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Background: Microorganisms colonizing the apical root canal system are conceivably the ones directly involved with the causation and maintenance of apical periodontitis., Objectives: This article systematically reviews the reports on the microbiome occurring exclusively at the apical root canal of teeth with primary and posttreatment apical periodontitis., Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Proquest were searched up to August 2023. Clinical studies using culture and molecular microbiology methods to identify the microbial taxa present exclusively in the apical root canal segment of infected teeth with apical periodontitis were included. Studies were critically assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Prevalence Assessment Checklist., Results: From 2277 articles initially detected, 52 were selected for full reading and 21 were eventually included in this review. Of these, molecular methods were used in 19 and culture in 2 studies. Ten studies evaluated primary infections, 8 evaluated posttreatment infections, and 3 included both. Cryopulverization of the apical root specimens was conducted in 11 studies. All studies evaluated the prevalence and diversity of bacteria, and only one also reported on fungi. Overall, the most frequent/abundant bacterial taxa found in the apical canal of primary infections were Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Olsenella uli, Fusobacterium species, Streptococcus species, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella species, Actinomyces species, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola, Synergistetes species, and an as-yet uncharacterized taxon. In posttreatment infections, the most prevalent/abundant bacterial taxa included species of Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Pseudoramibacter, Pseudomonas, and Propionibacterium. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was the most represented. The average apical bacterial load ranged from 10 5 to 10 6 in primary infections and from 10 3 to 10 4 in posttreatment infections., Discussion: Microbial diversity in the apical part of the root canal system was examined encompassing data from both primary and posttreatment infections. Heterogeneity amongst the studies, especially in sample collection and microbial identification methods, is an important limitation that prevented a meta-analysis., Conclusions: There is a pronounced bacterial diversity in the infected apical canal, with a high interindividual variability. Different microbiome compositions at the species/genus level are observed according to the infection type., Registration: PROSPERO CRD42021275886., (© 2024 British Endodontic Society. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Staphylococcus aureus is the etiologic agent of many nosocomial infections, and its biofilm is frequently isolated from medical devices. Moreover, the dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains from this pathogen, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, is a worldwide public health issue. The inhibition of biofilm formation can be used as a strategy to weaken bacterial resistance. Taking that into account, we analysed the ability of marine sponge-associated bacteria to produce antibiofilm molecules, and we found that marine Priestia sp., isolated from marine sponge Scopalina sp. collected on the Brazilian coast, secretes proteins that impair biofilm development from S. aureus. Partially purified proteins (PPP) secreted after 24 hours of bacterial growth promoted a 92% biofilm mass reduction and 4.0 µg/dL was the minimum concentration to significantly inhibit biofilm formation. This reduction was visually confirmed by light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, biochemical assays showed that the antibiofilm activity of PPP was reduced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 1,10 phenanthroline (PHEN), while it was stimulated by zinc ions, suggesting an active metallopeptidase in PPP. This result agrees with mass spectrometry (MS) identification, which indicated the presence of a metallopeptidase from the M28 family. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing analysis of Priestia sp. shows that gene ywad, a metallopeptidase-encoding gene, was present. Therefore, the results presented herein indicate that PPP secreted by the marine Priestia sp. can be explored as a potential antibiofilm agent and help to treat chronic infections., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

A few seconds flash photopyrolysis is used as efficient screening tool for the investigation of selected biomass in producing syngas, hydrogen and biochar. This innovative approach allowed rapid pyrolysis of the biomass, which was followed by a precise gas analysis and quantification, using Mass Spectrometry (MS). The analysis of the gas composition from three distinct biomass wastes in this study provides new insights into their thermochemical characteristics, expanding thus our knowledge of the potential of the selected biomass resources for the production of carbon, syngas, and/or hydrogen-rich gas production. This enhanced characterization revealed the potential of biomass transformation in contributing to innovative green energy sustainable solutions., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The pathophysiology of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) involves deficiencies in the proliferation and migration capacities of endometrial stromal cells (hESCs), which impair embryo implantation and development. Since animal venoms are rich source of bioactive molecules, we aimed to characterize the cytoprotective effects of Lonomia obliqua venom on hESCs. hESCs were isolated from endometrial biopsies and the mechanisms of L. obliqua venomous secretions on cell viability, proliferation and migration were characterized. Venom components were identified by chromatography and proteomic analyses. L. obliqua venom induced hESC proliferation, viability and migration in a dose-dependent manner, both in the presence and absence of serum. By ion-exchange chromatography, one fraction enriched in cytoprotective components and devoid of hemotoxins was obtained. Venom proteome identified at least six protein classes with potential cytoprotective properties (hemolins, lipocalins, hemocyannins, antiviral proteins, antimicrobial peptides, and protease inhibitors). L. obliqua venom protected hESCs from oxidative insult. Cytoprotection was also related to nitric oxide and PKC-ERK-activation and down-regulation of cAMP-PKA-dependent pathways that control cell proliferation. L. obliqua venom-induced hESC viability, proliferation and migration occurs mainly by protecting against oxidative damage and activating ERK. Thus, L. obliqua venom components are promising pharmacological tools to understand the underlying mechanisms of hESC deficiency in RPL., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cryptococcus gattii is a primary pathogenic fungus that causes pneumonia. This species is also responsible for an outbreak in Vancouver, Canada, and spreading to the mainland and United States. The use of medical devices is often complicated by infections with biofilm-forming microbes with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and host defense mechanisms. This study investigated the comparative proteome of C. gattii R265 (VGIIa) grown under planktonic and biofilm conditions. A brief comparison with C. neoformans H99 biofilm and the use of different culture medium and surface were also evaluated. Using Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT), 1819 proteins were identified for both conditions, where 150 (8.2%) were considered differentially regulated (up- or down-regulated and unique in biofilm cells). Overall, the proteomic approach suggests that C. gattii R265 biofilm cells are maintained by the induction of electron transport chain for reoxidation, and by alternative energy metabolites, such as succinate and acetate. SIGNIFICANCE: Since C. gattii is considered a primary pathogen and is one of the most virulent and less susceptible to antifungals, understanding how biofilms are maintained is fundamental to search for new targets to control this important mode of growth that is difficult to eradicate., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The study aimed to compare the efficacy of XP-endo Finisher and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI) in removing hard tissue debris from curved canals., Materials and Methods: Thirty-four mandibular molars with Vertucci's type II mesial canals were scanned in microcomputed tomography before and after preparation with HyFlex EDM, and accumulated hard tissue debris was quantified. Subsequently, the teeth were randomly divided into two groups according to the supplementary procedure: PUI with the Ultra-X insert or XP-endo Finisher. After the intervention, the specimens underwent another scanning. Two separate analyses were conducted, one for the total canal and another for the isthmus area. Unpaired and paired T-tests were used for inter- and intergroup comparisons, with a significance level set at 5%., Results: Both supplementary methods reduced the amount of debris compared to the initial volume. Remarkably, the XP-endo Finisher achieved a significantly higher percentage of debris removal (71% for the total canal and 74% for the isthmus areas) compared to PUI (41% for the total canal and 52% for the isthmus area) (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Both supplementary approaches reduced the amount of hard tissue debris from canal preparation, still XP-endo Finisher showed a higher reduction compared to PUI (p < 0.05)., Clinical Relevance: None of the supplementary methods rendered canals completely free of hard tissue debris. However, the supplementary approach with XP-endo Finisher resulted in lower levels of hard tissue debris than PUI in curved canals with isthmuses., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Biofilm-associated infections, which are able to resist antibiotics, pose a significant challenge in clinical treatments. Such infections have been linked to various medical conditions, including chronic wounds and implant-associated infections, making them a major public-health concern. Early-detection of biofilm formation offers significant advantages in mitigating adverse effects caused by biofilms. In this work, we aim to explore the feasibility of employing a novel wireless sensor for tracking both early-stage and matured-biofilms formed by the medically relevant bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The sensor utilizes electrochemical reduction of an AgCl layer bridging two silver legs made by inkjet-printing, forming a part of near-field-communication tag antenna. The antenna is interfaced with a carbon cloth designed to promote the growth of microorganisms, thereby serving as an electron source for reduction of the resistive AgCl into a highly-conductive Ag bridge. The AgCl-Ag transformation significantly alters the impedance of the antenna, facilitating wireless identification of an endpoint caused by microbial growth. To the best of our knowledge, this study for the first time presents the evidence showcasing that electrons released through the actions of bacteria can be harnessed to convert AgCl to Ag, thus enabling the wireless, battery-less, and chip-less early-detection of biofilm formation., (© 2023 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a strongly neurotropic flavivirus whose infection has been associated with microcephaly in neonates. However, clinical and experimental evidence indicate that ZIKV also affects the adult nervous system. In this regard, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the ability of ZIKV to infect glial cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells are represented by astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) constitutes a highly heterogeneous group of cells (Schwann cells, satellite glial cells, and enteric glial cells) spread through the body. These cells are critical in both physiological and pathological conditions; as such, ZIKV-induced glial dysfunctions can be associated with the development and progression of neurological complications, including those related to the adult and aging brain. This review will address the effects of ZIKV infection on CNS and PNS glial cells, focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms, including changes in the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca 2+ and glutamate homeostasis, neural metabolism, and neuron-glia communication. Of note, preventive and therapeutic strategies that focus on glial cells may emerge to delay and/or prevent the development of ZIKV-induced neurodegeneration and its consequences., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Although Metarhizium anisopliae is one of the most studied fungal biocontrol agents, its infection mechanism is far from being completely understood. Using multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), we evaluated the differential secretome of M. anisopliae E6 induced by the host Rhipicephalus microplus cuticle. The proteomic result showed changes in the expression of 194 proteins after exposure to host cuticle, such as proteins involved in adhesion, penetration, stress and fungal defense. Further, we performed a comparative genomic distribution of differentially expressed proteins of the M. anisopliae secretome against another arthropod pathogen, using the Beauveria bassiana ARSEF2860 protein repertory. Among 47 analyzed protein families, thirty were overexpressed in the M. anisopliae E6 predicted genome compared to B. bassiana. An in vivo toxicity assay using a Galleria mellonella model confirmed that the M. anisopliae E6 secretome was more toxic in cattle tick infections compared to other secretomes, including B. bassiana with cattle ticks and M. anisopliae E6 with the insect Dysdereus peruvianus, which our proteomic results had also suggested. These results help explain molecular aspects associated with host infection specificity due to genetic differences and gene expression control at the protein level in arthropod-pathogenic fungi., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All the authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus that was responsible for multiple outbreaks from 2007 to 2015. It has been linked to cases of microcephaly in Brazil in 2015, among other neurological disorders. Differences among strains might be the reason for different clinical outcomes of infection. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of Vero cells infected with the African strain MR766 (ZIKVAFR) and the Brazilian strain 17 SM (ZIKVBR). A total of 550 proteins were identified as differentially expressed in ZIKVAFR- or ZIKVBR-infected cells compared to the control. The main findings included upregulation of immune system pathways (neutrophil degranulation and adaptive/innate immune system) and potential activation of immune-system-related pathways by ZIKVAFR (mTOR, JAK-STAT, NF-κB, and others) compared with the ZIKVBR/control. In addition, phagocytosis by macrophages and engulfment of leukocytes were activated in ZIKVAFR infection. An in vivo analysis using an immunocompetent C57BL/6N mouse model identified interstitial pneumonia with neutrophil infiltration in the lungs only in mice infected with ZIKVBR at 48 hours postinfection, with a significant amount of virus detected. Likewise, only animals infected with ZIKVBR had viral material in the cytoplasm of lung macrophages. These results suggest that activation of the immune system by ZIKVAFR infection may lead to faster viral clearance by immune cells., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Gastrointestinal diseases, such as peptic ulcers, are caused by a damage in the gastric mucosa provoked by several factors. This stomach injury is regulated by many inflammatory mediators and is commonly treated with proton-pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor blockers and antacids. However, various medicinal plants have demonstrated positive effects on gastric ulcer treatment, including plants of the Ceiba genus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of the stem bark ethanolic extract of Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna. We performed a preliminary quantification of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), followed by the prospection of other chemical groups through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A set of in vitro assays was used to evaluate the extract potential regarding its antioxidant activity (DPPH: 19.83 ± 0.34 µg/mL; TPC: 307.20 ± 6.20 mg GAE/g of extract), effects on cell viability and on the release of TNF-α in whole human blood. Additionally, in vivo assays were performed to evaluate the leukocyte accumulation and total protein quantification in carrageenan-induced air pouch, as well as the antiulcerogenic effect of the extract on an ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. The extract contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds, as well as sugars and quinic acid derivatives exhibiting potent antioxidant activity and low toxicity. The extract reduced the release of TNF-α in human blood and inhibited the activity of p38α (1.66 µg/mL), JAK3 (5.25 µg/mL), and JNK3 (8.34 µg/mL). Moreover, it reduced the leukocyte recruitment on the pouch exudate and the formation of edema, reverting the effects caused by carrageenan. The extract presented a significant prevention of ulcer formation and a higher reduction than the reference drug, Omeprazole. Therefore, C. speciosa extract has demonstrated relevant therapeutic potential for the treatment of gastric diseases, deserving the continuation of further studies to unveil the mechanisms of action of plant bioactive ingredients.

Myrciaria plinioides D. Legrand (Myrtaceae) is a native plant of Southern Brazil, which have potential in the food industry due to its edible fruits. Many plants belonging to this genus have been used for a variety of illnesses, including inflammatory disorders due to antioxidant properties. However, therapeutic uses of M. plinioides have been poorly studied. The aim of study was to assess the anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities of the ethanol leaf extract of M. plinioides. In M. plinioides extract-treated RAW 264.7 cells, assessments of cell viability, TNF-α release and p38 MAPK pathway-dependent protein expression were detected. In addition, rat paw edema models were used to analyze the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract. Macrophages cell line treated with M. plinioides extract showed a slight decrease in cell viability. In LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with different concentrations of the extract for 24 h, TNF-α release was inhibited, while modulation of p38 signaling pathway and inhibition of NF-κB p65 protein expression were dose-dependent. In rats, the extract inhibited the formation of paw edema, while an inhibitory effect on trypsin-like enzymes derived from mast cells was seen. Furthermore, the extract presented anticoagulant activity via extrinsic pathway, being able to block specifically factor Xa and thrombin. The study suggests that extract possess potent anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects. M. plinioides present great biological potential as a source for the development of anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant drugs. Additional studies can be proposed to better elucidate the mechanism by which M. plinioides exerts its effects., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Five years after the identification of Zika virus as a human teratogen, we reviewed the early clinical manifestations, collectively called congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Children with CZS have a very poor prognosis with extremely low performance in motor, cognitive, and language development domains, and practically all feature severe forms of cerebral palsy. However, these manifestations are the tip of the iceberg, with some children presenting milder forms of deficits. Additionally, neurodevelopment can be in the normal range in the majority of the non-microcephalic children born without brain or eye abnormalities. Vertical transmission and the resulting disruption in development of the brain are much less frequent when maternal infection occurs in the second half of the pregnancy. Experimental studies have alerted to the possibility of other behavioral outcomes both in prenatally infected children and in postnatal and adult infections. Cofactors play a vital role in the development of CZS and involve genetic, environmental, nutritional, and social determinants leading to the asymmetric distribution of cases. Some of these social variables also limit access to multidisciplinary professional treatment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Schuler-Faccini, del Campo, García-Alix, Ventura, Boquett, van der Linden, Pessoa, van der Linden Júnior, Ventura, Leal, Kowalski, Rodrigues Gerzson, Skilhan de Almeida, Santi, Beys-da-Silva, Quincozes-Santos, Guimarães, Garcez, Gomes, Vianna, Anjos da Silva, Fraga, Vieira Sanseverino, Muotri, Lopes da Rosa, Abeche, Marcolongo-Pereira and Souza.)

Objective: The study performed a systematic review to understand better the pathogenesis, microbiology, and predisposing factors related to the association between cerebral abscess and odontogenic infections., Design: The review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO. The search was carried out in PubMed electronic database for articles published until March 2020. Eligibility criteria were: case reports, case series, and retrospective studies. After the selection, independent evaluations of the studies' methodological quality were performed using two Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists., Results: A total of 648 articles were obtained, and later 81 articles were selected and had data extracted. The number of individual cases was 135. Cerebral abscesses were similarly distributed by both right and left sides. However, 26 (19.3%) affected both sides simultaneously. In 42 cases (31.1%), the brain-affected side coincided with the odontogenic infection side. Cerebral and odontogenic sites shared the same microorganism in 23 cases (17%). Although in most cases, only brain samples were microbiologically analyzed (88, 65%). Upper molars were the most associated teeth (n = 53, 23.7%). The majority of patients recovered their health without sequels after medical-dental intervention 96 (71.1%). However, 9 (6.6%) individuals died., Conclusions: The association between brain abscess and odontogenic infection was confirmed by numerous articles reporting oral bacteria in samples collected directly from brain abscesses. Upper molars were the teeth most often associated with brain abscesses., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Biomass splitting into gases and solids using flash light irradiation is introduced as an efficient photo-thermal process to photo-pyrolyze dried natural biomass powders to valuable syngas and conductive porous carbon (biochar). The photo-thermal reactions are carried out in a few milliseconds (14.5 ms) by using a high-power Xenon flash lamp. Here, dried banana peel is used as a model system and each kg of dried biomass generates ca. 100 L of hydrogen and 330 g of biochar. Carbon monoxide and some light hydrocarbons are also generated providing a further increase in the high heating value (HHV) with an energy balance output of 4.09 MJ per kg of dried biomass. Therefore, biomass photo-pyrolysis by flash light irradiation is proposed as a new approach not only to convert natural biomass wastes into energy, such as hydrogen, but also for carbon mitigation, which can be stored or used as biochar., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Sustainable water oxidation requires low-cost, stable, and efficient redox couples, photosensitizers, and catalysts. Here, we introduce the in situ self-assembly of metal-atom-free organic-based semiconductive structures on the surface of carbon supports. The resulting TTF/TTF •+ @carbon junction (TTF = tetrathiafulvalene) acts as an all-in-one highly stable redox-shuttle/photosensitizer/molecular-catalyst triad for the visible-light-driven water oxidation reaction (WOR) at neutral pH, eliminating the need for metallic or organometallic catalysts and sacrificial electron acceptors. A water/butyronitrile emulsion was used to physically separate the photoproducts of the WOR, H + and TTF, allowing the extraction and subsequent reduction of protons in water, and the in situ electrochemical oxidation of TTF to TTF •+ on carbon in butyronitrile by constant anode potential electrolysis. During 100 h, no decomposition of TTF was observed and O 2 was generated from the emulsion while H 2 was constantly produced in the aqueous phase. This work opens new perspectives for a new generation of metal-atom-free, low-cost, redox-driven water-splitting strategies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Menadione (MND) is known to induce oxidative stress in fungal cells. Here, we explore how exposure to this molecule alters conidial enzyme activities, fungal efficacy against Rhipicephalus microplus, and mycelial secretion (secretome) of an isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato. First, the fungus was exposed to different MND concentrations in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) to determine the LC 50 by evaluating conidia germination (38μM). To ensure high cell integrity, a sublethal dose of MND (half of LC 50 ) was added to solid (PDA MND) and liquid media (MS MND). Changes in colony growth, a slight reduction in conidia production, decreases in conidial surface Pr1 and Pr2 activities as well as improvements in proteolytic and antioxidant (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) conidial intracellular activities were observed for PDA MND conidia. Additionally, PDA MND conidia had the best results for killing tick larvae, with the highest mortality rates until 15 days after treatment, which reduces both LC 50 and LT 50 , particularly at 10 8 conidia mL -1 . The diversity of secreted proteins after growth in liquid medium + R. microplus cuticle (supplemented or not with half of MND LC 50 ), was evaluated by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. A total of 654 proteins were identified, 31 of which were differentially regulated (up or down) and mainly related to antioxidant activity (catalase), pathogenicity (Pr1B, Pr1D, and Pr1K), cell repair, and morphogenesis. In the exclusively MS MND profile, 48 proteins, mostly associated with cellular signaling, nutrition, and antioxidant functions, were distinguished. Finally, enzymatic assays were performed to validate some of these proteins. Overall, supplementation with MND in the solid medium made conidia more efficient at controlling R. microplus larvae, especially by increasing, inside the conidia, the activity of some infection-related enzymes. In the liquid medium (a consolidated study model that mimics some infection conditions), proteins were up- and/or exclusively-regulated in the presence of MND, which opens a spectrum of new targets for further study to improve biological control of ticks using Metarhizium species., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Pectinases and other carbohydrate-active enzymes are important for the food industry, mainly for juice processing. In addition, the use of peels to produce enzymes can aggregate value to these agro-industrial residues and at the end of the process enhance qualitatively and quantitatively the juice production. In this work, three different extracts produced by Penicillium oxalicum LS09 using agro-industrial residues were optimized and analyzed by mass spectrometry. It was observed an increased production of pectinases in the medium containing orange peel and optimized for production of pectin lyase and pectinesterase (PE). Interestingly, not only pectinases, but also different plant cell wall degrading enzymes (i.e. glucanases, xylanases, arabinases), with a higher ratio (42/73) was identified in the medium optimized for PE. The crude extracts produced by P. oxalicum also reveal the potential for application in the fruit juice industry, showing an increased yield and qualitative characteristics of extracted juices. The presence of other cell wall-degrading enzymes identified by proteomics, reinforce the combination for obtaining clarified and depectinized juice in a single step., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2020.)

Aims: Accidental contact with the Lonomia obliqua caterpillar is a common event in southern Brazil. Envenomed victims present consumption coagulopathy, which can evolve to acute kidney injury (AKI). In the present study, we searched for AKI biomarkers and changes in molecular pathway signatures through urine proteomic analysis., Methodology: Male Wistar rats were injected with L. obliqua venom (1.5 mg/kg, via s.c.) or 0.9 % NaCl and distributed into metabolic cages. After 24 h, urine was obtained, and the set of differentially regulated proteins was analyzed by MudPIT technology in an OrbiTRAP mass spectrometer., Results: L. obliqua venom leads to an increase in urine output and water and electrolyte excretion and to an increase in the albumin to creatine ratio in urine. The proteomic analysis revealed an up-regulation of tubular injury biomarkers, such as neutrophil-gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C, in urine from envenomed rats. Several components related to the heme scavenging system were up-regulated or exclusively identified in urine from envenomed animals. There was an increase in urinary heme levels and hemoglobin subunits, hemopexin, haptoglobin, and biliverdin reductase. Similarly, kinin- and angiotensin-generating/degrading peptidases, such as kallikreins, neprilysin, plasmin, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, cathepsin D, kininogen, and neutral, basic, glutamyl, and acidic aminopeptidases, were also up-regulated in urine., Conclusions: L. obliqua envenomation induced tubular and glomerular injury, probably involving heme/hemoglobin toxicity and an imbalance in the kinin/angiotensin generating/degrading system., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors report no declarations of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen (Asteraceae), known as jambú in Brazil, is used in traditional medicine as analgesic and for inflammatory conditions, characterized by the presence of N-alkylamides, mainly spilanthol. This bioactive compound is responsible for the above-described pharmacological properties, including sialagogue and anesthetic., Aim of the Study: This study aimed to characterize the anti-inflammatory effects of A. oleracea leaves (AOEE-L) and flowers (AOEE-F) extracts, including an isolated alkylamide (spilanthol), using in vitro and in vivo models. The mechanism underlying this effect was also investigated., Materials and Methods: Extracts were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in order to characterize the N-alkylamides content. AOEE-L, AOEE-F (25-100 μg/mL) and spilanthol (50-200 μM) were tested in vitro on VSMC after stimulation with hyperglycemic medium (25 mM glucose). Their effects over nitric oxide (NO) generation, chymase inhibition and expression, catalase (CAT), superoxide anion (SOD) radical activity were evaluated. After an acute administration of extracts (10-100 mg/mL) and spilanthol (6.2 mg/mL), the anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by applying the formalin test in rats. Blood was collected to measure serum aminotransferases activities, NO activity, creatinine and urea., Results: A number of distinct N-alkylamides were detected and quantified in AOEE-L and AOEE-F. Spilanthol was identified in both extracts and selected for experimental tests. Hyperglycemic stimulation in VSMC promoted the expression of inflammatory parameters, including chymase, NO, CAT and SOD activity and chymase expression, all of them attenuated by the presence of the extracts and spilanthol. The administration of extracts or spilanthol significantly inhibited edema formation, NO production and cell tissue infiltration in the formalin test, without causing kidney and liver toxicity., Conclusion: Taken together, these results provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory activity of leaves and flowers extracts of jambú associated distinctly with their chemical profile. The effects appear to be associated with the inhibition of chymase activity, suppression of the proinflammatory cytokine NO and antioxidant activities., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was initially characterized due to its impacts on the respiratory system; however, many recent studies have indicated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) significantly affects the brain. COVID-19 can cause neurological complications, probably caused by the induction of a cytokine storm, since there is no evidence of neurotropism by SARS-CoV-2. In line with this, the COVID-19 outbreak could accelerate the progression or affect the clinical outcomes of neuropsychiatric conditions. Thus, we analyzed differential gene expression datasets for clinical samples of COVID-19 patients and identified 171 genes that are associated with the pathophysiology of the following neuropsychiatric disorders: alcohol dependence, autism, bipolar disorder, depression, panic disorder, schizophrenia, and sleep disorder. Several of the genes identified are associated with causing some of these conditions (classified as elite genes). Among these elite genes, 9 were found for schizophrenia, 6 for autism, 3 for depression/major depressive disorder, and 2 for alcohol dependence. The patients with the neuropsychiatric conditions associated with the genes identified may require special attention as COVID-19 can deteriorate or accelerate neurochemical dysfunctions, thereby aggravating clinical outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2020 The Authors.)

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global emergency issue for public health. This threat has led to an acceleration in related research and, consequently, an unprecedented volume of clinical and experimental data that include changes in gene expression resulting from infection. The SARS-CoV-2 infection database (SARSCOVIDB: https://sarscovidb.org/) was created to mitigate the difficulties related to this scenario. The SARSCOVIDB is an online platform that aims to integrate all differential gene expression data, at messenger RNA and protein levels, helping to speed up analysis and research on the molecular impact of COVID-19. The database can be searched from different experimental perspectives and presents all related information from published data, such as viral strains, hosts, methodological approaches (proteomics or transcriptomics), genes/proteins, and samples (clinical or experimental). All information was taken from 24 articles related to analyses of differential gene expression out of 5,554 COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2-related articles published so far. The database features 12,535 genes whose expression has been identified as altered due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the SARSCOVIDB is a new resource to support the health workers and the scientific community in understanding the pathogenesis and molecular impact caused by SARS-CoV-2., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Introduction: The management of endodontic emergencies has been particularly challenging during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak because of the possible generation of airborne particles and aerosols. The aim of this report was to contribute to the practice of endodontics by proposing a general protocol for the management of emergencies showing the rationale for remote diagnosis, clinical procedures, and the use of personal protective equipment and barriers at the dental office during the COVID-19 outbreak., Methods: A review of the literature was conducted up to May 2020 on relevant institutional sites, aiming to retrieve the best updated evidence. The reporting considered the Reporting Tool for Practice Guidelines in Health Care statement., Results: Recommendations from Cochrane Oral Health, the American Dental Association, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were included along with the American Association of Endodontists resources and scientific articles that addressed the issue., Conclusions: The proposed protocol could contribute to the management of endodontic emergencies at the dental office during the COVID-19 outbreak., (Copyright © 2020 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy was associated with microcephaly in neonates, but clinical and experimental evidence indicate that ZIKV also causes neurological complications in adults. However, the changes in neuron-glial communication, which is essential for brain homeostasis, are still unknown. Here, we report that hippocampal slices from adult rats exposed acutely to ZIKV showed significant cellular alterations regarding to redox homeostasis, inflammatory process, neurotrophic functions and molecular signalling pathways associated with neurons and glial cells. Our findings support the hypothesis that ZIKV is highly neurotropic and its infection readily induces an inflammatory response, characterized by an increased expression and/or release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We also observed changes in neural parameters, such as adenosine receptor A2a expression, as well as in the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neuron-specific enolase, indicating plasticity synaptic impairment/neuronal damage. In addition, ZIKV induced a glial commitment, with alterations in specific and functional parameters such as aquaporin 4 expression, S100B secretion and glutathione synthesis. ZIKV also induced p21 senescence-associated gene expression, indicating that ZIKV may induce early senescence. Taken together, our results indicate that ZIKV-induced neuroinflammation, involving nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathways, affects important aspects of neuron-glia communication. Therefore, although ZIKV infection is transient, long-term consequences might be associated with neurological and/or neurodegenerative diseases.

Marine actinobacteria are viewed as a promising source of enzymes with potential technological applications. They contribute to the turnover of complex biopolymers, such as pectin, lignocellulose, chitin, and keratin, being able to secrete a wide variety of extracellular enzymes. Among these, keratinases are a valuable alternative for recycling keratin-rich waste, which is generated in large quantities by the poultry industry. In this work, we explored the biocatalytic potential of 75 marine-derived actinobacterial strains, focusing mainly on the search for keratinases. A major part of the strains secreted industrially important enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, cellulases, amylases, and keratinases. Among these, we identified two streptomycete strains that presented great potential for recycling keratin wastes- Streptomyces sp. CHA1 and Streptomyces sp. G11C. Substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, inoculum size were found to be important parameters that influenced the production of keratinolytic enzymes in both strains. In addition, proteomic analysis of culture broths from Streptomyces sp. G11C on turkey feathers showed a high abundance and diversity of peptidases, belonging mainly to the serine and metallo-superfamilies. Two proteases from families S08 and M06 were highly expressed. These results contributed to elucidate the mechanism of keratin degradation mediated by streptomycetes.

Cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus spp., is an invasive fungal infection of the central nervous system, associated with high mortality, affecting mainly immunocompromised patients. Due to the development of resistance to the current therapy, there is an urgent need for less toxic and more effective antifungal agents. In this study, we describe the antifungal activity against Cryptococcus spp. of an aqueous seed extract from Allamanda polyantha (ASEAP) and two iridoids, plumieride and plumieridine, isolated from this extract with an antifungal activity. The capsule formation and the morphological alterations were evaluated using fluorescent microscopy. The cytotoxic activity was also investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ASEAP for Cryptococcus gattii were 70 and 36 µg/ml (for the R265 and R272 strains, respectively) and 563 µg/ml for Cryptococcus neoformans H99. ASEAP inhibited C. neoformans H99 capsule formation, an important virulence factor, and decreased the cell body size for both the C. gattii strains. H99 cells also presented morphological alterations, with defects in bud detachment and nuclear fragmentation. Plumieride and plumieridine presented higher MIC values than ASEAP, indicating that other compounds might contribute to antifungal activity and/or that combination of the compounds results in a higher antifungal activity., (© 2020 Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft.)

The aim of this study was to select and identify thermophilic bacteria from Caatinga biome (Brazil) able to produce thermoactive keratinases and characterize the keratinase produced by the selected isolate. After enrichment in keratin culture media, an Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus PC2 was isolated. This thermotolerant isolate presents a remarkable feature producing a thermostable keratinase at 60°C. The partially purified keratinase, identified as a thermolysin-like peptidase, was active at a pH range of 5.0-10.0 with maximal activity at a temperature range of 50-80°C. The optimal activity was observed at pH 7.0 and 50-60°C. These characteristics are potentially useful for biotechnological purposes such as processing and bioconversion of keratin., (© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Male infertility or subfertility is frequently associated with disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis events, like secondary hypogonadism. However, little is known how this condition affects the proteomic composition of the epididymal fluid. In the present study, we evaluated the proteomic changes in the cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) in a swine model of secondary hypogonadism induced by anti-GnRH immunization using multidimensional protein identification technology. Seven hundred and eighteen proteins were identified in both GnRH-immunized and control groups. GnRH immunization doubled the number of proteins in the CEF, with 417 proteins being found exclusively in samples from GnRH-immunized boars. CEF from GnRH-immunized boars presented an increase in the number of proteins related to cellular and metabolic processes, with affinity to organic cyclic compounds, small molecules, and heterocyclic compounds, as well changed the enzymatic profile of the CEF. Also, a significant increase in the number of proteins associated to the ubiquitin-proteasome system was identified in CEF from GnRH-immunized animals. These results bring strong evidence of the impact of secondary hypogonadism on the epididymal environment, which is responsible for sperm maturation and storage prior ejaculation. Finally, the differently expressed proteins in the CEF are putative seminal biomarkers for testicular and epididymal disorders caused by secondary hypogonadism., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

In the present study, we describe the proteome of porcine cauda epididymis fluid and spermatozoa by means of Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT). Ten sexually mature healthy boars were surgically castrated and epididymides were dissected to obtain the cauda epididymal content. Polled protein extracts of cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) and spermatozoa (CESperm) were loaded in an Agilent 1100 quaternary HPLC and peptides eluted from the microcapillary column were electro-sprayed directly into a LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer. Using bioinformatics, identified proteins were classified by their molecular functions, involvement in biological processes and participation in relevant metabolic pathways associated with spermatozoa physiology, fertility potential and protection. A total of 645 proteins were identified in the CEF, with epididymal-specific lipocalin-5, beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta precursor and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 4 being the most abundant proteins found. A total of 2886 proteins were identified in the CESperm proteome with 81 proteins being considered more abundant (spectral counts > 100). CEF and CESperm data were compared and 345 proteins were present in both proteomes. Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 4 precursor was the only protein found most abundant in both CEF and CESperm proteomes. Based on Gene Ontology analysis, we identified CEF and CESperm proteins associated with sperm protection against ROS and immune mediated response, glycosaminoglycan degradation, ubiquitin-proteasome system, metabolic process and maturation, modulation of acrosome reaction and ZP binding and oocyte penetration. These results provide a better comprehension about the molecular process and biological pathways involved in sperm epididymis maturation and establishment of the cauda epididymis sperm reservoir.

The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil and other countries globally demonstrated the relevance of ZIKV studies. During and after this outbreak, there was an intense increase in scientific production on ZIKV infections, especially toward alterations promoted by the infection and related to clinical outcomes. Considering this massive amount of new data, mainly thousands of genes and proteins whose expression is impacted by ZIKV infection, the ZIKA Virus Infection Database (ZIKAVID) was created. ZIKAVID is an online database that comprises all genes or proteins, and associated information, for which expression was experimentally measured and found to be altered after ZIKV infection. The database, available at https://zikavid.org, contains 16,984 entries of gene expression measurements from a total of 7348 genes. It allows users to easily perform searches for different experimental hosts (cell lines, tissues, and animal models), ZIKV strains (African, Asian, and Brazilian), and target molecules (messenger RNA [mRNA] and protein), among others, used in differential expression studies regarding ZIKV infection. In this way, the ZIKAVID will serve as an additional and important resource to improve the characterization of the molecular impact and pathogenesis associated with ZIKV infection.

The bovine tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is the main ectoparasite of cattle and causes loss of billions of dollars worldwide in lost meat, milk, and leather production, as well as control expenses. In addition to systemically impacting the host during the parasitic act, this parasite is also an important disease vector. Traditionally, the main commercial control of the tick is achieved through application of chemical acaricides, which can leave residues in the meat and milk. Moreover, ticks can become resistant to these chemicals due to their massive and incorrect use. Many alternative methods have been tested including vaccines and natural products from plant origin. However, the efficacy of these treatments is variable and limited, especially when used alone. Arthropod-pathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, are among the natural microbial agents with promising potential to be used alone or in association with other products, for example with chemical acaricides. This article discusses several aspects of bovine tick control related to the use of M. anisopliae, which is one of the most studied and viable alternative tools for effective tick control., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Transcriptomics and candidate gene/protein expression studies have indicated several biological processes modulated by methylphenidate (MPH), widely used in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment. However, the lack of a differential proteomic profiling of MPH treatment limits the understanding of the most relevant mechanisms by which MPH exerts its pharmacological effects at the molecular level. Therefore, our aim is to investigate the MPH-induced proteomic alterations using an experimental design integrated with a pharmacogenomic analysis in a translational perspective. Proteomic analysis was performed using the cortices of Wistar-Kyoto rats, which were treated by gavage with MPH (2 mg/kg) or saline for two weeks (n = 6/group). After functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed proteins (DEP) in rats, the significant biological pathways were tested for association with MPH response in adults with ADHD (n = 189) using genome-wide data. Following MPH treatment in rats, 98 DEPs were found (P < 0.05 and FC < -1.0 or > 1.0). The functional enrichment analysis of the DEPs revealed 18 significant biological pathways (gene-sets) modulated by MPH, including some with recognized biological plausibility, such as those related to synaptic transmission. The pharmacogenomic analysis in the clinical sample evaluating these pathways revealed nominal associations for gene-sets related to neurotransmitter release and GABA transmission. Our results, which integrate proteomics and pharmacogenomics, revealed putative molecular effects of MPH on several biological processes, including oxidative stress, cellular respiration, and metabolism, and extended the results involving synaptic transmission pathways to a clinical sample. These findings shed light on the molecular signatures of MPH effects and possible biological sources of treatment response variability.

Cryptococcus gattii is the causative agent of cryptococcosis infection that can lead to pneumonia and meningitis in immunocompetent individuals. The molecular basis of the pathogenic process and impact on the host biochemistry are poorly understood and remain largely unknown. In this context, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed to investigate the response of the host during an infection caused by C. gattii . Lungs of experimentally infected rats were analyzed by shotgun proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins induced by C. gattii clinical strain. The proteomic results were characterized using bioinformatic tools, and subsequently, the molecular findings were validated in cell culture and lungs of infected animals. A dramatic change was observed in protein expression triggered by C. gattii infection, especially related to energy metabolism. The main pathways affected include aerobic glycolysis cycle, TCA cycle, and pyrimidine and purine metabolism. Analyses in human lung fibroblast cells confirmed the altered metabolic status found in infected lungs. Thus, it is clear that C. gattii infection triggers important changes in energy metabolism leading to the activation of glycolysis and lactate accumulation in lung cells, culminating in a cancerlike metabolic status known as the Warburg effect. The results presented here provide important insights to better understand C. gattii molecular pathogenesis.

The recent microcephaly outbreak in Brazil has been associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. The current understanding of damage caused by ZIKV infection is still unclear, since it has been implicated in other neurodegenerative and developmental complications. Here, the differential proteome analysis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) infected with a Brazilian strain of ZIKV was identified by shotgun proteomics (MudPIT). Our results indicate that ZIKV induces a potential reprogramming of the metabolic machinery in nucleotide metabolism, changes in the energy production via glycolysis and other metabolic pathways, and potentially inhibits autophagy, neurogenesis, and immune response by downregulation of signaling pathways. In addition, proteins previously described in several brain pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease, were found with altered expression due to ZIKV infection in hMSC. This potential link between ZIKV and several neuropathologies beyond microcephaly is being described here for the first time and can be used to guide specific follow-up studies concerning these specific diseases and ZIKV infection.

Beauveria bassiana is widely studied as an alternative to chemical acaricides in controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Although its biocontrol efficiency has been proved in laboratory and field scales, there is a need to a better understanding of host interaction process at molecular level related to biocontrol activity. In this work, applying a proteomic technique multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), the differential secretome of B. bassiana induced by the host R. microplus cuticle was evaluated. The use of the host cuticle in a culture medium, mimicking an infection condition, is an established experimental model that triggers the secretion of inducible enzymes. From a total of 236 proteins, 50 proteins were identified exclusively in infection condition, assigned to different aspects of infection like host adhesion, cuticle penetration and fungal defense, and stress. Other 32 proteins were considered up- or down-regulated. In order to get a meaningful global view of the secretome, several bioinformatic analyses were performed. Regarding molecular function classification, the highest number of proteins in the differential secretome was assigned in to hydrolase activity, enzyme class of all cuticle-degrading enzymes like lipases and proteases. These activities were also further validated through enzymatic assays. The results presented here reveal dozens of specific proteins and different processes potentially implicated in cattle tick infection improving the understanding of molecular basis of biocontrol of B. bassiana against R. microplus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanoic extract of P. amarus (PAEE) and its compound Phyllanthin, as well as, investigate if these natural products could modulate the fluoroquinolone-resistance in S. aureus SA1199-B by way of overexpression of the NorA efflux pump. Microdilution tests were carried out to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the PAEE or Phyllanthin against several bacterial and yeast strains. To evaluate if PAEE or Phyllanthin were able to act as modulators of the fluoroquinolone-resistance, MICs for Norfloxacin and ethidium bromide were determined in the presence or absence of PAEE or Phyllanthin against S. aureus SA1199-B. PAEE showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative strains, meanwhile Phyllanthin was inactive against all strains tested. Addition of PAEE or Phyllanthin, to the growth media at sub-inhibitory concentrations enhanced the activity of the Norfloxacin as well as, Ethidium Bromide, against S. aureus SA1199-B. These results indicate that Phyllanthin is able to modulate the fluoroquinolone-resistance possibly by inhibition of NorA. This hypothesis was supported by in silico docking analysis which confirmed that Phyllantin is a NorA ligand. Thus, this compound could be used as a potentiating agent of the Norfloxacin activity in the treatment of infections caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant S. aureus., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Feather hydrolysates were obtained through submerged cultivation of 50 g/L feathers with Chryseobacterium sp. kr6. Culture supernatants, displaying antioxidant properties, as evaluated by the 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging method, were partially purified by gel-filtration chromatography. Fractions showing scavenging activity were pooled, lyophilized and tested at different concentrations (0.1-1.0 mg/mL) by the total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) method, showing promising antioxidant capacities. Antioxidant activities of the partially purified feather hydrolysate (PPFH; 24.5 μg) were demonstrated by its ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and to inhibit lipid peroxidation. In addition, PPFH (0.24-24.5 μg) was found to reduce ferric ion (Fe 3+ ), but did not display Fe 2+ -chelating activity. Thus, the main antioxidant activities could be related to the donation of hydrogen atoms, electron transfer and scavenging of hydroxyl radicals. PPFH was analyzed by mass spectrometry and five peptides were identified and chemically synthesized. The antioxidant activity of one peptide LPGPILSSFPQ was confirmed by ABTS and TRAP. The structure of this keratin-derived bioactive peptide has not been previously described., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Lonomia obliqua venom is nephrotoxic and acute kidney injury (AKI) is the main cause of death among envenomed victims. Mechanism underlying L. obliqua-induced AKI involves renal hypoperfusion, inflammation, tubular necrosis and loss of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption capacities. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of kallikrein to the hemodynamic instability, inflammation and consequent renal and vascular impairment., Methodology/principal Findings: Addition of L. obliqua venom to purified prekallikrein and human plasma in vitro or to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in culture, was able to generate kallikrein in a dose-dependent manner. Injected in rats, the venom induced AKI and increased kallikrein levels in plasma and kidney. Kallikrein inhibition by aprotinin prevented glomerular injury and the decrease in glomerular filtration rate, restoring fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. The mechanism underlying these effects was associated to lowering renal inflammation, with decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase expression, reduced tubular degeneration, and protection against oxidative stress. Supporting the key role of kallikrein, we demonstrated that aprotinin inhibited effects directly associated with vascular injury, such as the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and migration of VSMC induced by L. obliqua venom or by diluted plasma obtained from envenomed rats. In addition, kallikrein inhibition also ameliorated venom-induced blood incoagulability and decreased kidney tissue factor expression., Conclusions/significance: These data indicated that kallikrein and consequently kinin release have a key role in kidney injury and vascular remodeling. Thus, blocking kallikrein may be a therapeutic alternative to control the progression of venom-induced AKI and vascular disturbances., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The increasing demand for high quality and safe food led to important technological innovations in food processing. Cold plasma appears as an emerging technology that has demonstrated efficiency in the removal of microbial contamination from fresh and minimally processed food. In this study, the proteomic profile of Salmonella Enteritidis SE86 subjected to cold plasma treatment was investigated. The number of viable S. Enteritidis SE86 cells was analyzed at different time intervals upon exposure to cold plasma and approximately 100 μg of S. Enteritidis SE86 protein extracts were analyzed by Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT). The results demonstrated that no significant changes in cell counts were detected for up to 20 min exposure to cold plasma, and 2 log reduction was achieved after 60 min. Overall, 1096 proteins were identified, with 249 detected only in plasma-treated samples, and 9 exclusive in non-treated control samples. The proteins uniquely detected in cold plasma-treated cells that showed higher abundance were glyoxalase I, ABC transporter substrate-binding protein and transcriptional activator OsmE, followed by some oxidoreductases. Proteins related with carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism were mostly overexpressed in cold plasma treated cells, suggesting energy metabolism was increased., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

High levels of Schizotetranychus oryzae phytophagous mite infestation on rice leaves can severely affect productivity. Physiological characterization showed that S. oryzae promotes a decrease in chlorophyll concentration and the establishment of a senescence process in rice leaves. Late-infested leaves also present high levels of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, along with high levels of membrane integrity loss, which is indicative of cell death. To better understand the rice molecular responses to high levels of mite infestation, we employed the Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) approach to identify differentially expressed proteins. We identified 83 and 88 proteins uniquely present in control and late-infested leaves, respectively, along with 11 and one proteins more abundant in control and late-infested leaves, respectively. S. oryzae infestation induces a decreased abundance of proteins related to translation, protease inhibition, and photosynthesis. On the other hand, infestation caused increased abundance of proteins involved in protein modification and degradation. Our results also suggest that S. oryzae infestation interferes with intracellular transport, DNA structure maintenance, and amino acid and lipid metabolism in rice leaves. Proteomic data were positively correlated with enzymatic assays and RT-qPCR analysis. Our findings describe the protein expression patterns of late-infested rice leaves and suggest several targets which could be tested in future biotechnological approaches aiming to avoid the population increase of phytophagous mite in rice plants., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes for ethanol oxidation were investigated by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). The broad mass spectra obtained under bioelectrochemical control and with unprecedented accuracy were used to provide new insight into the enzyme kinetics and mechanisms.

Infestation of phytophagous mite Schizotetranychus oryzae in rice causes critical yield losses. To better understand this interaction, we employed Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) approach to identify differentially expressed proteins. We detected 18 and 872 unique proteins in control and infested leaves, respectively, along with 32 proteins more abundant in control leaves. S. oryzae infestation caused decreased abundance of proteins related to photosynthesis (mostly photosystem II-related), carbon assimilation and energy production, chloroplast detoxification, defense, and fatty acid and gibberellin synthesis. On the contrary, infestation caused increased abundance of proteins involved in protein modification and degradation, gene expression at the translation level, protein partitioning to different organelles, lipid metabolism, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and synthesis of jasmonate, amino acid, and molecular chaperones. Our results also suggest that S. oryzae infestation promotes cell-wall remodeling and interferes with ethylene biosynthesis in rice leaves. Proteomic data were positively correlated with enzymatic assays and RT-qPCR analysis. Our findings describe the protein expression patterns of infested rice leaves and suggest that the acceptor side of PSII is probably the major damaged target in the photosynthetic apparatus. These data will be useful in future biotechnological approaches aiming to induce phytophagous mite resistance in rice.

Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation causes acute kidney injury (AKI), which can be responsible for its deadly actions. This study evaluates the possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction. To characterize L. obliqua venom effects, we subcutaneously injected rats and examined renal functional, morphological and biochemical parameters at several time points. We also performed discovery-based proteomic analysis to measure protein expression to identify molecular pathways of renal disease. L. obliqua envenomation causes acute tubular necrosis, which is associated with renal inflammation; formation of hematic casts, resulting from intravascular hemolysis; increase in vascular permeability and fibrosis. The dilation of Bowman's space and glomerular tuft is related to fluid leakage and intra-glomerular fibrin deposition, respectively, since tissue factor procoagulant activity increases in the kidney. Systemic hypotension also contributes to these alterations and to the sudden loss of basic renal functions, including filtration and excretion capacities, urinary concentration and maintenance of fluid homeostasis. In addition, envenomed kidneys increase the expression of proteins involved in cell stress, inflammation, tissue injury, heme-induced oxidative stress, coagulation and complement system activation. Finally, the localization of the venom in renal tissue agrees with morphological and functional alterations, suggesting also a direct nephrotoxic activity. In conclusion, the mechanisms of L. obliqua-induced AKI are complex involving mainly glomerular and tubular functional impairment and vascular alterations. These results are important to understand the mechanisms of renal injury and may suggest more efficient ways to prevent or attenuate the pathology of Lonomia's envenomation.

The efficacy of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to control ticks has been shown in several in vitro experiments. However, few studies have been undertaken in field conditions in order to demonstrate the applicability of its use as a biological control of ticks and its combination with chemical acaricides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of M. anisopliae to control an acaricide-resistant strain of Rhipicephalus microplus under laboratory and field conditions. First, the compatibility of M. anisopliae strain (TIS-BR03) with commercial acaricides and its potential to control the cattle tick were evaluated in vitro. In general, acaricide treatments had mild effects on fungus viability. In the field experiment, the median of treatment efficacy with acaricide only, M. anisopliae only and combination of M. anisopliae with acaricide were 71.1%, 56.3% and 97.9%, respectively. There is no statistical difference between groups treated with M. anisopliae and acaricide alone. Thus, in this work we have demonstrated the applicability of M. anisopliae use associated or not with chemical acaricides on field conditions in order to control an acaricide-resistant strain of the cattle tick R. microplus., (Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Neacomys (Sigmodontinae) comprises 8 species mainly found in the Amazonian region. We describe 5 new karyotypes from Brazilian Amazonia: 2 cytotypes for N. paracou (2n = 56/FNa = 62-66), 1 for N. dubosti (2n = 64/FNa = 68), and 2 for Neacomys sp. (2n = 58/FNa = 64-70), with differences in the 18S rDNA. Telomeric probes did not show ITS. We provide a phylogeny using Cytb, and the analysis suggests that 2n = 56 with a high FNa is ancestral for the genus, as found in N. paracou, being retained by the ancestral forms of the other species, with an increase in 2n occurring independently in N. spinosus and N. dubosti. Alternatively, an increase in 2n may have occurred in the ancestral taxon of the other species, followed by independent 2n-reduction events in Neacomys sp. and in the ancestral species of N. tenuipes, N. guianae, N. musseri, and N. minutus. Finally, a drastic reduction event in the diploid number occurred in the ancestral species of N. musseri and N. minutus which exhibit the lowest 2n of the genus. The karyotypic variations found in both intra- and interspecific samples, associated with the molecular phylogeny, suggest a chromosomal evolution with amplification/deletion of constitutive heterochromatin and rearrangements including fusions, fissions, and pericentric inversions., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.)