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DEET is considered the gold standard for insect repellent products. However, it behaves as a strong skin permeant. DEET was encapsulated in Solid Lipid Microparticles (SLM) and characterized in terms of morphology, particle size, cytotoxicity and ex vivo permeation. The particles exhibited micrometric size with a spherical shape. In addition, we developed and validated an analytical method for DEET quantification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which was selective, linear, precise, accurate and robust. The toxicity test in cell culture of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages showed that the formulation did not present cytotoxicity. The SLM were able to decrease the skin permeation of DEET in relation to the free active in ethanol with gain in the safe. Microparticles were able to increase the skin retention of DEET, which can contribute to extend the time of repellent action. The results showed that Solid Lipid Microparticles are safe and promising topical formulation to insect bite prevention.

Low-grade central osteosarcoma is a rare type of osteosarcoma with peculiar clinical radiographic and microscopic features. The aim of this article is to report and discuss a case of low-grade central osteosarcoma in the mandible of a 42-year-old woman. The patient reported sensing mild pain and tooth mobility for a period of 4 years, despite continuous dental treatment. Radiographic evaluation showed a mixed radiopaque/radiolucenct lesion in the body, ramus, coronoid process, and condyle of the left side of the mandible. Destruction of the mandibular cortex in the area was also observed. After incisional biopsy, the patient underwent hemimandibulectomy. Microscopic findings showed a tumor exhibiting spindle cells with nuclear hyperchromasia and no mitotic activity, irregular osteoid formation, and soft tissue infiltration. The immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of Ki-67, Cyclin B1, and PCNA proteins (cellular proliferation markers) revealed a very low Ki-67+ and Cyclin B1+ cell index (mean 7% and 3%, respectively), but a moderate number of PCNA+ cells (mean 49%). The 2 years of clinical and imaging postoperative follow-up showed no evidence of recurrence. Clinicians should be aware of these lesions, because histopathologicially low-grade central osteosarcoma may be misinterpreted as fibrous dysplasia.