion reflect changes in composition and structure of articular cartilage. However, in clinical application the contrast agent concentration in the joint capsule varies, which may affect the reliability of contrast enhanced cartilage tomography (CECT). In the present study, effects of concentration of x-ray contrast agents on their diffusion and equilibrium distribution in cartilage were investigated.Design: Full-thickness cartilage discs (d= 4.0 mm, n= 120) were detached from bovine patellae (n= 24). The diffusion of various concentrations of ioxaglate (5, 10, 21, 50 mM) and iodide (30, 60, 126, 300 mM) was allowed only through the articular surface. Samples were imaged with a clinical peripheral quantitative computed tomography scanner before immersion in contrast agent, and after 1, 5, 9, 16, 25, and 29 hours in the bath.Results: Diffusion and partition coefficients were similar between different contrast agent concentrations. The diffusion coefficient of iodide (473 ± 133 µm2/s) was greater (P≤ 0.001) than that of ioxaglate (92 ± 46 µm2/s). In full-thickness cartilage, the partition coefficient (at 29 h) of iodide (71 ± 5%) was greater (P≤ 0.02 with most concentrations) than that of ioxaglate (62 ± 6%).Conclusions: Significant differences in partition and diffusion coefficient of two similarly charged (−1) contrast agents were detected, which shows the effect of steric interactions. However, the increase in solute concentration did not increase its partition coefficient. In clinical application, it is important that contrast agent concentration does not affect the interpretation of CECT imaging.

Published
2013
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9. Critical-sized cartilage defects in the equine carpus.

Author

Salonius E, Rieppo L, Nissi MJ, Pulkkinen HJ, Brommer H, Brünott A, Silvast TS, Van Weeren PR, Muhonen V, Brama PAJ, and Kiviranta I

Subjects
Animals, Carpal Joints diagnostic imaging, Cartilage, Articular diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Microscopy, Polarization, Time Factors, Wound Healing, X-Ray Microtomography, Carpal Joints pathology, Cartilage, Articular pathology, Horses anatomy & histology
Abstract

Aim: The horse joint, due to its similarity with the human joint, is the ultimate model for translational articular cartilage repair studies. This study was designed to determine the critical size of cartilage defects in the equine carpus and serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of new cartilage treatment options., Material and Methods: Circular full-thickness cartilage defects with a diameter of 2, 4, and 8 mm were created in the left middle carpal joint and similar osteochondral (3.5 mm in depth) defects in the right middle carpal joint of 5 horses. Spontaneously formed repair tissue was examined macroscopically, with MR and µCT imaging, polarized light microscopy, standard histology, and immunohistochemistry at 12 months., Results: Filling of 2 mm chondral defects was good (77.8 ± 8.5%), but proteoglycan depletion was evident in Safranin-O staining and gadolinium-enhanced MRI (T 1Gd ). Larger chondral defects showed poor filling (50.6 ± 2.7% in 4 mm and 31.9 ± 7.3% in 8 mm defects). Lesion filling in 2, 4, and 8 mm osteochondral defects was 82.3 ± 3.0%, 68.0 ± 4.6% and 70.8 ± 15.4%, respectively. Type II collagen staining was seen in 9/15 osteochondral defects but only in 1/15 chondral defects. Subchondral bone pathologies were evident in 14/15 osteochondral samples but only in 5/15 chondral samples. Although osteochondral lesions showed better neotissue quality than chondral lesions, the overall repair was deemed unsatisfactory because of the subchondral bone pathologies., Conclusion: We recommend classifying 4 mm as critical osteochondral lesion size and 2 mm as critical chondral lesion size for cartilage repair research in the equine carpal joint model.

Published
2019
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