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Since pure tobacco stalk (TS) biomass pellet fuels tend to slag, five anti-slagging agents were added to the crushed TS to obtain a pellet fuel that could be used in biomass burners to provide heat for tobacco curing. The obtained results revealed that the main component of TS pellet fuel was K2Si2O5. During fuel combustion process, additives generated higher melting point silicate compounds by Al–K, Ca–K, and Ca–K elemental structures to replace single K elemental structure of TS, enhancing the anti-slagging efficiency of the pellet fuel from 21.63% to 78.29% and promoting the precipitation of K, Mg, and Na elements in the slag block. By investigating the anti-slagging mechanism pathways of the additives in TS biomass pellet fuels, altering of the structure of silicate ion group pathway was found to improve anti-slagging effects that met the requirements of production formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judd–Ofelt analysis and photoluminescence study of akermanite-structured Sm3+ -doped Ca2MgSi2O7 phosphor synthesized by combustion synthesis followed by a solid-state reaction process is presented. PXRD confirmed the tetragonal structure with the P-4 21 m (No.113) space group. SEM, EDS, and elemental mapping confirmed the morphology and composition. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra indicate that the phosphor gives orange-red emissions at 603 nm attributed to 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 transition. Optimum concentration has been found to be 0.4 mol%. The CIE chromaticity coordinates are 0.57, 0.43. The branching ratio with respect to the transition, 4G5/2—6H7/2 has been found to be around 53%, suggesting it as a potential laser material in addition to its use for designing white LED phosphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a soil conditioner derived from steel slag (Agrosilicio Plus – ASP) compared to dolomitic limestone (DLS) in agriculture. The research questions were about how ASP compares to DLS in terms of soil acidity correction, productivity, and the nutritional status of the forage grass Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using plastic pots filled with a 0-20 cm layer of Ferrasol. In the first experiment, soil conditioners were applied on the surface, while in the second, they were incorporated into the soil. A complete block design with a 2 × 4 + 1 factorial arrangement was employed. The factors included two soil conditioners (ASP and DLS) at four application rates (25%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of the liming requirement). A control treatment without any conditioner application was also included. P. maximum was grown in three successive 45-day cropping cycles. The shoot dry mass and nutrient content in plants’ tissues were measured. Both ASP and DLS were effective in correcting soil acidity. The ASP led to a higher silicon accumulation in the plants, whereas DLS resulted in higher calcium accumulation. Increasing rates of both conditioners generally had positive effects on most variables measured. When applied on the surface, ASP led to higher dry mass production accumulated in three crops. ASP is a viable alternative to limestone for correcting soil acidity and supplying essential nutrients and silicon to BRS Zuri grass. Additionally, ASP can effectively be applied on the soil surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting the abundant biomass resources in nature into fine chemicals can not only reduce carbon emissions but also effectively deal with the depletion of fossil energy, which is of strategic significance for sustainable development. In this paper, by optimizing the content of bimetallic components, highly active co‐doped Co1Cu3 bimetallic silicate was designed and synthesized. After reduction, a highly dispersed and stable Co1Cu3/SiO2 catalyst was obtained, which was used to catalyze the aqueous phase hydrogenation of furfural (FFR) to cyclopentanone (CPO). Compared with the traditional supported catalyst, the Co1Cu3/SiO2‐ammonia evaporation (AE)‐300 catalyst prepared by AE has the best performance. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the conversion of FFR was as high as 95.1 % and the selectivity of CPO was 88.6 %. This high activity can be attributed to the formation of highly dispersed and uniform metal active sites with low content of Co. At the same time, the formation of flocculent silicate enhances the synergism between CoCu and SiO2 support and increases the specific surface area of the catalyst. In addition, the experimental results show that the reaction carbon balance will be destroyed with the high concentration of FFR solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicate minerals have a rich structural variety consisting of silicon oxide clusters or networks of any dimensionality interdispersed with different types of elements, which is reflected in marked changes in the Raman spectra. Understanding how the changes in the Raman spectra are correlated with the atomic structure would be highly desirable for fast material identification and analysis. Extracting such trends from experimental spectra can be difficult owing to the uncertainties in the structural details of the samples and in ensuring consistency between measurements from different sources. Simulated spectra, however, avoid these problems, making them a good candidate for systematic studies. Here, we study the correlation between the structure and Raman spectral features of 179 silicates derived from a database of Raman spectra simulated using first‐principles calculations. We investigate the spectral similarities with a specific emphasis on materials containing isolated 0D clusters in nesosilicate (SiO4), sorosilicate (Si2O7), and cyclosilicate (Si3O9 and Si4O12) configurations. While trends identified in the previous reports can be confirmed, we find that the variations within each group of similar structural motifs tend to be larger than the changes across groups, and therefore, developing a reliable automated classification algorithm is likely to be challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE. Studies about success of FPDs (fixed partial dentures) mostly include restorations built by different clinicians. This results in limited comparability of the data. The aim of this study was to evaluate complications of all-ceramic FPDs built by 1 dentist between 2011 to 2023. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 342 all-ceramic FPDs were observed during follow-up care. 48 patients received 262 single crowns, 59 bridges and 21 veneers. Because of the different lengths of the bridges, units were defined as restored or replaced tooth. 465 units performed by the same dentist from Nov 2011 to Nov 2022 were included. Influencing factors "restoration", "construction", "abutment", "localization", "vitality" and "application period" were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier Analysis and Log-Rank Tests. RESULTS. 406 units (87.3 %) showed no complication. 7 correctable chippings (1.5 %) and 10 recementable decementations (2.1 %) occurred. Six decemented units got lost (1.3 %). 21 units failed due to fatal fracture (4.5 %). Crown margin complications, such as secondary caries, occurred in 15 units (3.2 %). Comparing the influencing factors resulted in higher complication rates of veneers (P < .001), of monolithic ceramics (P = .050) and of molar-restorations (P = .047). The application period had no influence on the success and survival rate. CONCLUSION. Overall, all-ceramic FPDs showed good clinical results. Although less complications were observed with modern restorations, these more often led to complete failure. To generate evidence-based recommendations, further studies are needed to evaluate the mid- and short-term success and survival of current all-ceramic restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesive materials, as one of the critical materials in nuclear power plants, play a crucial role in nuclear applications. In comparison to traditional organic adhesives, inorganic adhesives exhibit unique advantages in the nuclear field due to their excellent high-temperature stability, radiation resistance, weather resistance, and cost-effectiveness. This paper firstly provides an overview of the composition, structure, classification, and basic characteristics of inorganic adhesives, followed by a detailed exploration of the bonding mechanisms, modification strategies, and performance enhancement methods of phosphate inorganic adhesives and silicate inorganic adhesives. Research indicates that by optimizing fillers, introducing cross-linking agents, and adjusting curing agents, the high-temperature resistance of inorganic adhesives can be effectively improved. Similarly, significant enhancements in radiation resistance can be achieved through adjustments in curing processes, interfacial optimization, and the introduction of antioxidants. Additionally, innovative applications of inorganic adhesives such as preloading techniques, control of curing temperature, and special treatment of bonding interfaces are discussed. This study provides new perspectives and strategic references for inorganic adhesives application in nuclear power system, thereby facilitating the development of adhesive technology in the field of nuclear power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single‐column coupled physical and biological model based on the North Pacific Ecosystem Model for Understanding Regional Oceanography (NEMURO) with nitrogen and silicon cycles is adapted for the Bay of Bengal (BoB) environment. The model simulated plankton biomass and nutrients along the track of Bio‐Argos over East and West BoB (from 2016 to 2017) are validated with the observations. The model reasonably simulates the perennial structure of subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM). Further, three experiments are carried out to know the limitations in primary and secondary production in terms of nitrogen (NO3 + NH4) and silicate (Si(OH)4) in the open ocean BoB. In a "no‐NO3"experiment, the nitrate limiting term [that is, NO3/(NO3 + KNO3)] is set to zero so that the difference from the control case gives the role of "regenerated production" in the total primary and secondary production. Similarly, a no‐NH4 experiment was conducted to infer the role of "new production." The new (regenerated) production fuels 85 ± 1% (28 ± 6%) of the living biomass in the East part of open ocean BoB (East BoB). The corresponding values for the west part (West BoB) are 86 ± 1% (42 ± 2%). Among the primary producers, the new (regenerated) production contributed 72 ± 1% (24 ± 6%) in the East BoB and 74 ± 1% (37 ± 2%) in the West BoB. The silicate limits the diatom production by 46% ± 22% (45% ± 27%) of the actual amount of diatom in the East BoB (West BoB) diatom. Surface to 60 m depth, we observed severe nitrate limitation over East BoB and equal limitation of nitrate and silicate over West BoB from June to September; the remaining months suffered from moderate nitrate limitation in both regions. This study shows that nitrate appears to be a limiting nutrient compared to silicate at the surface of both East and West BoB. Since silicicline is deeper than nitracline, silicate is the potential limiting nutrient in BoB from 65 to 105 m depth in all seasons. Plain Language Summary: We adopted a medium complex single‐column coupled ecosystem model called NEMURO to the Bay of Bengal (BoB) environment. The model simulated the timely progression of the 13 state variables; these variables represent two functional groups of phytoplankton (such as flagellates and diatoms), three groups of zooplankton (e.g., ciliates, copepods, and euphausiids) and three types of nutrients (such as nitrate, ammonium, and silicate), dissolved and particulate matter. The model simulated primary hydrographic parameters, such as temperature, salinity, and plankton biomass, which were validated using bio‐Argos and ship observations. The model examines the nitrogen and silicate limitation over primary and secondary production. We found that at the surface, nitrate is the potential limiting nutrient with variable intensity for the entire season over East and West BoB; at intermediate levels of 65–105 m, silicate is the limiting nutrient. Further, we also quantified the nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) and silicate contribution for plankton photosynthesis by conducting a few experiments. Key Points: The new production is responsible for 85 ± 1% (86 ± 1%) of living biomass in the East Bay of Bengal (BoB) (West BoB)The silicate limits the diatom production by 46% ± 22% (45% ± 27%) of the actual amount of diatom in the East BoB (West BoB)From surface to 60 m depth, severe nitrate limitation seen in East BoB, and equal limitation of nitrate and silicate in West BoB from June to September [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new silicate Ba3Zn4Si4O15 (BZSO), was synthesized by the high‐temperature solution method in the open air, and the structure was determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The compound can be regarded as a derivative of α‐SiO2 tetrahedral framework. The structural analysis indicates that it crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c (No. 15) with lattice parameters a=19.3931(12) Å, b=5.1262(4) Å, c=16.3620(12) Å, β=115.7°, V=1465.5 Å3, Z=4 of a monoclinic crystal system composed of isolated Si2O7 dimers, and SiO4, ZnO4 tetrahedra. Experimental characterization demonstrates that it possesses birefringence of 0.013@546.1 nm. Besides, the first‐principles theoretical calculations were carried out to elucidate the relationship between the electronic structure and optical property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide-doped β-Ca2SiO4 has been regarded as a promising material for use in light-emitting diode (LED) phosphors. Nevertheless, the performance of these luminescent materials activated by lanthanide ions depends strongly on the host matrix. The challenge lies in controlling the phase under ambient conditions in a material that exists in five polymorphic forms. Herein, we report the synthesis of β-Ca2SiO4 containing Ce and Eu ions via the Sol–Gel method. The pure and doped samples were characterized using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal (DT) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld–XRD analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL), and defect calculations. XRD analyses show the predominant formation of the β-phase. Morphological analyses by SEM show smaller particle sizes in Ce- and Eu-doped β-Ca2SiO4 than pure samples. This result suggests that Ce3+ is more efficient at stabilizing the β-Ca2SiO4 polymorph. The PL emission of the β-Ca2SiO4:Eu, excited at 393 nm, provides evidence about the existence of two nonequivalent sites, with one of them evolving to a high symmetry site and the other one remaining in a low symmetry. PL results are corroborated by defect calculations in which it is evident that both Eu3+ and Ce3+ ions prefer to be incorporated into the two Ca2 sites compensated by a Ca1 vacancy, including a probable change in the coordination number of the Eu3+ ion. The abrupt distortion of one of the Eu3+ sites is accompanied by the high 5D0 → 7F4 transition. Also, we present XANES and XPS analyses combined with defect calculations for Eu2+ and Ce4+ ions to discuss the likely coexistence of valency states in the host matrix. Lastly, the results offer insights into improving the performance of phosphor-converted white LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This contribution investigates the effect of variable copper incorporation (x = 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0) in silicate (45 SiO2, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6P2O5 wt%) and modified borate (45 B2O3, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6P2O5 wt%) bioglass materials to be used for bone bonding applications. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) has been used to determine the oxidation states and local coordination structure of Cu atoms in silicate-based and borate-based glasses at the Cu K-edge (~ 8979 eV). The oxidation states of Cu atoms have been determined by near-edge XAFS (XANES) fingerprinting employing reference standard compounds of Cu. Cu (I) and Cu (II) XANES spectra of the standard reference compounds were linearly combined to fit the normalized μ(E) data of the collected XANES spectra using linear combination fitting (LCF approach). The obtained results prove that most of the silicate glass samples contain Cu2O almost exclusively, while modified borate glass samples contain a significant mixture of Cu2O and CuO phases. According to the literature, the remarkable coexistence of Cu2O and CuO phases within the borate sample, particularly when x = 4, promotes the conversion process to allow the more facile formation of hydroxy carbonate apatite (HCA). The best fit structural parameters derived from extended-XAFS (EXAFS) fitting show that the ratio between Cu (I) and Cu (II) in borate glass agreed well with that extracted from XANES analysis. XANES and EXAFS conclude that borate glass with x = 4 is the most suitable composition for bone bonding applications.

This contribution investigates the effect of variable copper incorporation (x = 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0) in silicate (45 SiO2, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6P2O5wt%) and modified borate (45 B2O3, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6P2O5wt%) bioglass materials to be used for bone bonding applications. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) has been used to determine the oxidation states and local coordination structure of Cu atoms in silicate-based and borate-based glasses at the Cu K-edge (~ 8979 eV). The oxidation states of Cu atoms have been determined by near-edge XAFS (XANES) fingerprinting employing reference standard compounds of Cu. Cu (I) and Cu (II) XANES spectra of the standard reference compounds were linearly combined to fit the normalized μ(E) data of the collected XANES spectra using linear combination fitting (LCF approach). The obtained results prove that most of the silicate glass samples contain Cu2O almost exclusively, while modified borate glass samples contain a significant mixture of Cu2O and CuO phases. According to the literature, the remarkable coexistence of Cu2O and CuO phases within the borate sample, particularly when x = 4, promotes the conversion process to allow the more facile formation of hydroxy carbonate apatite (HCA). The best fit structural parameters derived from extended-XAFS (EXAFS) fitting show that the ratio between Cu (I) and Cu (II) in borate glass agreed well with that extracted from XANES analysis. XANES and EXAFS conclude that borate glass with x = 4 is the most suitable composition for bone bonding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is lack of information on the impact of acidity correctives (lime and silicate) and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers on the fertility, carbon stocks, carbon stratification, and carbon sequestration potential of paddy soils. To fill this knowledge gap and contribute to knowledge on how the treatments impact the soil ecosystem functions and services, a longterm field experiment was established in 1954 with four treatments and five replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design. Methods: Four treatments with five replicates per treatment were laid out in a randomized complete block design. The treatments included control/untreated (CT), only NPK, silicate-fortified NPK (NPKSi), and lime-fortified NPK (NPKLi). The treatments were applied to paddy soils classified as Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts. Results and discussion: Application of the treatments led to significant increases in soil pH by 0.9, 1.12, and 1.5 pH units in the NPK, NPKLi, and NPKSi-treated soils in 2021, respectively, compared to the initial soil pH. The increase in pH subsequently led to significant reductions in C stratification and C stocks, with reduced rates of C sequestration observed to be more pronounced in the soils treated with lime and silicate-fortified NPK fertilizers (NKPSi and NPKLi). Both NPKSi and NPKLi moderately increased soil fertility. The highest increase in soil fertility was observed in the NPKSi treatment, with an annual growth rate of 0.0160 and a relative change ratio of 128.2% relative to the initial soil fertility index recorded in 1970. A Pearson correlation analysis revealed that soil pH, exchangeable calcium, and available silicate were the soil properties that significantly contributed to the increase in the soil fertility of the treated soils in the rice paddy agroecosystem. Significance: Conclusively, the inclusion of silicate in long-term fertilization is an effective strategy to mitigate soil acidity and increase soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of bone tissue engineering, developing an optimal biomaterial that easily integrates with host tissues while maintaining high mechanical stability is critical. This research investigates the synergistic effects of adding wollastonite into the merwinite matrix for biological purposes. Merwinite (Ca3MgSi2O8) and wollastonite (CaSiO3) bioceramics were methodically synthesised using the sol-gel combustion process. With prior heat treatment, phase formation and morphological characteristics were explored using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy. Wollastonite's ability to produce apatite and its self-setting capabilities resulted in considerable improvements in composite properties. Notably, the resultant composite has compressive strength similar to that of human cortical bone, making it a suitable option for bone transplant alternatives. Furthermore, comprehensive cytotoxicity experiments on MG63 cell lines demonstrated greater inhibition at lower dosages, highlighting the composite's remarkable biocompatibility. These findings highlight the enormous potential of the merwinite/wollastonite combination as a flexible biomaterial for fostering bone tissue regeneration, ushering in significant advances in orthopaedics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is a popular fruit consumed for its desirable flavour, aroma and colour and is considered a functional food due to its antioxidant properties. Noting the need for farmers to increase productivity to meet increasing consumer demands, this study aimed to explore the potential of biostimulants to enhance strawberry cultivation. Herein, a field trial was conducted on a commercial strawberry farm, wherein 1944 strawberry plants received fertigation supplementation with either a control solution (nutrients only) or nutrients combined with one of two biostimulant complexes (BCs). Biostimulant complex 1 (BC1) was composed of molasses, Aloe vera extract and fish-hydrolysate, and biostimulant complex 2 (BC2) was composed of potassium silicate and potassium phosphite. Results indicated that BC1 maintained total yields but increased the sellable proportion and decreased the proportion of waste. In contrast, BC2 increased total yields with both sellable yields and waste increased. No significant changes were observed for indicators of consumer preference (flavour, aroma and fruit colour), however, on-average large increases were observed to indicators of fruit antioxidant properties (phenolic and flavonoid content). Accordingly, these results support the utilisation of biostimulants as a strategy to improve strawberry on-farm productivity without compromising consumer quality measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estimated 30 % (∼11 million metric tons/year) of copper slag is still landfilled globally. Fayalitic copper slags are well-characterized, and they can be recycled into multiple safe end-products. Conversely, the major type of copper slag produced in Europe is lead-rich and warrants a deep understanding of phases present in it, properties, adverse environmental implications, and potential recycling strategies. The objective of this study is to thoroughly investigate such industrial slags by XRF, XRD, Mössbauer spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, novel automated image analysis using Aphelion, hot stage microscopy (HSM) and assess prospects for their valorization. These industrial slags were found to contain 26.1–50.5 wt% PbO, 3.4–5.4 % As 2 O 5 (both hazardous solid wastes), 5.7–42 % CuO (present partly as Cu 2 O, an irritant), 3.2–18.2 % Fe 2 O 3 , 14–15.9 % SiO 2 and oxides of chromium, cobalt (both carcinogenic), zinc and nickel (both toxic to aquatic life). The limitation of Rietveld XRD for glass quantification was overcome by newly-developed automated SEM-image processing which revealed that all three slags consisted of a lead silicate glass (36.3–65.8 vol%). Strikingly, rarely published arsenic- and lead-based compounds like (Ca,Pb) 4 As 2 O 9-x , (Ca,Cu) 2 PbO 4-x and Pb 3 Ca 2 Si 3 O 11 were found when slag's PbO/CuO was 0.6, and Ca 3 As 2 O 8 -Pb 2 SiO 4 formed when PbO/CuO equaled 9. The challenge of toxicity and landfilling can be overcome as these slags have high potential to be used for recovery of copper, cobalt, and lead. Radioactive waste immobilization glasses, gamma-ray shielding concrete and glass-ceramic consumer products may also be prepared from them. HSM revealed that a higher PbO/CuO ratio results in lower melting point and smaller melt contact angle indicating such slag can be useful for manufacturing recycled ceramics but corrosive towards refractories in copper converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riverine phytoplankton takes up phosphate, dissolved silicate, and nitrate. We investigated which nutrients are depleted during a Lagrangian sampling in the free-flowing part of the River Elbe in 2023. As part of this study, we tested the hypotheses that nutrient depletion might be caused by (1) above-average phytoplankton biomass or by (2) decreased nutrient load of the river during previous years. Phytoplankton biomass increased up to 350 km in rivers and stopped increasing exactly when soluble reactive phosphorus had been completely consumed, and molar carbon to phosphorus ratios of seston indicated the beginning phosphorus limitation. The concentrations of dissolved silicate and nitrate dropped below the detection limit as well. In contrast to the results from eight previous longitudinal samplings taken in 2018–2022, nitrate exhaustion was detected for the first time in 2023 within the transect. This was caused neither by an above-average phytoplankton biomass nor by a declined overall nutrient load of the river in 2018–2023. Instead, denitrification appears to be the most plausible explanation for the downstream decrease of nitrate and the loss of total nitrogen which was supported by enrichment of nitrate stable isotopes and a decreasing ratio of nitrate 15N/18O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simplified precipitation route based on using silica hydrogel derived from serpentine minerals as a source of silica SiO 2 has been first applied for producing blue cobalt-doped willemite pigments. The relevant variations of cobalt ions concentrations in SiO 2 –NaOH–ZnCl 2 –CoCl 2 –H 2 O system adequate with Zn 2-x Co x SiO 4 compositions where 0

In this study, we investigated how the concentration of erbium (0.0, 1, 2 mol% Er) affects the structural and optical properties of thin films made from sol-gel sodium silicate doped with erbium nitrate, thermally treated at 250 °C. Through systematic investigation, we explore the structural evolution and optical behavior of the thin films across varying Er3+ concentrations. The sol-gel demonstrated effective capabilities for substantial concentrations of Er3+ oxides through doping at lower calcination temperatures. The spectroscopic characteristics were studied using visible-near infrared spectroscopy (UV–vis–NIR), transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Increasing the Er ratio decreased both the transmission and the energy band gap (3.6–3.34 eV) of the films while the absorption peak increased. The obtained results suggest that Er3+ activators demonstrate advantageous optical properties in the evaluated sodium silicate glass matrix. With the introduction of Er, optical transmittance ranges from 85 to 55% in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions, highlighting their advantageous characteristics. This research contributes to advancing the understanding of erbium-doped thin films for potential applications in optoelectronic devices and photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is an important cool-season turfgrass species widely used for golf course putting greens; however, it experiences summer stress and quality decline in the U.S. transition zone and other regions with similar climates. Silicon (Si) may improve the abiotic stress of creeping bentgrass, but the mechanism of its impact on plant drought and heat tolerance is not well understood, and a few studies have reported on the effects of Si on creeping bentgrass drought and heat tolerance. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of Ortho-silicic acid (Ortho-Si) on antioxidant metabolism and root growth characteristics and viability in creeping bentgrass under drought and heat-stress conditions. The three treatments, including control, Ortho-Si at 0.16 mL m−2 and 0.32 mL m−2, were applied biweekly to creeping bentgrass. Foliar application of the Ortho-Si exhibited beneficial effects on turf quality, physiological fitness, and root growth in creeping bentgrass. The Ortho-Si application at 0.16 mL m−2 and 0.32 mL m−2 improved turf quality ratings by 9.5% and 11.1%, respectively, photochemical efficiency (PE) by 6.9% and 8.5%, respectively, chlorophyll content by 27.1% and 29.9%, and carotenoids content by 25.5% and 27.2%, respectively, when compared to the control at the end of the trial. The Ortho-Si treatments enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity; the highest amount, in particular, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by 32.8%, catalase (CAT) by 12.8%, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity by 37.4%, as compared to the control. The Ortho-Si application reduced leaf hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration relative to the control. In addition, exogenous Ortho-Si improved leaf Si concentration. The Ortho-Si application at 0.32 mL m−2 increased root biomass by 52.7% and viability by 89.3% relative to the control. Overall, Ortho-Si at 0.32 mL m−2 had greater beneficial effects than the low rate (0.16 mL m−2). Exogenous Si may improve drought and heat tolerance by protecting photosynthetic function, enhancing the activities of leaf antioxidant enzymes, and stimulating root growth, viability, and Si uptake. The results of this study suggest that foliar application of Ortho-Si at 0.32 mL m−2 may be considered to be an effective approach to improve turf quality and physiological fitness of creeping bentgrass during the summer months in the U.S. transition zone and other regions with similar climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to obtain a novel cyan‐emitting phosphor, the [K1‐xRbx]3GdSi2O7: yCe3+ materials (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, y = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04) are synthesized via a solid‐state reaction pathway, and their crystal structure and luminescence behaviors are studied systematically. The chemical substitution of Rb+ in the K+ sites can enlarge the K3GdSi2O7 host lattice and help to the blue‐shifting of emission band of Ce3+ ions due to the decreased crystal field splitting effect. It is also confirmed that the Ce3+ ions tend to enter [Gd1O6] and [Gd2O6] polyhedrons simultaneously. Consequently, the [K0.7Rb0.3]3GdSi2O7: Ce3+ phosphor yields a broadband cyan emission centered at 492 nm with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ∼115 nm upon 365 nm excitation. The optimal concentration of Ce3+ dopant is determined to be 0.01, and the concentration quenching effect can be attributed to the dipole−dipole interactions. The white light emitting diode (WLED) device fabricated by employing the discovered [K0.7Rb0.3]3GdSi2O7: 0.01Ce3+ phosphor displays a high color rendering index (Ra = 91.7) and a low correlated color temperature (CCT = 3749 K). This work may promote the development of cyan phosphors for near ultraviolet‐converted WLEDs with high performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The application of silicon could effectively alleviate Cd contamination in the soil. However, the interaction between silicon and Cd in soils is not well understood. Our research aims to investigate the mechanism of the impact of silicate on the sorption of Cd on metal oxides in soils. Materials and methods: Sodium silicate and Cd(II) co-sorption on γ-Al2O3 and goethite at pH 5.5 and 7.5 was studied using a combination of batch sorption experiments, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results and discussion: Silicate enhanced the sorption of Cd(II) onto γ-Al2O3 at pH 5.5 and 7.5. However, the sorption of Cd(II) on goethite at pH 5.5 and 7.5 was only promoted when the silicate concentration reached 1 mmol L−1. Cadmium(II) enhanced silicate sorption on γ-Al2O3 at pH 5.5 and on goethite at pH 7.5, while it decreased silicate sorption on γ-Al2O3 at pH 7.5 and had no significant effect on goethite at pH 5.5. At pH 5.5, Cd(II) reacted with silicate to generate Cd2SiO4, and Cd-Si-Al ternary complexes were formed on γ-Al2O3. At pH 7.5, silicate promoted the formation of Cd(OH)2 on γ-Al2O3, which ultimately transformed into CdCO3. When silicate concentration reached 1 mmol L−1, more silicate complexes were formed through the Fe-O-Si bound on goethite at both pH 5.5 and 7.5 to promote the adsorption of Cd(II) owing to its electronegative functional group on the surface of the complex. Conclusions: The type of clay minerals, pH, and the presence of silicate all significantly affected Cd sorption. Furthermore, the sorption mechanism of Cd on γ-Al2O3 and goethite in the presence of silicate has been elucidated. The above findings improve our understanding of the mechanism for immobilizing Cd in soils using silicon-containing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This inclusive work explores the structures, elastic, and γ-rays shields attributes of silicon-based crystals, specifically focusing on SiO, SiO2, and SiO4. The structural analysis reveals diverse characteristics influenced by chemical composition and crystallography, showcasing variations in Si-bonding environments, bond lengths, and geometries. Examination of elastic properties, represented by bulk and shear moduli, uncovers distinctive trends across different crystals, highlighting the intricate interplay of chemical complexity and crystal symmetry. The study extends to radiation shielding effectiveness against γ-rays, with a thorough exploration of mass and linear attenuation coefficients. The work incorporates insights from Hirshfeld topological surfaces (HTSs) and void analyses to assess the impact of crystal structure on γ-ray interaction. The Si-based crystal exhibits notable effectiveness in shielding, with energy-dependent trends observed across all crystals. In addition, this research introduces a detailed analysis of Hirshfeld volume (V) and surface area (A) (155.35 < V < 219.45Å3, 226.94 < A < 255.65Å2), offering a unique perspective on interatomic relationships, interaction strengths in percent among different pairs of atoms in the crystal (56.0 < Si...O < 58.9%, 0.0 < Si...Si < 44.0%, 0.0 < O...O < 43.1%), hierarchies and complexities within their atomic arrangements in the unit cell. The study explores the void spaces within crystals, providing insights into their impact on structural, elastic, and radiation properties. The conclusions accompanied with a discussion on the potential optimization of silicon-based crystals, considering the trade-offs between density and various HTSs hallmarks. The results contribute to a nuanced understanding of the relationships between crystallographic attributes and material performance, paving the way for tailored applications in different fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Biotic stress significantly challenges the global citrus industry. Major post-harvest issues include diseases caused by Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii, Alternaria alternata, and Phytophthora citrophthora. The negative impact of chemical fungicides on the environment and health necessitates eco-friendly alternatives. This study examines the effectiveness of sodium, potassium, and calcium silicates against common citrus diseases. In vitro tests evaluated mycelial growth inhibition using silicate concentrations from 0 to 10,000 ppm after 7 days at 25°C. Sodium silicate showed the highest efficacy, completely inhibiting P. digitatum and P. italicum at 2000 ppm. Potassium and calcium silicates achieved 100% inhibition against Penicillium spp. at a concentration of 1%. In vivo tests on Sidi Aissa clementines assessed the preventive and curative effects of 1, 2, and 6% silicate salt solutions. Sodium silicate prevented 41% of brown rot, 72% of sour rot, and 100% of green mold at 6%. Calcium silicate at 6% significantly reduced blue mold and black rot by 32% and 74%, respectively. Sodium silicate was most effective in curative treatments, suggesting its potential as a pre- or post-harvest spray to control P. digitatum, P. italicum, and G. citri-aurantii.

Inorganic binders have become a research hotspot in the field of anti-corrosive coatings due to their advantages in economy, environmental friendliness and practicality. In this paper, the preparation and properties of three commonly used inorganic binder anti-corrosive coatings, namely phosphate, silicate and silica sol, were reviewed. Firstly, the bonding mechanisms and adhesion film formation mechanisms of the three binders were clarified. Then, the synthesis, anti-corrosive properties and existing problems of three kinds of inorganic binder-based anti-corrosive coatings were discussed. Finally, the development trends and application prospects of inorganic binder anti-corrosive coatings were examined.

LiTaSiO5 system is considered as type of solid electrolyte with great potential for application as ionic conductor. It is well-known that it is difficult to obtain pure dense LiTaSiO5 phase by traditional synthesis methods, because dielectric LiTaO3 phase easily precipitates during synthesis, which affects ionic conductivity. In this work, a glass-ceramic electrolyte with main LiTaSiO5 phase was obtained by controlled crystallization of Li2OTa 2O5-2 SiO2 glass without porosity. The precipitation of LiTaO3 phase at the grain boundary was effectively inhibited by adding an appropriate amount of ZrO2. Among all the glass-ceramic samples, the glass containing 4.76mol% ZrO2 had the maximum ionic conductivity of 8.40 × 10−6 S/cm at 25°C, which is two order of magnitude greater than the ionic conductivity of the matrix glass. These glass-ceramic samples have the potential to be used as solid electrolytes in electrochemical applications.

Among the several factors limiting sugarcane production, the occurrence and severity of diseases such as orange rust is one of the reason for replacing cultivars and the use of silicon (Si) can reduce the intensity of diseases caused by pathogens. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of a preventive application of Si to suppress the intensity of orange rust caused by Puccinia kuehnii on sugarcane seedlings. Three experiments under house conditions have been conducted using a Randomized Block Design with two in a 2x5 factorial scheme (soil with and without Si application x five foliar treatments), with variety RB92-579 and SP81-3250, and a third study with 13 treatments (soil and foliar treatments) with variety SP-015503. RB92-579 showed higher dry mass without Si application in the soil whereas higher levels of Si content in plants and soil with soil treated with Si was verified. Foliar treatments showed higher values of height, dry mass, and Si uptake. The severity level of orange rust on SP81-3250 with soil treated with Si was lower than on untreated soil. SP-015503 showed a dry mass and Si uptake increase with foliar treatments, especially with silicic acid. K silicate and silicic acid showed lower severity of orange rust than the control and fungicide. Si was able to reduce the severity of orange rust and improve plant development even though it does not have effectiveness as a preventive treatment to control orange rust in one of the studied varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural ordering in the glass phase during heating processes (i.e., crystallization) creates aggregate textures with diverse phases in ceramic materials. In this study, we focused on a glass-ceramic technique as a new approach for the formation of heterostructures enabling electronic interactions between different crystallized phases. In this study, we fabricated diversely phased glass-ceramics (DPGCs) from a binary Bi 2 O 3 – SiO 2 glass precursor and investigated the visible-light-responsible photocatalytic reaction. We found the co-precipitation of metastable Bi 2 SiO 5 and δ-Bi 2 O 3 phases in the heat-treated precursor, and the resulting DPGCs were confirmed to show remarkable photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation, ascribed to the heterojunction between the Bi 2 SiO 5 and δ-Bi 2 O 3 phases. This study not only demonstrates the heterostructure using DPGCs but also has practical significance in contributing to the mass production of visible-light-responsive photocatalysts using simple heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, diatoms were considered the primary food source for copepods in both wild and aquaculture settings. However, recent studies have found that diatoms have defense mechanisms against predators, making them unsuitable as copepod feed. This study assessed the impact of addition of 100 μg L−1 of silicate to an inorganic nutrition formula containing 700 μg L−1 nitrogen, 100 μg L−1 phosphorus, and 100 μg L−1 iron. Our objective was to assess the impact of increased diatom abundance on copepod production. The experiment was carried out in 1000 L outdoor tanks over a period of 20 days, with adult Pseudodiaptomus annandalei copepods, introduced into each tank on the second day at an initial density of 10 ind. L−1. The results indicated that adding silicate reduced the prevalence of Chlorophyta, replaced by a higher proportion of Dinophyta, and eventually dominated by diatoms. While silicate had a positive effect on diatom culture, it had a negative effect on copepod production. Adding silicate to the inorganic fertilization method resulted in increased costs, leading to a significant increase in the unit production cost of copepods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Monitoring temporal trends in soil properties under rice paddy ecosystems is key for efficient soil management interventions toward sustainable and climate-smart rice production. The objectives of this study were to thoroughly investigate the temporal variations of measured soil properties and evaluate the changes in carbon stocks and soil fertility over a 12-year period under intensively managed rice paddy fields. Methods: A total of 2110 sampling points in paddy rice fields under the same agronomic management were identified. Composite soil samples from the topsoil (0 – 15 cm depth) were collected from each sampling point in each sampling year (2007, 2011, 2015, and 2019) and comprehensively analysed. Results: After 12 years of intensive rice cultivation, soil organic matter significantly increased from 25 g kg−1 to 29.3 g kg−1, with an annual rate of change of 0.33 – 0.34 g kg−1. Within the 12-year period, available phosphorus significantly increased from 130.87 to 140.80 mg kg−1, with a rate of change of 0.83 – 0.95 mg kg−1 year−1. The C stocks increased in the subsequent years with a relative change ratio of 0.94 and 3.91% in 2015 and 2019, respectively. Conclusion: In a span of 12 years, intensive rice cultivation resulted in an increase in soil fertility. Among the identified soil factors, soil pH, organic carbon, exchangeable calcium, and available silicate were positively associated with soil fertility improvement. This study is crucial for the development of sustainable soil management interventions and climate-smart agricultural systems in intensively cultivated rice paddy ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glasses based on the basic composition of lithium disilicate (Li2O.2SiO2) together with derived samples containing increasing CeO2 replacing Li2O (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 Mol %) were prepared by melting – annealing method, samples from the prepared parent glasses were thermally heat treated through two-step regime (450° C /10 h – followed by 650° C / 6 h) to convert them to their glass – ceramics derivatives. The main purpose of this study is to find out the main properties of the prepared glass – ceramics to be applied as dental candidates. The optical, FTIR, and thermal expansion properties of the parent glasses were examined to identify the main structural groups which are defined as tetrahedral stronger SiO2 building groups. The detailed separated crystalline phases within the prepared glass–ceramics were identified together with their textural features. The Vickers microhardness data for both the parent glasses and their glass -ceramics derivatives were evaluated. SEM and EDAX measurements indicate the ability of the prepared samples to form hydroxyapatite upon immersion in SBF solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-resolution, autonomous monitoring of phosphate and silicate in the marine environment is essential to understand their complex dynamics and implications for the functioning of marine ecosystems. In the absence of dependable reagent-less sensors for these nutrients, leveraging established colorimetric techniques using miniaturized analyzers, such as programmable Flow Injection (pFI), offers the best immediate solution to meet oceanographic accuracy and precision standards. In this work, we further optimize the phosphomolybdate and silicomolybdate assays recently adapted for use with pFI, laying the groundwork for the technique's use for long-term, autonomous operations. For both assays, we show that only a narrow range of acidities and molybdate concentrations can maximize sensitivity while minimizing salt effects. In addition, we demonstrate the stability of our optimized colorimetric reagent formulations, ensuring that analytical sensitivity remains within 10% of initial levels for at least 35 days of continuous use. We then applied our optimized protocols to produce oceanographically consistent phosphate and silicate profiles at the Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOTS) and Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS), respectively, which compared favorably against a reference method and historical data. Using certified reference materials for nutrients in seawater, we show that our pFI protocols, optimized for long-term operations, achieve a shipboard precision better than 6% and a relative combined uncertainty (k=1) of 4.5% for phosphate (0.45 - 2.95 µmol L-1) and 6.2% for silicate (2.2 to 103 µmol L-1). To demonstrate pFI's potential as a versatile tool for autonomous monitoring, we report a five-day hourly phosphate time series at a coastal shore station in central California (n=121 analyses), examine phosphate uptake by seaweed at five-minute intervals at a seaweed aquaculture facility (n=103), and discuss a unique, high-resolution surface silicate transect spanning multiple frontal zones in the Australian sector of the SouthernOcean (n=249). These data, obtained using a commercially available pFI analyzer, confirm that pFI is a viable technology for autonomous monitoring of phosphate and silicate, paving the way for more ambitious, long-term deployments in a variety of settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mariculture wastewater poses environmental challenges due to pollution and eutrophication. Targeted cultivation of diatoms in wastewater can help alleviate these issues while generating beneficial algae biomass, however reliable operating methods are lacking. We proposed a novel method for treating mariculture wastewater that employed UV-C irradiation and nutrient regulation to achieve targeted diatom cultivation. This study first examined growth of four diatom species (Nitzschia closterium, Chaetoceros muelleri, Cyclotella atomus, and Conticribra weissflogii) in mariculture wastewater. C. muelleri and C. weissflogii demonstrated better adaptability compared to N. closterium and C. atomus. Additionally, the growth and nutrient utilization of C. muelleri were studied under varying concentrations of silicate, phosphate, ammonium, and trace elements in wastewater. Optimal growth was observed at 500 µmol/L silicate, 0.6 mg/L phosphate, and 4 mg/L ammonium. Ammonium proved to be a more effective nitrogen source than urea and nitrate in promoting growth at this low level. Surprisingly, trace element supplementation did not significantly impact growth. Finally, this study utilized UV-C irradiation as a pre-treatment method for wastewater prior to nutrient adjustment, significantly enhancing the growth of C. muelleri. Overall, this study provides guidance on regulating key nutrients and pre-treatment method to optimize diatom biomass production from mariculture wastewater. This approach not only addresses environmental challenges associated with mariculture but also contributes to sustainable aquaculture practices through the recovery of valuable aquatic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1D coordination polymer (CP) [Cd2L2(H2O)4] ⋅ 3H2O (1) was prepared by solvothermal method using 1‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylic acid (H2L) as single ligand. Fluorescence sensing experiments show that 1 has dual‐function specific recognition ability for moxifloxacin (MXF) and silicate (SiO32−), which can be used as the turn‐off sensing material for their detection. When 1 specifically identifies MXF, the Ksv is as high as 6.46×105 M−1 (6–20 μM) and the limit of detection (LOD) is as low as 14 nM. 1 is the second example of a CP‐based fluorescent probe for the detection of MXF, which has confirmed that the Ksv is the largest to date for the detection of MXF, with a detection sensitivity increase of more than three times. For SiO32− ions detection, the fluorescence intensity ratio has a good linear correlation with the concentration of SiO32− ions in the concentration range of 0–100 μM, with a slope of 1.33×104 M−1, and the LOD is as low as 0.68 μM. According to the reported literature, 1 is the only example of SiO32− ions sensing by CP‐based fluorescence sensor so far. In order to better understand the sensing phenomenon, we also discussed the sensing mechanism for MXF and SiO32− ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the emerging pollutants, such as bisphenol A, are object of increased attention by the citizens and the sectors of industry and academia, as a result of the problems they cause, particularly at the health level. In this study, a set of granulated samples was prepared from a commercial powdered activated carbon, aiming its application in the removal of bisphenol A via the adsorption process. The granulation allowed to obtain granulated adsorbents with higher adsorption capacity (37.0-54.8 mg/g) than the original activated carbon (32.2 mg/g). The samples were structurally and chemically characterised using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray difraction, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, point of zero charge and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The bisphenol A adsorption tests are carried out in kinetic and equilibrium modes, involving variables such as mass, pH and temperature. The results show that, using diferent commercial silica binders, it was possible to prepare mechanical, dimensional, chemical and structurally stable granulated adsorbents with a good capacity for bisphenol A adsorption, widening the potential and range of application for these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Silicon in plants is a structuring element that promotes water and saline stress tolerance and decreases transpiration. The silica accumulated in the cuticle establishes a physical barrier and helps fight against pests and diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the development of ipê-roxo (Handroanthus impetiginosus) seedlings in different environments, and the application of potassium silicate and its efficiency in mitigating the attack of pests and diseases. Methods: The experiment was carried out in an agricultural greenhouse and under full sun with silicic doses of 0 and 7.15 mg per plant in a completely randomized design arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with 6 replications of 4 seedlings per plot. Plant height, chlorophyll, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter, height-diameter ratio, root-shoot ratio, root-plant ratio, Dickson quality index, disease severity, and pest intensity were evaluated. Results: Silicon application did not confer biometric qualities to the seedlings. The application of silicon conferred 24.6% higher protection against disease severity at a 90% probability level. The protected environment promoted 48.8% more protection against the attack of pests on the seedlings. The silicon application decreases the intensity of pests in the protected environment by 36.3%. Seedlings in a protected environment increase the production of chlorophyll but are 29.6% more susceptible to the severity of diseases. The full sun promoted greater diameters, phytomass, and Dickson quality index by 18%, 73%, and 195%, respectively. Conclusions: The best Handroanthus impetiginosus seedlings were obtained under full sun. Silicon mitigated the attack of pests and diseases on Handroanthus impetiginosus seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estuaries are the main gateway of nutrients into marine coastal waters. Human activities and biodegradation processes in coastal freshwater and mangrove swamps are the major sources of nutrients. This study examines the sources, sinks and flux rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) through the interfaces: river estuary, mangrove estuary and ocean estuary. Measurements of the concentrations of nutrients and water velocity were made near the surface on an hourly basis, and then integrated over the flood and ebb flows over the cross-sectional area and a budget estimated over the tidal cycle, at the three interfaces. The results indicated that freshwater swamps, along the river basin, and mangrove swamps were the major source of nitrate in the estuary; the urban sewage effluent was the major source of phosphate; major sources of silicate were the freshwater swamps and coastal ocean waters. Mangrove swamp showed a tendency to retain phosphate, confirming the hypothesis that mangroves are effective sewage filters and pollutant retainers. The river exported nitrate into the estuary at a rate of 59 tons per tidal cycle, and then the estuary as a whole exported nitrate into the coastal waters at a rate of 68 tons per tidal cycle. The present study contributes to the explanation of the observed high coastal productivity of the Sofala Bank and to the development of prognostic and predictive models to quantify and predict the nutrient export to – and productivity of – coastal waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low permittivity microwave dielectric ceramic, Li-containing silicate (LiGaSiO 4), was synthesized using the standard solid-state reaction method. The nominal LiGaSiO 4 ceramic exhibited a relative permittivity of approximately 4.4. The effects of nonstoichiometric Li on the microstructure, sintering behavior, and microwave dielectric properties of LiGaSiO 4 were comprehensively investigated. Excess Li content (6 mol%) significantly improved the relative density (96.1 %) and microwave dielectric properties (ε r ∼5.34, Q × f ∼55,600 GHz, and τ f ∼ -48.6 ppm/°C), while reducing the optimum sintering temperature from 1070 °C to ∼1010 °C. Additionally, the incorporation of 2 wt% LiF further reduced densification temperature (∼940 °C). The regulation of the τ f was achieved through the addition of CaTiO 3 ceramic, and a patch antenna was designed and fabricated using a modified Li 1.06 GaSiO 4 -LiF-CaTiO 3 composite ceramic. The resulting patch antenna resonates at 5.87 GHz with an impressive bandwidth of 83.1 MHz, while both simulated and measured results demonstrate excellent agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electroplating & Finishing is the property of Electroplating & Finishing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electroplating & Finishing is the property of Electroplating & Finishing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry / Zhongguo Wuji Fenxi Huaxue is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Deep Chlorophyll Maxima (DCMs) are ubiquitous in low‐latitude oceans, and of recognized biogeochemical and ecological importance. DCMs have been observed in the Southern Ocean, initially from ships and recently from profiling robotic floats, but with less understanding of their onset, duration, underlying drivers, or whether they are associated with enhanced biomass features. We report the characteristics of a DCM and a Deep Biomass Maximum (DBM) in the Inter‐Polar‐Frontal‐Zone (IPFZ) south of Australia derived from CTD profiles, shipboard‐incubated samples, a towbody, and a BGC‐ARGO float. The DCM and DBM were ∼20 m thick and co‐located with the nutricline, in the vicinity of a subsurface ammonium maximum characteristic of the IPFZ, but ∼100 m shallower than the ferricline. Towbody transects demonstrated that the co‐located DCM/DBM was broadly present across the IPFZ. Large healthy diatoms, with low iron requirements, resided within the DCM/DBM, and fixed up to 20 mmol C m−2 d−1. The BGC‐ARGO float revealed that DCM/DBM persisted for >3 months. We propose a dual environmental mechanism to drive DCM/DBM formation and persistence within the IPFZ: sustained supply of both recycled iron within the subsurface ammonium maxima, and upward silicate transport from depth. DCM/DBM cell‐specific growth rates were considerably slower than those in the overlying mixed layer, implying that phytoplankton losses such as herbivory are also reduced, possibly because of heavily silicified diatom frustules. The light‐limited seasonal termination of the observed DCM/DBM did not result in a "diatom dump", rather ongoing diatom downward export occurred throughout its multi‐month persistence. Plain Language Summary: Deep Chlorophyll and Deep Biomass Maxima are typically observed in the low latitude oceans where they contribute to regional ecology and biogeochemistry. They are cryptic features not observable from satellites. They are being more frequently observed in the Southern Ocean due to increased deployment of robotic profilers. The mechanisms that lead to their formation are not well understood in the Southern Ocean. Little is known about their seasonality or biogeochemical role. We use multiple observational platforms to address these issues. Key Points: Coupled Deep Chlorophyll Maxima (DCM) and Deep Biomass Maxima (DBM) subsurface features in the polar Southern Ocean are formed while mixed layer chlorophyll is not depletedThese subsurface features are dominated by large diatoms, and persist for around 3 months before declining due to low light conditionsDCM/DBMs photosynthetically fix low levels of carbon but their longevity results in a substantial amount of carbon export to depth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThere is lack of information on the impact of acidity correctives (lime and silicate) and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers on the fertility, carbon stocks, carbon stratification, and carbon sequestration potential of paddy soils. To fill this knowledge gap and contribute to knowledge on how the treatments impact the soil ecosystem functions and services, a long-term field experiment was established in 1954 with four treatments and five replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design.MethodsFour treatments with five replicates per treatment were laid out in a randomized complete block design. The treatments included control/untreated (CT), only NPK, silicate-fortified NPK (NPKSi), and lime-fortified NPK (NPKLi). The treatments were applied to paddy soils classified as Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts.Results and discussionApplication of the treatments led to significant increases in soil pH by 0.9, 1.12, and 1.5 pH units in the NPK, NPKLi, and NPKSi-treated soils in 2021, respectively, compared to the initial soil pH. The increase in pH subsequently led to significant reductions in C stratification and C stocks, with reduced rates of C sequestration observed to be more pronounced in the soils treated with lime and silicate-fortified NPK fertilizers (NKPSi and NPKLi). Both NPKSi and NPKLi moderately increased soil fertility. The highest increase in soil fertility was observed in the NPKSi treatment, with an annual growth rate of 0.0160 and a relative change ratio of 128.2% relative to the initial soil fertility index recorded in 1970. A Pearson correlation analysis revealed that soil pH, exchangeable calcium, and available silicate were the soil properties that significantly contributed to the increase in the soil fertility of the treated soils in the rice paddy agroecosystem.SignificanceConclusively, the inclusion of silicate in long-term fertilization is an effective strategy to mitigate soil acidity and increase soil fertility.

The amendment of soils with silicate (Si) compounds is essential to promote growth performance and control Fusarium wilt disease in bananas. Two successive greenhouse trials were conducted at the experimental farm of the University of Putra Malaysia. The treatments were arranged in split plots using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates to investigate the effects of Si compounds and application frequency on controlling FOC. Si compounds were used at a constant concentration of 0.1%: T0 (control), T1 (13% SiO2:20% K2O), T2 (26.6% SiO2:13.4% K2O) and T3 (36.2% SiO2:17% Na2O). There were three application frequencies by day intervals (DI): 0DI (without any application), 7DI (12× within 12 weeks after transplanting (WAT)), 15DI (6× within 12 WAT) and 30DI (3× within 12 WAT). From these findings, we observed that the photosynthesis rate started to increase from 10.6 to 19.4 µmol CO2 m−2s−1, when the total chlorophyll content started to increase from 3.85 to 7.61 mgcm−2. The transpiration rate started to increase from a value of 1.94 to 4.31 mmol H2O m−2s−1, when the stomata conductance started to increase from 0.237 to 0.958 mmol m−2s−1. The proline content started to increase from 22.89 to 55.07 µmg−1, when the relative water content started to increase from 42.92 to 83.57%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]