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This article provides a legal analysis of the composition of robbery, provided for in Article 162 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as a crime against property. The characteristic signs of robbery as the most dangerous form of theft are studied. The problematic issues of differentiation of robbery and related crimes are considered. The specifics of the qualification of robbery committed by a group of persons by prior agreement are investigated. Some of the analyzed aspects are illustrated by examples of judicial practice in cases of robbery.

International audience; We describe a system for automatic extraction of semantic relations between entities in a medical corpus of clinical cases. It builds upon a previously developed module for entity extraction and upon a morphosyntactic parser. It uses experimentally designed rules based on syntactic dependencies and trigger words, as well as on sequencing and nesting of entities of particular types. The results obtained on a small corpus are promising. Our larger perspective is transforming information extracted from medical texts into knowledge graphs.

An investigation of the potential allergenicity of newly expressed proteins in genetically modified (GM) crops comprises part of the assessment of GM crop safety. However, allergenicity is not completely predictable from a definitive assay result or set of protein characteristics, and scientific opinions regarding the data that should be used to assess allergenicity are continuously evolving. Early studies supported a correlation between the stability of a protein exposed to digestive enzymes such as pepsin and the protein’s status as a potential allergen, but over time the conclusions of these earlier studies were not confirmed. Nonetheless, many regulatory authorities, including the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), continue to require digestibility analyses as a component of GM crop risk assessments. Moreover, EFSA has recently investigated the use of mass spectrometry (MS), to make digestion assays more predictive of allergy risk, because it can detect and identify small undigested peptides. However, the utility of MS is questionable in this context, since known allergenic peptides are unlikely to exist in protein candidates intended for commercial development. These protein candidates are pre-screened by the same bioinformatics processes that are normally used to identify MS targets. Therefore, MS is not a standalone allergen identification method and also cannot be used to predict previously unknown allergenic epitopes. Thus, the suggested application of MS for analysis of digesta does not improve the poor predictive power of digestion assays in identifying allergenic risk.

Aim: to evaluate efficacy of plasmapheresis combined with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).Materials and Methods. 327 plasmapheresis sessions were performed for 75 patients: 17 (22.6 %) patients during preparation for pregnancy, 11 (19.0 %) pregnant women in the first trimester, 33 (56.9 %) pregnant women in the second trimester, and 34 (58.6 %) pregnant women in the third trimester. Study inclusion criteria were as follows: high titers of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) as well as included non-inclusion criteria in pregnant women with miscarriages and unfavorable anamnestic pregnancy outcome. 36 (62.1 %) women had pregnancy loss in anamnesis. All patients received low-dose ASA and LMWH therapy; 15 (25.86 %) pregnant women also received courses of intravenous immunoglobulins in the first and second trimesters.Results. 47 pregnant women had delivery, whereas 10 of women had pregnancy in progress. Term delivery was in 40 (85.1 %) patients, so that 23 (48.9 %) pregnant women had delivery per vias naturales. The average weight of the fetus was 3364.00 ± 393.76 g, height - 52.13 ± 1.82 cm. In 100 % cases, Apgar score was 8 points. 24 (51.1%) pregnant women had delivery via cesarean section. The average blood loss comprised 528.64 ± 166.10 ml. The average fetal weight in group after surgical delivery was 2982.14 ± 582.88 g, average height - 49.14 ± 4.09 cm, the Apgar score - 7.69 ± 0.47 points. Preterm births were observed in 7 (14.9%) cases, all via cesarean section. In 1 case, early fetal death was at gestational age of 8/9 weeks; according to the karyotyping data, a fetal chromosomal abnormality was detected. No severe obstetric complications were observed.Conclusions. Combining plasmapheresis with low dose LMWH and ASA therapy demonstrated high efficacy in treating obstetric APS manifested as high percentage of favorable pregnancy outcomes and low number of obstetric complications.

The article considers sacral onomastic in the poetry of Yevgeny Evtushenko. The interest in religion, spirituality, God, in one way or another, appeared in the works of many poets and writers from antiquity to the present day. This is due to the special role that religion plays in society. Besides, research of literary works is relevant from the linguistic point of view. Sacral onomastics (words united by the idea of sanctity) makes up a significant layer of vocabulary, and Yevgeny Evtushenko is a very famous poet, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, so it is difficult to ignore his creativity.

Many protein families have numerous members listed in databases as allergens; however, some allergen database entries, herein called “orphan allergens”, are members of large families of which all other members are not allergens. These orphan allergens provide an opportunity to assess whether specific structural features render a protein allergenic. Three orphan allergens [Cladosporium herbarum aldehyde dehydrogenase (ChALDH), Alternaria alternata ALDH (AaALDH), and C. herbarum mannitol dehydrogenase (ChMDH)] were recombinantly produced and purified for structure characterization and for clinical skin prick testing (SPT) in mold allergic participants. Examination of the X-ray crystal structures of ChALDH and ChMDH and a homology structure model of AaALDH did not identify any discernable epitopes that distinguish these putative orphan allergens from their non-allergenic protein relatives. SPT results were aligned with ChMDH being an allergen, 53% of the participants were SPT (+). AaALDH did not elicit SPT reactivity above control proteins not in allergen databases (i.e., Psedomonas syringae indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and Zea mays ALDH). Although published results showed consequential human IgE reactivity with ChALDH, no SPT reactivity was observed in this study. With only one of these three orphan allergens, ChMDH, eliciting SPT(+) reactions consistent with the protein being included in allergen databases, this underscores the complicated nature of how bioinformatics is used to assess the potential allergenicity of food proteins that could be newly added to human diets and, when needed, the subsequent clinical testing of that bioinformatic assessment.Trial registration number and date of registration AAC-2017-0467, approved as WIRB protocol #20172536 on 07DEC2017 by WIRB-Copernicus (OHRP/FDA Registration #: IRB00000533, organization #: IORG0000432).

Based on experience and scientific advancements over the past two decades, a revised approach for the assessment of the allergenic potential of newly expressed proteins (NEPs) in genetically modified (GM) plants is warranted. NEPs are most often not native to the crop genome, and thus regulatory reviews of the safety of GM plants include an assessment of the allergenic potential of NEPs. International standards for the assessment of allergenicity first developed in the mid-1990s required a series of characterization studies to be conducted that are, to some extent, still applicable today to the risk assessment of GM plants, with most modern versions represented in the Codex Alimentarius. This standardized guidance on allergenicity assessments, including the required characterization studies, presented two primary challenges. First, there was (and still is) no defined and accepted model (animal or in vitro) for directly testing allergy potential. Second, bioinformatic analyses were prescribed using thresholds for hazard identification that were neither universal for all allergens nor tested prior to the implementation of requirements into guidance documents. Herein, risk assessment principles are applied to structure the assessment of the allergenic potential of NEPs. This allergy risk assessment is built on a foundation of: 1) identifying hazard by assessing similarity to known allergens, and 2) assessing exposure when a hazard is identified. Supplementary studies such as IgE binding may need to be performed in special cases. These recommended revisions to current approaches to the assessment of allergy potential are designed to ensure a realistic, case-by-case approach, and consider updated molecular biology, genomics, and bioinformatic techniques that were unavailable when earlier allergy risk assessment approaches were established. doi: 10.21423/jrs-v09i1mcclain, Journal of Regulatory Science, Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): Special Issue on Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetically modified (GM) plants used for food and feed have an established history of safe use over more than 25 years of their commercialization. Developers and regulatory authorities have accumulated extensive experience in evaluating their safety over time. The studies required for the safety assessment of GM plants used for food and feed should now be re-defined to leverage this experience and increased scientific knowledge. This paper, a companion paper for Waters et al. also published in this issue, presents a systematic approach for the safety assessment of newly expressed proteins (NEPs) in GM plants by evaluating the two components of risk: hazard and exposure. Although the paper focuses on NEPs, the principles presented could also apply to other expression products that do not result in a NEP. A set of core studies is recommended, along with supplementary studies, if needed, to evaluate whether the GM plant poses risk. Core studies include molecular and protein characterization and hazard identification encompassing toxicity and allergenicity. In the absence of hazard, core studies are sufficient to conclude that GM plants are as safe as their conventional counterparts. Depending on the GM trait and intended use, supplementary studies should be performed to characterize hazard and exposure when a hazard is identified. Problem formulation should be used to identify hypothesis-driven supplementary studies. Acute toxicity studies, compositional assessment, and dietary exposure assessment are recommended to be hypothesis-driven supplementary studies. Further discussion on the current food and feed safety assessment landscape for GM plants and the use of problem formulation as a tool for identifying supplementary studies can be found in the companion paper [62]. doi: 10.21423/jrs-v09i1brune, Journal of Regulatory Science, Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): Special Issue on Genetically Modified Organisms

Bioinformatic analyses of protein sequences play an important role in the discovery and subsequent safety assessment of insect control proteins in Genetically Modified (GM) crops. Due to the rapid adoption of high-throughput sequencing methods over the last decade, the number of protein sequences in GenBank and other public databases has increased dramatically. Many of these protein sequences are the product of whole genome sequencing efforts, coupled with automated protein sequence prediction and annotation pipelines. Published genome sequencing studies provide a rich and expanding foundation of new source organisms and proteins for insect control or other desirable traits in GM products. However, data generated by automated pipelines can also confound regulatory safety assessments that employ bioinformatics. Largely this issue does not arise due to underlying sequence, but rather its annotation or associated metadata, and the downstream integration of that data into existing repositories. Observations made during bioinformatic safety assessments are described.

We present a theorem in the present paper on an approximation to functions of a Holder class on a countable union of segments lying on a positive ray by entire functions of order 1/2 bounded on this ray. Problems related to the approximation of entire functions on subsets of the semiaxis by using entire functions of order 1/2 are closely related to problems of approximating functions on subsets of the whole axis using entire functions of exponential type but have their own specifics. We consider segments In in this paper with lengths of order n such that the distance between In and In + 1 is also of order n. Cases of the whole semiaxis or the union of finitely many segments and a ray were considered in previous papers. As for the problem of approximating functions of the Holder class on the union of a countable set of segments on the whole axis, it turns out that the approximation rate at neighborhoods of the segment endpoints as the type of the functions increases is higher than that in a neighborhood of their midpoints.

For more than a century, the constructive description of functional classes in terms of the possible rate of approximation of its functions by means of functions chosen from a certain set remains among the most important problems of approximation theory. It turns out that the nonuniformity of the approximation rate due between the points of the domain of the approximated function is substantial. For instance, it was only in the mid-1950s that it was possible to constructively describe Holder classes on the segment [–1; 1] in terms of the approximation by algebraic polynomials. For that particular case, the constructive description requires the approximation at neighborhoods of the segment endpoints to be essentially better than the one in a neighborhood of its midpoint. A possible approximation quality test is to find out whether the approximation rate provides a possibility to reconstruct the smoothness of the approximated function. Earlier, we investigated the approximation of classes of smooth functions on a countable union of segments on the real axis. In the present paper, we prove that the rate of the approximation by the entire exponential-type functions provides the possibility to reconstruct the smoothness of the approximated function, i.e., a constructive description of classes of smooth functions is possible in terms of the specified approximation method. In an earlier paper, that result is announced for Holder classes, but the construction of a certain function needed for the proof is omitted. In the present paper, we use another proof; it does not apply the specified function.