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The high-pressure pretreatments combined with calcium chloride infusion can improve the texture of carrots during thermal processing as it retards the rate of thermal softening. Texture degradation, monitored by a texture analyzer, and the changes in the texture characteristics were associated with the degree of methylation of carrot pectins, which is independent of pectimethylesterase (PME) activity.

Food insecurity and malnutrition remain two major problems in Kenya that cause undernutrition (protein-energy malnutrition) and nutrient deficiencies. In a bid to combat the problem, the government has targeted increased production of the micronutrient (minerals, vitamins) fortified maize flour. This is mostly based on chemical fortificants, which is a short-term measure that targets reducing the level of malnutrition while creating better livelihoods. However, there is need to think about long-term and sustainable strategies. Among the causes that have led to food and nutrition insecurity in the country is the over reliance on maize as the staple food. Other staples in Kenya are sorghum, rice and millet. This study aimed at providing a better and more sustainable approach by fortifying maize based diets with grain amaranth. Maize was procured from National Cereals and Produce Board and processed to refined flour, while amaranth grain that had been toasted at 100°C for 5 minutes and milled into flour was obtained from Annicos Limited Company, Nairobi. Complementary formulations were then prepared by blending the flours. The refined maize flour was mixed with varying ratios of 0, 20, 30 and 40% of the grain amaranth flour. The proximate composition, mineral content and microbiological analysis of the raw materials and the blends were determined using recognized standard methods, while protein digestibility was determined after enzyme digestion. Nutritional composition of grain amaranth flour differed significantly (p=0.05) as compared to refined maize flour; amaranth flour was found to be superior in proteins (15.82%), lipids (7.61%), ash (2.54%) and fibre (4.39%), as compared to proteins (6.29%), lipids (1.92%), ash (0.55%) and fibre (0.76%) in refined maize flour. Adding grain amaranth flour to refined maize flour at the different ratios increased the nutrient density significantly (p=0.05), particularly protein, iron, calcium and zinc. However, it decreased the digestibility of protein significantly (p=0.05). The results indicate that although adding 40% grain amaranth gave the best results, the most acceptable blend was the 20% grain amaranth addition. They also indicate that "food to food" fortification can be an approach that can be adapted towards meeting the nutrition requirements of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple mango is an improved cultivar that has been widely adopted by farmers in Kenya for use in the fresh market and processing. However, its production and consumption are adversely affected by high postharvest losses, which result from the perishable nature of the fruit, especially during glut periods. This is partly due to limited availability of information on alternative product use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ripening stage and drying on the physico-chemical quality and sensory acceptability of Apple mango fruit grown in the upper Athi River region of Kenya. Moisture, crude ash, crude fibre, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, colour, total carotenoids and ascorbic acid of the unripe and ripe fresh mangoes were determined. Subsequent experiments involved drying of ripe and unripe mango cubes (8mm) in a windy oven (at 60°C) and, in parallel, drying of ripe mango puree (mixed with sucrose-glucose solution, citric acid and pectin) in a windy oven at three different temperatures (50, 60 and 70°C) which resulted in mango leathers. Analysis of total carotenoids, ascorbic acid content and colour was done for all dried samples, followed by sensory evaluation using the ninepoint hedonic scale. The moisture content, crude ash and total soluble solids increased significantly (P<0.05) with ripening while titratable acidity decreased significantly (P<0.05). Ascorbic acid content decreased from 98.03 to 86.45 mg/100g with ripening while total carotenoids content approximately doubled from 768to 1436 µg/100g. Drying resulted in high retention of total carotenoids, whereas, ascorbic acid content decreased. The mango samples became darker and redderin all cases. Dried mango cubes and leathers derived from ripe mangoes had higher scores in the sensory analysis compared to those obtained from unripe mangoes. In conclusion, the stage of ripening and drying technique employed are critical in determining the nutritional and sensory characteristics of dried Apple mango cubes and leathers. Drying Apple mango leathers at 60°C is the best method that can be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]