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The brake-by-wire system is an innovative kind of brakes which is rising its popularity nowadays even challenging the conventional hydraulic brake systems. This system relies on electronic elements to exert a pressure onto the brake pads to slow down or stop the car. This is done by controlling a Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor via an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) within the car. To have a deeper understanding of how this motor will actuate over the brakes and its response under certain circumstances, a model in LTspice was developed. This model was validated with measurements performed with the real motor under specific conditions. After analysing the model and comparing it with the results obtained by testing the motor, it is concluded that the motor model developed in LTspice represents a close approximation.

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This paper compares the measurement results obtained from three different implementations of measuring receivers regarding spectral level accuracy. The objective is to validate the suitability of direct sampling electromagnetic emissions measurements with respect to those delivered by a high-end EMI receiver in frequency swept and FFT modes. The experimental setups follow the verification methods described in the ECSS-E-ST-20-07C Rev.2 standard to set realistic and reproducible conditions. Between 50 kHz and 100 MHz, common mode and differential mode currents are measured when multi-sine excitation signals with controlled amplitude profiles are used as references. Subsequently, conducted and radiated emissions tests are run to investigate the correlation between measurements with the different receivers. The instruments used are a low-cost USB digitiser Picoscope PS5444D, a high-performance benchtop oscilloscope R&S RTO6 and the R&S ESW44 full-compliant EMI test receiver. The analysis concludes that the emissions measurements performed with the direct sampling approach are excellent for the intended application, exhibiting an accuracy comparable to the dedicated EMI test receiver and a well-adequate dynamic range and noise level., The project (21NRM06 EMC-STD) has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States. EMC Barcelona’s project under grant number SNEO20211223 has received funding from CDTI, which is supported by “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion” and financed ´ by the European Union – NextGenerationEU – through the guidelines included in the “Plan de Recuperacion, Transfor- ´ macion y Resiliencia”. ´ Dr. Azpurua has received funding from the StandICT.eu ´ 2023 project, financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe - Research and Innovation Programme - under grant agreement no. 951972. Dr. Pous work was supported in part by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801342 (TecniospringINDUSTRY) and the Government of Catalonia’s Agency for Business Competitiveness (ACCIO) and in part by the Spanish “Ministe- ´ rio de Ciencia e Innovacion” under project PID2019- ´ 106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Electromagnetic interference has been the cause for many failures of medical devices over the past years. All these devices have to undergo a series of tests to validate its conformity regarding electromagnetic compliance. This work presents the results of research done on a certified biomedical system to identify the potential improvements of such an apparatus concerning interference. A first evaluation of the electrodes alone shows how the material they are made of can play a role on how easily electromagnetic interference couples to these. Furthermore, the electronic circuits of the system are also evaluated as their role is to filter all the undesired signals and leave only the biosignals. Finally, a real world use case scenario is replicated inside the anechoic chamber in the presence of a disturbing signal with results showing that by applying a signal modulated at a frequency in the range of the biosignals sensors pass band is enough to rend its acquired signal worthless., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 under Grant Agreement No. 955.816. This work has been partially supported by Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Inovaci´on” under project PID2019-106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::3 - Salut i Benestar, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., The electromagnetic characterization of reaction wheels is crucial to comply with the demanding ac magnetic field cleanliness requirements of space science missions, thus, preventing interference on sensitive onboard instrumentation. Therefore, a complete assessment, including the measurement of the magnetic flux vector at different operational modes and under dynamic conditions, is proposed as a contribution beyond conventional testing methodologies. This article investigates the worst-case magnetic field emissions experimentally, using a test setup based on a multichannel acquisition and multidomain postprocessing system. The focus of the measurement campaign was on the low-frequency range (10 Hz–2 kHz). Moreover, capturing the B-field in the time-domain enabled further analysis, that is, complementary outputs for understanding the electromagnetic performance of the reaction wheel. As a result, we can relate the wheel rotation with the current and the magnetic fields, compute the field orientation, and evaluate in-band interference for the magnetic field., This work was supported in part by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie under Grant Agreement 801342 (TecniospringINDUSTRY) and the Government of Catalonia’s Agency for Business Competitiveness (ACCIÓ) and in part by the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” under Project PID2019-106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This article represents a contribution to the Rapid Emission Check of installations project in IEC CISPR Sub Committee A (SC A) Joint Working Group 9 (JWG9). Time domain measurements are used to identify sources and critical frequencies of radiated electromagnetic emissions. The objective of such a said quick evaluation is to provide PV installers with a procedure and affordable tools to effectively detect new interference situations arising from PV installations. IEC CISPR SC A JWG9 was established in 2023 and is tasked with developing guidelines for Rapid Emission Checks addressed to stakeholders like installers. This group will consider quick alternatives with more affordable instrumentation and test methods than those used when testing according to international standards in accredited laboratories. The proposal in this article includes a reduced test sequence regarding the number of measurement points and axis compared to more extensive methods in other CISPR publications. In the study case presented, oscilloscope-based time domain emissions measurements provide an agile and cost-effective alternative compared to traditional EMI receivers., This work is part of the project DIN2021-012003 (gran no. MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033), and it received support from PID2019- 106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033, both funded by "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación"., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works, Performing in-situ radiated emissions measurements, that is, in locations different from a standard test site, can be a challenging task because of the high electromagnetic noise levels in the ambient. A harsh electromagnetic environment characterizes such sites, and it usually results in difficulties when discerning between emissions from the equipment under test (EUT) and electromagnetic fields generated by surrounding devices. Moreover, communication signals from broadcasting services are generally significantly higher than the standard emission limits, making it even harder to determine compliance. In this article, we present different techniques leveraging the advantages of time-domain measurement systems to provide effective and practical solutions to mitigate ambient noise’s effect on radiated electromagnetic interference measurements. First, the test method used is described, and pragmatic considerations are given to ensure reliable and repeatable measurements. Multichannel time-domain measurement systems are introduced as the fundamental tool for the proposed strategies. Subsequently, different study cases are evaluated with real test examples, highlighting several criteria intended to reduce the impact of ambient noise on the actual emissions measures produced by the EUT. Finally, a real application of those strategies for measuring a photovoltaic system is described. Overall, the methods employed and the main advantages of using full-time-domain FFT-based receivers are reviewed. In addition, the possibility of incorporating this article’s outcomes into forthcoming electromagnetic standards about in-situ radiated emission measurements is also debated., This work was supported in part by the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States under Project 21NRM06 EMC-STD, and in part by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” through the Project DIN2021-012003 under Grant MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and Grant PID2019-106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. The work of Jordi Solé-Lloveras was supported by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” and financed by the European Union—NextGenerationEU, which has received funding from CDTI through the guidelines included in the “Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia” under Grant SNEO-20211223. The work of Marco A. Azpúrua was supported in part by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” and financed by the European Union—NextGenerationEU, which has received funding from CDTI through the guidelines included in the “Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia” under Grant SNEO-20211223, and in part by the StandICT.eu 2023 Project, financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe—Research and Innovation Programme—under Agreement 951972., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant, Postprint (published version)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., Just-before-test verification is needed to ensure that electromagnetic interference measurements are correctly performed. Some standards cover such specific requirements regarding test verification, this is the case of the ECSS-E-ST-20-07c for space applications. However, some drawbacks in the standard procedure have been identified, and in this work, we provide advice for improving the conducted emissions verification. For instance, we argue that the complete frequency range of the test should be evaluated during the verification of the test equipment, not just two single frequencies. Likewise, it is demonstrated how the standard verification setup introduces a significant mismatch that can compromise the accuracy of the result. Moreover, this work highlights the capabilities of novel instrumentation like high-end oscilloscopes that effectively provide convenient alternatives to improve further and simplify the measurement methodology while achieving even more accurate results if applied correctly., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This paper presents three different case studies where the electromagnetic emissions of atypical equipment (a photovoltaic system, a passenger boarding bridge and a pallet washing machine) have been assessed in situ using time-domain measurement systems. The magnetic field (150 kHz-30 MHz) and electric field (30 MHz-1 GHz) emissions are considered. The technical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted for each scenario will be highlighted by describing the methodology employed. The goal is to relate the empirical knowledge and know-how gained through those study cases with the specific requirements and procedures defined in the standards. In that sense, multi-channel time-domain emissions measurements have been essential to carry out those measurement campaigns efficiently. The results are summarised as lessons learned during the experiences reported in this article. This work is relevant to support the revision or development of standards about in situ EMC testing as it provides helpful evidence to validate alternative radiated emissions measurement methods under realistic conditions., The project (21NRM06 EMC-STD) has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States. EMC Barcelona’s project under grant number SNEO-20211223 has received funding from CDTI, which is supported by “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion” and ´ financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU – through the guidelines included in the “Plan de Recuperacion, ´ Transformacion y Resiliencia”. ´ Dr. Azpurua has received funding from the StandICT.eu ´ 2023 project, financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe - Research and Innovation Programme - under grant agreement no. 951972., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., The study of currents flowing through the fuselage of an airplane is of vital importance from the standpoint of electromagnetic compatibility due to their potential for causing severe failures on embedded systems. Direct lightning strikes can produce extremely high currents propagating through the fuselage panels. Such high currents are critical when flowing through mechanical joints, a point of complex analysis due to the existing electrical discontinuities. Consequently, understanding the propagation of these currents is vital for protecting avionics through improved joints not only from a structural standpoint but also from an electromagnetic perspective. In this paper, we propose designing and validating a Rogowski coil sensor to measure the current flux through the mechanical joints that attach different fuselage panels. This sensor is theoretically analyzed, and a circuit model is provided. Then, a PCB Rogowski coil is designed and manufactured for measuring high-intensity pulsed currents with a bandwidth of 10 MHz. Subsequently, the probe is characterized through its S-parameters. Next, its equivalent lumped-element circuit is extracted and simulated for validating the sensor’s transient response. Finally, the Rogowski coil sensor is experimentally evaluated in the measurement of a surge current pulse that emulates a real scenario., This work was supported in part by the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion” under ´ project PID2019-106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

A variety of modulation techniques using various signal characteristics are used by the telecommunication industry in real-life applications. Despite this, the radiated immunity test based on the IEC 61000-4-3 only modulates in amplitude the carrier signal using a 1 kHz sine wave at 80% depth. In this study, we performed the radiated immunity test on a miniaturized device with biomedical applications using deviated signal-modulating characteristics than those mentioned in the IEC 61000-4-3. The results show that it is important to carry out an adequate risk analysis of the equipment under test (EUT) considering its unique functional characteristics before resorting to just the modulating frequency mentioned in the standards., This work has been partially supported by the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Inovación” under project PID2019- 106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::3 - Salut i Benestar, Postprint (published version)

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This work presents a methodology for the time-frequency characterization of the switching losses in Gallium Nitride Field Effect Transistors used in power electronics applications, particularly in DC-DC converters. Typically, switching losses are measured in the time-domain through the integration of the instantaneous power, that is, the product of the voltage multiplied by the current, during the turn-on and turn-off transients. Nonetheless, as novel power transistors allow for switching times in the nanosecond range, the accuracy of such measurements is compromised by the limitations of the probe-oscilloscope systems in terms of bandwidth and dynamic range. Here, we analyze the time-domain switching loss measurement method, and then, through a complementary setup it is demonstrated how to validate the results in the frequency domain. A DC-DC half-bridge buck converter circuit based in the EPC2001C was used as representative test sample. Less than 1% of difference in critical parameters such as rise-time, pulse width, state-levels and, switching frequency, is encountered between the time and frequency domain approaches. Moreover, the measurement uncertainty is analyzed and estimated to be between 1% and 8%. This work allows for highly confident switching loss measurements, a better understanding of the switching phenomena and of the measurement system performance., This research work is carried in the framework of the 16ENG06 ADVENT project. This project, 16ENG06 ADVENT, has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. This work was supported by the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” under project PID2019-106120RB-C31 / AEI / 10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant, Postprint (published version)

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., Static energy meters have shown errors beyond the standards due to conducted electromagnetic interference of pulsed currents. This was observed in several case studies and confirmed by laboratory experiments, which showed errors up to 2675%. The extent of this interference case is unknown, because there is limited information about the waveforms occurring in the real on-site scenarios. This article aims to detect critical waveforms in on-site surveyed data that have similar characteristics as the pulses that resulted in metering errors. The time-domain parameters of the laboratory experiments that show static energy meter interference are compared to the on-site waveform data using an interpolation based on an inverse weighting distance function. Using this approach, the waveform characteristics are compared, and an error is estimated. This approach was satisfactorily validated using data from validation experiments that shows a correct estimation of the actual error according to the permissible limits for energy metering for all validation indices. The performed on-site surveys show the existence of nonlinear waveforms. During the survey of three sites for ten days, 19 531 waveforms were captured, of which 14 487 indicate large nonlinearities and 379 are estimated to produce metering errors up to 925%., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies are increasingly being employed for electronics, RF, and microwave applications because they allow high design flexibility at low cost and rapid prototyping. The intrinsic heterogeneity of printed parts has become a challenge from an electromagnetic compatibility standpoint due to their unknown impact on the electromagnetic behavior of such prototypes. To estimate relevant EMC characteristics, such as the shielding effectiveness, characteristic impedance, and coupling effects it is fundamental to know the effective dielectric permittivity of such heterogeneous structures. In this paper, the dielectric permittivity of 3D printed PLA structures is measured using the stepwise Nicolson-Ross-Weir method in the 1 GHz – 6 GHz frequency range. The influence of the layer thickness and the infill percentage is investigated., This work was supported by the Spanish “Agencia Estatal de Investigacion” under project ´ PID2019-106120RB-C31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This paper presents a time-domain methodology to measure the devices' live impedance at the frequency range between 30 Hz and 100 kHz. This measurement is a requirement for some space applications to ensure the stability between DC/DC converters and the onboard power. The methodology is based on a multitone excitation combined with current and voltage measurements performed with an oscilloscope. The experiments show that the measurement system obtains accurate results and offers new capabilities to deal with the drawbacks that traditional frequency-sweep instrumentation implies. The multitone approach injects signals at the entire frequency range simultaneously. Therefore, the measurement system is able to characterize time-varying and the nonlinear devices. The time-domain measurement system has been validated through different test cases achieving excellent results compared with the ones obtained using the reference impedance frequency-sweep approach., The project on which these results are based has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801342 (TecniospringINDUSTRY) and the Government of Catalonia's Agency for Business Competitiveness (ACCIÓ). This work was supported by the Spanish “Agencia Estatal de Investigación” under project PID2019-106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., The study of electric currents flowing through the airframe is important from an EMC standpoint due to the potential to cause severe aircraft failures. Nevertheless, this is a challenging task because of the complex shape, materials, joints, and apertures found in most fuselages. In this paper, we present the design, simulation, and experimental validation of a test fixture intended to emulate the discontinuity between two fuselage panels mechanically attached. This fixture allows several configurations of the mechanical joint, as well as, the insertion of current probes. The main features of the fixture are analysed, such as bandwidth and frequency performance. Subsequently, simulation and S-parameters measurements are used to investigate the performance of several screwed joint configurations., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Additive manufacturing using conductive polylactic acid (PLA) is an emerging technology. This work presents a double-loaded loop probe made of conductive PLA and evaluates its performance compared to a previous design built on a printed circuit board (PCB). The results show that constructing near-field probes using 3D printing with conductive PLA is feasible., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This paper presents a methodology to assess the degradation performance caused by EMI to digital radio receivers. The procedure developed employs statistical information of the interference and the communication signal to create estimators capable of classifying the disturbances according to metrics like the BER. The estimator is computed using machine learning techniques to relate the changes introduced to the APD diagram with the BER. The methodology has been validated through a laboratory experiment, where a narrowband QPSK system is interfered by additive white gaussian noise with different duty cycle and power level parameters. The validation results show that the estimator operates correctly and overcomes the problematics of relaying on the peak or weighting detectors with fixed resolution bandwidth., The project on which these results are based has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801342 (TecniospringINDUSTRY) and the Government of Catalonia's Agency for Business Competitiveness (ACCIÓ). This work was supported by the Spanish “Agencia Estatal de Investigación” under project PID2019- 106120RB-C31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

The study of electrical currents flowing through the airframe is very important from an EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) standpoint due to the potential to produce severe aircraft faults. As an example, direct lightning strikes are one of the main failure causes, effect on which we will orient our work. Furthermore, one of the key points where the study of currents is more complex are the discontinuities formed by the mechanical joints that attach fuselage plates, in addition to the difficulty of placing sensors to measure current flowing through these junctions. In this work, a fixture intended to emulate such discontinuities of mechanically attached panels will be developed and evaluated. Subsequently, a prototype of probes capable to measure current flow will be built and studied theoretically and experimentally. Having the prototypes validated, flat probes embedded in a PCB will be constructed to be able to be inserted into the mechanical junctions, such as screws or rivets. Finally, current probes will be verified by means of a surge generator, capable of producing a wave similar to the one originated by a direct lightning strike.

In 2015, the energy measurement of some static electricity meters was found to be sensitive to specific conducted electromagnetic disturbances with very fast current changes caused by highly nonlinear loads, leading to meter errors up to several hundred percent. This article describes new results on the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of 16 different meters from all over Europe when exposed to real-world disturbance signals. Those test signals were obtained from household appliances and onsite measurements at metered supply points all over Europe. The results show that also the interference signals recorded onsite can cause measurement errors as large as several hundred percent, even for meters that pass the present EMC standards. This unambiguously demonstrates that the present immunity testing standards do not cover the most disturbing conducted interference occurring in present daily-life situations due to the increased use of nonlinear electronics. Furthermore, to enable the adoption of potential new test waveforms in future standards for electricity meter testing, artificial test waveforms were constructed based on real-world waveforms using a piece-wise linear model. These artificial test waveforms were demonstrated to cause meter errors similar to those caused by the original real-life waveforms they are representing, showing that they are suitable candidates for use in improved standardization of electricity meter testing., Postprint (published version)

The purpose of this project is to design and implement a fully operative Electronic Control Unit (ECU) of an autonomous racing car for Formula Student. The project is carried out at BCN eMotorsport, at the Electronics department. This ECU is called EBS ECU, and it is in charge of supervising the Emergency Brake System or EBS. The main functionalities are: sense the pneumatic pressure, activate pneumatic valves, open and close the Autonomous System relay when conditions are fulfilled with a non-programmable logic, redundancy with the Service Brake, safety check before running. In order to achieve these objectives, a variety of tools have been used during the development of the project; the main ones being Altium for the schematics and 4-layer PCB layout design, and STMCubeMX and Keil uVision for the software implementation with FreeRTOS. In addition, simulation and analysis tools were used to test and check the functionality of the device., El propósito de este proyecto es diseñar e implementar una unidad de control electrónico completamente operativa para un automóvil de carreras autónomo de Formula Student. El proyecto se lleva a cabo en BCN eMotorsport, en el departamento de Electrónica. Esta unidad de control se llama EBS ECU, y es la encargada de supervisar el sistema de frenado de emergencia o EBS. Las principales funcionalidades son: sensar presión neumática, activar válvulas neumáticas, abrir y cerrar el AS Relay del Shutdown Circuit con una lógica no programable, redundancia con el freno autónomo o Service Brake, y verificar el correcto funcionamiento antes de poder correr. Para lograr estos objetivos se ha utilizado una variedad de herramientas durante el desarrollo del proyecto. Siendo las principales: Altium para el diseño de esquemas y diseño de PCB de 4 capas, STMCubeMX y Keil uVision para la implementación del software con FreeRTOS. Además, se utilizan herramientas de simulación y análisis para probar y verificar la funcionalidad del sistema., El propòsit d'aquest projecte és dissenyar i implementar una unitat de control electrònic completament operativa per a un automòbil de carreres autònom de Formula Student. El projecte es porta a terme a BCN eMotorsport, al departament d'Electrònica. Aquesta unitat de control es diu EBS ECU, i és l'encarregada de supervisar el sistema de frenada d'emergència o EBS. Les principals funcionalitats són: sensar pressió pneumàtica, activar vàlvules pneumàtiques, obrir i tancar el AS Relay del Shutdown Circuit amb una lògica no programable, redundància amb el fre autònom o Service Brake, i verificar el correcte funcionament del sistema abans de poder correr. Per aconseguir aquests objectius s'ha utilitzat una varietat d'eines durant el desenvolupament del projecte. Sent les principals: Altium per al disseny d'esquemes i disseny de PCB de 4 capes, STMCubeMX i Keil uVision per a la implementació del codi amb FreeRTOS. A més, s'utilitzen eines de simulació i anàlisi per provar i verificar la correcte funcionalitat del sistema.

© 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This article presents a time-domain waveform model developed to characterize pulsed, nonlinear, current waveforms resulting in electromagnetic interference on static energy meters. The waveform model is calculated by fitting the sampled waveform data into a linear piece-wise function through a process that involves applying algorithms of pulse extraction, change-point detection, and redundancy elimination. The model is applied to data from laboratory experiments that have indicated critical current waveforms resulting in electromagnetic interference problems with static meters. Afterwards, the parameters of the modeled waveforms are calculated in order to correlate them to metering errors. The most relevant parameters that are correlated to significant errors are the maximum slope, crest factor, pulse duration, and charge. The waveform model provides an accurate description of the complex nonlinear waveforms through simplified analytical expressions that reproduce the significant features of the interfering waveforms. This waveform modeling approach could be used to standardize the artificial test signals that are representative of realistic devices and scenarios., Postprint (author's final draft)

Measurement of electromagnetic interference has been performed in the past by EMI receivers operating in the frequency domain. Particularly, to measure discontinuous disturbances (clicks), an EMI receiver connected to a disturbance analyzer is needed. The EMI receiver is used to measure the interference in a particular frequency. At the output of the intermediate frequency, the analyzer is connected for the clicks' evaluation. The measurement is repeated at four frequencies. This disturbance analysis can take up to 16 hours for the click evaluation of one device under test. Measurements of electromagnetic interference in the time-domain allow reducing the scan time in comparison to EMI receivers. In this MSc project, a full-time domain EMI measurement system covering the frequency range 150 kHz - 30 MHz is proposed to measure emissions according to CISPR 16-1-1, and perform the discontinuous disturbance analysis as described by UNE 55014.

Desenvolupament sistema de duirecció per cotxe autònom, When we talk about autonomous vehicles, we always think of a vehicle that can be driven by itself. However, this idea englobes a lot of concepts and systems that are implied and the conjunction and perfect synchronisation of each part will ensure the proper functionality of the autonomous vehicle. A steering actuator system among others take an important role in this labour. Thanks to an actuator in the direction of the vehicle allows the control of the trajectory that the car will follow. This thesis is focused in the improvement of a steering actuator of an autonomous racing car where some changes are implemented to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. For example, with and improvement in the control algorithm, the overall speed of the steering system will be increased up to 5 times and is able to track the reference value with a lot more of precision. Furthermore, a newer version of the steering actuator system will be researched with significant improvements like weight, space, robustness, efficiency and cost which are all critical in the application., Quan es parla de vehicle autònom, sempre pensem en un cotxe que es pot conduir-se per si mateix. Tot i així, aquesta idea engloba molts conceptes i sistemes els quals els donem per suposat però son molt importants ja que aquesta labor només és possible si tot el conjunt funcionés perfectament i en total sincronia. El sistema de control del volant entre d’altres, desenvolupa una tasca molt important. Gràcies a un actuador en la direcció del cotxe, permet el seu control per poder decidir la trajectòria que seguirà el cotxe. Aquest projecte està enfocat en la millora d’un Sistema de direcció autònom on es focalitzarà en introduir una sèrie de canvis que milloraran la capacitat del sistema per desenvolupar aquest treball. Per exemple, s’introdueixen canvis en el algoritme de control per aconseguir un millora important respecte al que hi havia anteriorment, millorant fins a 5 vegades més la velocitat de reacció del sistema i la precisió a l’hora de seguir la referència. També, es farà una recerca intensiva per obtenir una nova versió amb diferents components millores el aspectes del sistema anterior com per exemple pes, espai, robustesa, eficiència i cost els quals son aspectes crítics en la nostra aplicació., Cuando se habla de vehículo autónomo, siempre pensamos en un vehículo que se pueda mover por sí mismo. Sin embargo, esto engloba muchos conceptos y sistemas que se dan por implícitos, pero son muy importantes, ya que esta labor solo se puede desempeñar si todos los conjuntos funcionan perfectamente y con total sincronía. El sistema de dirección autónomo entre otros, es de gran importancia en un vehículo autónomo. Gracias a un actuador en la dirección de la columna nos permite poder decidir la trayectoria que seguirá el vehículo. Este proyecto se centra en la introducción de mejoras en un sistema de dirección de un vehículo autónomo de competición las cuales mejorará el desempeño de éste. Por ejemplo, se mejorará el algoritmo de control del vehículo para incrementar la velocidad de éste hasta 5 veces, y aumentar la precisión a la hora de seguir el valor de referencia. Además, se hará una búsqueda intensiva para desarrollar un nuevo conjunto de componentes que mejoren varios aspectos como el peso, espacio, robustez, eficiencia y coste los cuales son aspectos críticos en nuestra aplicación.

Testing the immunity to conducted radiofrequency disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields, is fundamental within the electromagnetic compatibility assessment of devices having input and/or output cables. This procedure requires assuring the repeatability and accuracy of the test level applied, that is, the voltage and power of the signal injected into the equipment’s cables when these tests are performed. During a preliminary calibration, different instruments could be employed to measure and adjust the disturbance voltage to the corresponding test level, typically, power meters, test receivers or spectrum analyzers. In this paper it is proposed to use oscilloscopes as measuring device and the calibration method has been adapted accordingly. Results indicate oscilloscopes enable valid and time efficient measurements of the radiofrequency voltage signals involved in the tests according the EN 61000-4-6 standard method, with comparable accuracy at lower costs, while it provides further measurements analysis capability and increased robustness., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., FFT-based measuring receivers acquire time-domain data and calculate the spectrum of the interference according to the voltage indication levels of the standard weighting detectors using complex functions and algorithms that are susceptible to heuristic, programming, or numerical errors. Therefore, it is necessary to perform an exhaustive evaluation for validating not only the algorithms in the digital processing core of the instrument but also, the hardware-software interaction under a diversity of conditions and settings. This requires executing the measuring receiver calibration for a variety of representative instrument settings. Such validation approach is beyond the scope of the baseline parameters verification defined in CISPR 16-1-1, however, it allows detecting and correcting problems that otherwise would be neglected. Through the case study of a Full Time-Domain Electromagnetic Interference measurement system for CISPR bands A and B, this paper shows how statistical analysis of the measurement errors can be used to guarantee the accuracy of FFT-based measuring receivers., Postprint (author's final draft)

Formula Student es una competencia mundial en la que los estudiantes fabrican autos de carreras fórmula. El año pasado, el equipo Driverless UPC, formado por estudiantes de ETSEIB y ETSETB, adaptó los sistemas electrónicos de un clásico automóvil fórmula eléctrico, para transformarlo en un automóvil autónomo. Esto resultó una mezcla de la parte autónoma y la vieja electrónica del automóvil causando una fiabilidad electrónica significativamente baja. Por esta razón, el objetivo para este año era unir toda la electrónica en una única y robusta unidad electrónica. Esta tesis se centra en el desarrollo y diseño de la Rear ECU y los reguladores DC-DC implementados en todas las ECUs. Los resultados son una ECU trasera compacta y funcional, y reguladores DC-DC de alta eficiencia y sobrecalentamiento bajo. Esto lleva a la conclusión de que unir varias funcionalidades dentro de una ECU y el diseño de un regulador de voltaje propio es altamente recomendable para una electrónica confiable y eficiente., Formula Student és una competició mundial on els estudiants fabriquen cotxes estil fórmula. L’any passat, l’equip Driverless UPC, format per estudiants ETSEIB i ETSETB, va adaptar tots els sistemes electrònics d’un cotxe de fórmula elèctrica clàssica, per transformar-lo en un cotxe autònom. El resultat va ser una barreja de la part autònoma i l’antiga electrònica del cotxe elèctric provocant que la fiabilitat de l’electrònica fos significativament baixa. Per aquest motiu, l’objectiu d’aquest any era unir tota la electrònica en una única i robusta unitat electrònica. Aquesta tesi està enfocada al desenvolupament i el disseny de la Rear ECU i els reguladors DC-DC implementats a totes les ECU. Els resultats són una Rear ECU compacta i funcional, i uns reguladors de tensió d’alta eficiència i sobreescalfament baix. Això porta a la conclusió que unir diverses funcionalitats dins d’una ECU i dissenyar un regulador de tensió propi és altament recomanable per a una electrònica fiable i eficaç., Formula Student is a worldwide competition where students manufacture formula race cars. Last year, the Driverless UPC team, formed by ETSEIB and ETSETB students, adapted all the electronic systems of a classic electric formula car, to transform it in an autonomous car. The result was a mix of the autonomous part and the old electrical car electronics causing the reliability of the electronics was significantly low. For this reason, the aim for this year was to join all electronics and manufacture a robust single electronic package. This thesis is focused in the development and designing of the Rear ECU and DC-DC regulators implemented in all ECUs. The results are a compact and functional Rear ECU, and high-efficient with low overheating DC-DC regulators. This leap to the conclusion that joins various functionalities inside an ECU and designing your own voltage regulator is highly recommended for a reliable and efficient electronics.

© 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This paper analyses the method for measuring the switching losses in Gallium Nitride (GaN) Field Effect Transistors (FETs) employed in highly efficient power electronics applications, particularly in DC-DC converters. In this regard, the switching losses are measured through the integration of the product of the voltage multiplied by the current during the turn-on and turn-off intervals of the switching process. The objective of this analysis is to identify, model, correct/minimize and quantify the main contributions to the switching losses’ measurement uncertainty following a top- down approach. First, a set of general specifications for a suitable test bench is given. Subsequently, the distortion of the oscilloscope-probe system and the influence of the current shunt is studied along with a method for correcting the waveform distortion. Then, based on the model describing the general measurement method, the individual sources of uncertainty are stripped down, giving guidance regarding how to estimate each of them. Finally, such individual contributions to the switching losses measurement uncertainty are propagated and combined following the guidelines of the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement"., This research work is carried in the framework of the ADVENT project (Grant Number: 16ENG06 ADVENT) which is supported by the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR). The EMPIR initiative is co-funded by the European's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the EMPIR Participating States., Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., Conducted electromagnetic interference has shown to result in misreadings of static energy meters due to non-linear current waveforms. Based on these findings it is of interest to survey waveforms that occur in typical low voltage distribution networks, and to which static energy meters are exposed to. Therefore, complex waveforms in a domestic photovoltaic installation are identified. Furthermore, discrepancies between the generated power, consumed power by the loads and drawn power from the grid are found. This paper aims to correlate these waveforms to the observed discrepancies in the power consumption data and survey the waveforms that occur in these modern installations., Postprint (published version)

The purpose of this project is to design and implement a fully-operative ECU (Electronic Control Unit) of an Autonomous Racing Car. The project is carried out at the Formula Student team DRIVERLESS UPC, specifically at the Hardware department. The ECU itself is the FRONT ECU, the main control unit in the front side of the car in charge of supplying power to other electronic devices, acquiring data from different sensors, controlling a DC motor and establishing a CAN Communication with the rest of the vehicle. To achieve all these objectives a variety of tools will be used during the development of the project, the main ones being Altium for all the hardware design and STMCubeMX and Keil uVision for the software implementation. In addition, simulation tools as Matlab Simulink or Kvaser CANKing will be used to test and check the functionality of the device., El objetivo de este proyecto es diseñar e implementar una ECU (Electronic Control Unit) de un coche de carreras autónomo totalmente operativa. El proyecto se lleva a cabo en el equipo de Formula Student DRIVERLESS UPC, específicamente en el departamento de hardware. La ECU a diseñar es la FRONT ECU, el elemento principal de la parte delantera del vehículo encargada de dar voltaje a otros dispositivos, adquirir datos de diversos sensores, controlar un motor DC i establecer una comunicación CAN con el resto del vehículo. Para lograr todos estos objetivos se utilizaran una variedad de herramientas durante el transcurso del proyecto. Entre estas destacan el uso de Altium para todos los diseños de hardware y el STMCubeMX y KeiluVision para la implementación de software. Además, herramientas de simulación como Matlab Simulink o Kvaser CANKing serán utilizadas para comprobar el correcto funcionamiento del dispositivo., L?objectiu d?aquest projecte és dissenyar e implementar una ECU (Electronic Control Unit) d?un cotxe de carreres autònom totalment operativa. El projecte es desenvolupa a l?equip de Formula Student DRIVERLESS UPC, específicament al departament de hardware. La ECU a dissenyar és la FRONT ECU, l?element principal de la part davantera del cotxe que s?encarrega de donar voltatge a altres dispositius, adquirir dades de diversos sensors, controlar un motor DC i establir una comunicació CAN amb la resta del vehicle. Per aconseguir tots aquets objectius s?utilitzaran una varietat d?eines durant el desenvolupament del projecte. D?aquestes destaquen l?ús d?Altium per a tots els dissenys de hardware i el STMCubeMX i KeiluVision per a la implementació de software. A demés, eines de simulació com Matlab Simulink o Kvaser CANKing seran utilitzades per comprovar el correcte funcionament del dispositiu.

This work presents the need to accurately define EM characterization of novel materials like the 3D conductive filament. Although these construction techniques and materials are currently used by the industry, the influence of the manufacturing process is still not properly characterized. In this paper, different monopoles are assembled modifying the 3D printing structure when a conductive filament is employed to fabricate the radiating element. Measurements of the S 11 parameter are combined with electromagnetic simulations to determine the different performances of the built antennas. The results highlight that the definition of the printing parameters has a strong influence on the conductivity of the resulting 3D printed monopoles, producing remarkable variations at the antenna performance. Modifying the results from monopoles not suitable to propagate to performances that can produce proper electromagnetic fields., This work was supported by the Spanish “Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad” under project TEC2016-79214-C3-2-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

This project focuses on the development of a new version of the POINT spotlight luminaire featuring the most promising lighting control system, through the design and implementation of a physical DALI control interface according to the IEC662386-101 Ed 2.0 2014 and with 230V overvoltage protection. Its implementation requires the successful overcoming of the challenges that involve the use of the EUC-030S070DS(PS) LED driver.

Aquest projecte tracta sobre la creació d'un sistema d'automatització per a realitzar tests a la capa física sobre dispositius que utilitzin LIN bus

For assessing the underlying problem behind the static meter misreadings, a measurement technique must be developed for characterizing the currents that static meters are usually exposed to. In previous studies it was shown that misreadings of the static meters occur when impulsive currents are drawn from the net, even with standalone commercial off the shelf equipment. Time domain electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements create a novel opportunity for analyzing these noisy waveforms and identifying their fundamental parameters. The next step is extending this measurement approach to on-site scenarios in which these kind of waveforms coexist in superposition with other components that are properly measured by the static meter when they occur alone. This especially holds for up and coming technologies like electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. The characterization is intended in the future for describing realistic waveforms that can be used as new standardized type-testing signals, which will be employed to produce novel standards. Time Domain Electromagnetic Interference Measurement and Post-processing System (TEMPS) software is used in conjunction with a low cost baseband digitizer to measure the waveforms of EV chargers on four different lines, that is the three phases (L1, L2, and L3) and the neutral line (N) simultaneously. To distinguish the impulsive nature of the waveforms a statistical approach is performed in the form of an amplitude probability distribution (APD) diagram. Furthermore the multichannel capability of the low cost digitizer is utilized to achieve a frequency range extension by using two probes simultaneously with different frequency ranges., This project has received funding from the EMPIR pro-gramme co-financed by the Participating States and fromthe European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme. The results found reflect the author’s view only.EURAMET is not responsible for any use that may be madeof the information it contains. This work was also supportedby a STSM grant from COST Action IC1407 ACCREDIT., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., The future is wireless, a world where everything is interconnected. However, the current standards for ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and the coexistence of such wireless systems urge for a major update. It is shown how novel statistical approaches based on the amplitude probability distribution detector and time-domain measurements are better suited for estimating the degradation caused by electromagnetic interferences on digital communication systems than the established practice of determining compliance according to the quasi-peak detector levels using a pass/fail criterion. Therefore, a redefinition of the test methods and of the compliance requirements in terms of EMC standards must be a priority of the international standardization bodies. Finally, a discussion of the fundamental challenges involved in this standardization breakthrough for EMC is delivered., Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This paper presents the waveform characterization of calibration pulse generators intended to evaluate the response to pulses of the weighting detectors in CISPR 16-1-1 measuring receivers. First, the standard requirements of the reference pulses are described, and the pulse generators calibration methods based on waveform measurements are briefly discussed. Then, high-resolution time domain measurements are used for characterizing the waveforms of a commercial calibration-pulse generator in terms of rise/fall time, pulse width, mean voltage of the upper state, repetition frequency, and area. Moreover, the results above are used for estimating the spectral density of the impulses, their corresponding quasi-peak level, the pulses bandwidth, and the breakpoint frequencies. Finally, the measurement uncertainty is estimated for CISPR bands A, B, and C/D. Results are in good agreement with other calibrations performed during an intercomparison exercise and the uncertainty satisfy the target ±0.5 dB and 1% given in standards for the impulse area and pulse repetition frequency respectively., Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., Ensuring the measuring receiver's compliance with the specifications given in CISPR 16-1-1 is mandatory. This is achieved through traceable calibration of the instrument regarding its standard requirements. Incidentally, the receiver's response to pulses of the weighting detectors is the most challenging aspect that must be calibrated. The calibration method requires generating broadband pulses of a given impulse area and at certain repetition frequencies. Such pulses must deliver a known quasi-peak level and have a flat spectrum over the frequency band under consideration. Although the standard states the tolerable uncertainties for the pulse characteristics, it does not stipulate their exact waveform. This void is significant because it hinders the reproducibility of the calibration method, forbids to completely describe the CISPR 16-1-1 pulse generator, and truncates the traceability chain. This paper proposes a parametric model for pulsed waveforms that are compliant with the requirements established for the calibration of the receivers' response to pulses. The model is numerically solved and evaluated for producing a waveform vector that can be transformed into a reference voltage signal using arbitrary function generators. The validity of the proposed waveforms is experimentally verified in terms of its time domain characteristics and its frequency spectrum., Postprint (author's final draft)

Desenvolupar el control de direcció amb motors, In this project we have performed a steering actuator for an autonomous vehicle, exactly for the driver's driver's car at the UPC, En este trabajo de fin de grado hemos realizado un actuador de dirección para un vehículo autónomo, exactamente para el coche de FS driverless de la UPC, En aquest treball de fi de grau hem realitzat un actuador de direcció per a un vehicle autònom, exactament per al cotxe de FS driverless de la UPC

Evaluation of some simulation tools in order to know its limitations as well as its capabilities to design ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems)., Se evalúan diferentes herramientas de simulación con el fin de saber las limitaciones que éstas presentan y el abanico de posibilidades para el diseño de ADAS (Sistemas de asistencia avanzados para conductores) que ofrecen., S'evaluen diferents eines de simulació amb la finalitat de conèixer les limitacions que presenten i el ventall de possibilitats que presenten pel disseny d'ADAS (Sistemes d'asistència avançats per a conductors).

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., It is mandatory for EMC test laboratories to apply verification methodologies to ensure that they are performing the tests properly. However, the time-consumption of most of the procedures or its low accuracy causes low-impact and consequently a poor benefit for laboratories. With the aim to improve the performance of the current verification methods, a just-before-test methodology based on time-domain measurements is proposed in this publication. In order to improve the accuracy and detect failures for conducted emissions and immunity tests, arbitrary waveforms and full time-domain EMI measurement methods are combined. Hence, it is proposed to use multi-tone and pulsed waveforms to evaluate the performance of the conducted emissions test, including the receiver with normative detectors, paths and devices like LISN. On the other hand, for the immunity test, a time-domain EMI system based on the use of an oscilloscope is employed to identify defects on the amplifier, RF generator, devices like CDNs or paths. The methodologies are explained and validated through different simulated failure scenarios. Where we can identify a proper performance of the test bench or defects like poor grounding or coupling devices malfunctions., Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2018 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works, In this paper, we present and analyze the performance of a double-loaded curved loop probe to measure simultaneously electric and magnetic fields (EMF). The aim is to construct a probe that can be fitted to non-planar structures and have a proper response to EMF. The curved probe is studied in comparison with well-known planar probes, which have been verified and used previously. The time-domain data obtained through EM simulation allow us to identify if the probe's response is suitable although its geometry. Finally, the probe has been constructed and evaluated with experimental test, measuring and validating the conclusions find out by the EM simulation., This work was supported in part by the EURAMET 15RPT01 research project (the EMPIR is jointly funded by the EMPIR participating countries within EURAMET and the European Union), by the Spanish “Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad,” under project TEC2016-79214-C3-2-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), by the “Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya” and the European Social Fund and The author(s) would like to acknowledge the contribution of the COST Action IC1407 ‘ACCREDIT’., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2018 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works, This paper presents the evaluation of the performance of Full Time Domain Electromagnetic Interference measurement systems in terms of the noise figure, the linearity, the dynamic range, the voltage standing wave ratio and the crosstalk. The abovementioned parameters allow a broader characterization of the oscilloscope-based implementations of CISPR 16-1-1 measuring receivers, providing relevant specifications that are beyond the standardized baseline requirements. Such metrics are assessed using the actual settings and operating conditions required for compliant time-domain EMI measurements. For the specific oscilloscope used in the experiments, the noise figure is measured for all the different vertical ranges between 5 mV/div and 1 V/div. Likewise, the linearity and the dynamic range, in terms of the effective number of bits, was measured for sine wave input signals with an rms voltage swept between 20 mV and 1 V. This experiment was repeated for CISPR bands A, Band C/D using 10 kHz, 1 MHz, and 100 MHz sinusoids, respectively. The results allow a more comprehensive comparison between Full-TDEMI measurement systems and the more conventional superheterodyne architecture receivers that are completely specified in the frequency domain. © 2018 IEEE., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

In this study, measurements inside the fuselage of an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) are conducted using a novel double-loaded loop probe. The characterization and evaluation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) within VAVs is a main research topic and requires state-of-the-art measurement methodologies. The developed probe is capable of obtaining accurate measurements as commercial reference E-Field broadband probes, introducing new advantages based on the reduction of the probe's electronics and the availability of the full time-domain data. Allowing to compute simultaneously the electric and the magnetic field and to measure high-amplitude electromagnetic pulses. The laser-probe works together with multi-channel full-time domain system computing the electromagnetic fields using an oscilloscope. Regarding the double-loaded loop probe characterization and validation, it has been carried out by comparing the results with different validation methods, like Feature Selective Validation Method and the Integrated Error against Logarithmic Frequency. © 2018 IEEE., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)