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This paper introduces a high-performance Soft-Core Processor based data acquisition system designed for handling Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs). The DAQ consist of FPGA-based hardware equipped with Soft-Core Processor and embedded hardwired Ethernet controllers named RPC-DAQ, offering a versatile and fast network-enabled data acquisition solution. A soft processor, NIOS, is instantiated within an Intel Cyclone IV FPGA, overseeing control, communication, and data transfer with remote processing units. These integrated RPC-DAQ units, in substantial numbers, connect to a limited set of high-end processing units via LAN switches. This paper provides a detailed account of the software implementation scheme for the NIOS processor in the RPC-DAQ system. A remarkable 28,800 RPC-DAQ units will be deployed in proximity to the RPCs, serving the proposed INO-ICAL experiment in Theni-Madurai, Tamil Nadu. The network-enabled RPC-DAQ units controlled by the soft processor offloads FPGA tasks including event data acquisition, periodic health monitoring of RPCs, command interfaces, high voltage control, and data transfer to back-end data concentrators. Communication and data transfer are executed efficiently via TCP and UDP protocols over a 100 Mbps Ethernet interface. This system provides innovative solutions to improve data acquisition and control in large-scale scientific experiments.

Personalized feedback plays a vital role in a student's learning process. While existing systems are adept at providing feedback over MCQ-based evaluation, this work focuses more on subjective and open-ended questions, which is similar to the problem of Automatic Short Answer Grading (ASAG) with feedback. Additionally, we introduce the Multimodal Short Answer grading with Feedback (MMSAF) problem over the traditional ASAG feedback problem to address the scenario where the student answer and reference answer might contain images. Moreover, we introduce the MMSAF dataset with 2197 data points along with an automated framework for generating such data sets. Our evaluations on existing LLMs over this dataset achieved an overall accuracy of 55\% on Level of Correctness labels, 75\% on Image Relevance labels and a score of 4.27 out of 5 in correctness level of LLM generated feedback as rated by experts. As per experts, Pixtral achieved a rating of above 4 out of all metrics, indicating that it is more aligned to human judgement, and that it is the best solution for assisting students.

We consider the classical minisuperspace model describing a closed, homogeneous and isotropic Universe, with a positive cosmological constant. Upon canonical quantization, the infinite number of possible operator orderings in the quantum Hamiltonian leads to distinct Wheeler-DeWitt equations for the wavefunction $\psi$ of the Universe. Similarly, ambiguity arises in the path-integral formulation of $\psi$, due to the infinite choices of path-integral measures for the single degree of freedom of the model. For each choice of path-integral measure, we determine the correct operator ordering of the quantum Hamiltonian and derive the exact form of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, including all corrections in $\hbar$. Additionally, we impose Hermiticity of the Hamiltonian to deduce the Hilbert-space measure $\mu$, which appears in the definition of the Hermitian inner product. Remarkably, all quantum predictions can be expressed through the combination $\Psi=\sqrt{\mu}\, \psi$, which satisfies a universal Wheeler-DeWitt equation, independent of the initial path-integral prescription. This result demonstrates that all seemingly distinct quantum theories arising from different quantization schemes of the same classical model are fundamentally equivalent., Comment: 1+31 pages

We discuss a model of neutrino mass based on the type I seesaw mechanism embedded in a spontaneously broken global lepton number framework with a $Z_2$ symmetry. We show that the resulting Majoron is a viable freeze-in dark matter candidate. Two right-handed neutrinos are assumed to have dominant off-diagonal masses suggesting resonant leptogenesis as the origin of baryon asymmetry of the Universe. Explicit higher dimensional lepton number violating operators, are shown to play a crucial role in simultaneously controlling both the Majoron production in the early Universe and the right handed neutrino mass splitting relevant for resonant leptogenesis. We perform a combined analysis of Majoron dark matter and leptogenesis, discussing the relative importance of self energy and vertex contributions to CP asymmetry, and explore the parameter space, leading to an intricate relation between neutrino mass, dark matter and baryon asymmetry., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures and 2 tables

This white paper, developed through close collaboration between IBM Research and UIUC researchers within the IIDAI Institute, envisions transforming hybrid cloud systems to meet the growing complexity of AI workloads through innovative, full-stack co-design approaches, emphasizing usability, manageability, affordability, adaptability, efficiency, and scalability. By integrating cutting-edge technologies such as generative and agentic AI, cross-layer automation and optimization, unified control plane, and composable and adaptive system architecture, the proposed framework addresses critical challenges in energy efficiency, performance, and cost-effectiveness. Incorporating quantum computing as it matures will enable quantum-accelerated simulations for materials science, climate modeling, and other high-impact domains. Collaborative efforts between academia and industry are central to this vision, driving advancements in foundation models for material design and climate solutions, scalable multimodal data processing, and enhanced physics-based AI emulators for applications like weather forecasting and carbon sequestration. Research priorities include advancing AI agentic systems, LLM as an Abstraction (LLMaaA), AI model optimization and unified abstractions across heterogeneous infrastructure, end-to-end edge-cloud transformation, efficient programming model, middleware and platform, secure infrastructure, application-adaptive cloud systems, and new quantum-classical collaborative workflows. These ideas and solutions encompass both theoretical and practical research questions, requiring coordinated input and support from the research community. This joint initiative aims to establish hybrid clouds as secure, efficient, and sustainable platforms, fostering breakthroughs in AI-driven applications and scientific discovery across academia, industry, and society., Comment: 70 pages, 27 figures

HeH$^+$ was the first heteronuclear molecule to form in the metal-free Universe after the Big Bang. The molecule gained significant attention following its first circumstellar detection in the young and dense planetary nebula NGC 7027. We target some hydride ions associated with the noble gases (HeH$^+$, ArH$^+$, and NeH$^+$) to investigate their formation in harsh environments like the nova outburst region. We use a photoionization modeling (based on previously published best-fit physical parameters) of the moderately fast ONe type nova, QU Vulpeculae 1984, and the CO type novae, RS Ophiuchi and V1716 Scorpii. Our steady-state modeling reveals a convincing amount of HeH$^+$, especially in the dense clump of RS Ophiuchi and V1716 Scorpii. The calculated upper limit on the surface brightness of HeH$^+$ transitions suggests that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) could detect some of them, particularly in sources like RS Ophiuchi and V1716 Scorpii, which have similar physical and chemical conditions and evolution. It must be clearly noted that the sources studied are used as templates, and not as targets for observations. The detection of these lines could be useful for determining the physical conditions in similar types of systems and for validating our predictions based on new electron-impact ro-vibrational collisional data at temperatures of up to 20,000 K., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) Journal

We lay down the foundations of a theory of parametrised functor calculus, generalising parts of the functor calculus of Goodwillie. We introduce the notion of excisable posets and develop a theory of excisive approximations in this context. As an application, we introduce two different excisable posets when parametrising over an atomic orbital category. By comparing the notions of excisiveness for these two posets, we relate the invertibility of certain spheres with Nardin's notion of parametrised semiadditivity, generalising Wirthm\"uller's classical result in equivariant homotopy theory for finite groups.

This paper addresses the medical imaging problem of joint detection in the upper limbs, viz. elbow, shoulder, wrist and finger joints. Localization of joints from X-Ray and Computerized Tomography (CT) scans is an essential step for the assessment of various bone-related medical conditions like Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and can even be used for automated bone fracture detection. Automated joint localization also detects the corresponding bones and can serve as input to deep learning-based models used for the computerized diagnosis of the aforementioned medical disorders. This in-creases the accuracy of prediction and aids the radiologists with analyzing the scans, which is quite a complex and exhausting task. This paper provides a detailed comparative study between diverse Deep Learning (DL) models - YOLOv3, YOLOv7, EfficientDet and CenterNet in multiple bone joint detections in the upper limbs of the human body. The research analyses the performance of different DL models, mathematically, graphically and visually. These models are trained and tested on a portion of the openly available MURA (musculoskeletal radiographs) dataset. The study found that the best Mean Average Precision (mAP at 0.5:0.95) values of YOLOv3, YOLOv7, EfficientDet and CenterNet are 35.3, 48.3, 46.5 and 45.9 respectively. Besides, it has been found YOLOv7 performed the best for accurately predicting the bounding boxes while YOLOv3 performed the worst in the Visual Analysis test. Code available at https://github.com/Sohambasu07/BoneJointsLocalization

The late time behaviour of OTOCs involving generic non-conserved local operators show exponential decay in chaotic many body systems. However, it has been recently observed that for certain holographic theories, the OTOC involving the $U(1)$ conserved current for a gauge field instead varies diffusively at late times. The present work generalizes this observation to conserved currents corresponding to higher-form symmetries that belong to a wider class of symmetries known as generalized symmetries. We started by computing the late time behaviour of OTOCs involving $U(1)$ current operators in five dimensional AdS-Schwarzschild black hole geometry for the 2-form antisymmetric $B$-fields. The bulk solution for the $B$-field exhibits logarithmic divergences near the asymptotic AdS boundary which can be regularized by introducing a double trace deformation in the boundary CFT. Finally, we consider the more general case with antisymmetric $p$-form fields in arbitrary dimensions. In the scattering approach, the boundary OTOC can be written as an inner product between asymptotic 'in' and 'out' states which in our case is equivalent to computing the inner product between two bulk fields with and without a shockwave background. We observe that the late time OTOCs have power law tails which seems to be a universal feature of the higher-form fields with $U(1)$ charge conservation., Comment: v2, improved presentation and added references, 30 pages, 2 figures, 2 appendices

We propose that a gravitational wave can be generated during leptogenesis in the early Universe which occurs when a heavy right handed neutrino decays out of equilibrium. Such a gravitational wave, as remnant of leptogenesis, is shown to be associated with distinguishing signatures that act as a powerful probe to leptogenesis and its requirements, which otherwise remains difficult to validate despite its success in explaining the baryon asymmetry of the Universe bearing connection to neutrino physics., Comment: 6+2 pages, 3+2 figures

We study regularity results for the solutions of quasilinear subelliptic $p$-Laplace type equation in Heisenberg groups. We prove somewhat surprising excess decay estimates for the constant coefficient homogeneous equation. Excess decay estimates, while well known in the Euclidean case, due to the celebrated works of Uraltseva and Uhlenbeck, was not known in the setting of Heisenberg groups until now and this lack of excess decay estimate is often attributed to the noncommutativity of the horizontal vector fields. Our results show that, in spite of the this noncommutative feature, excess decay estimates analogous to the Euclidean case hold. To illustrate the potency of our excess decay estimates, we prove two results. First is a H\"{o}lder continuity result that extends the presently known results to the full range $1< p < \infty.$ The second is a sharp borderline continuity result for the horizontal gradient of the solution. More precisely, we show that if $u \in HW_{\text{loc}}^{1,p}$ satisfies $$\operatorname{div}_{\mathbb{H}} \left( a(x) \lvert \mathfrak X u \rvert^{p-2} \mathfrak X u \right) \in L^{(Q,1)}_{\text{loc}}$$ in a domain of $\mathbb{H}_{n},$ where $\mathbb{H}_{n}$ is the Heisenberg group with homogeneous dimension $Q=2n+2,$ for $1 < p < \infty, $ with uniformly positive, bounded, Dini continuous scalar function $a$, then $\mathfrak X u$ is continuous. This generalizes the classical result by Stein and the work of Kuusi-Mingione for linear and quasilinear equations, respectively, in the Euclidean case and Folland-Stein for the linear case in the Heisenberg group setting. This result is new even when either $a$ is constant or when the equation is homogeneous.

Ethanolamine (NH2CH2CH2OH) has recently been identified in the molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027, situated in the SgrB2 complex in the Galactic center. However, its presence in other regions, and in particular in star-forming sites, is still elusive. Given its likely role as a precursor to simple amino acids, understanding its presence in the star-forming region is required. Here, we present the experimentally obtained temperature-dependent spectral features and morphological behavior of pure ethanolamine ices under astrochemical conditions in the 2 - 12 micro meter (MIR) and 120 - 230 nm (VUV) regions for the first time. These features would help in understanding its photochemical behavior. In addition, we present the first chemical models specifically dedicated to ethanolamine. These models include all the discussed chemical routes from the literature, along with the estimated binding energies and activation energies from quantum chemical calculations reported in this work. We have found that surface reactions: CH2OH + NH2CH2 --> NH2CH2CH2OH and NH2 + C2H4OH --> NH2CH2CH2OH in warmer regions (60-90 K) could play a significant role in the formation of ethanolamine. Our modeled abundance of ethanolamine complements the upper limit of ethanolamine column density estimated in earlier observations in hot core/corino regions. Furthermore, we provide a theoretical estimation of the rotational and distortional constants for various species (such as HNCCO, NH2CHCO, and NH2CH2CO) related to ethanolamine that have not been studied in existing literature. This study could be valuable for identifying these species in the future., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for the publication in The Astrophysical Journal

In the absence of laboratory data, state-of-the-art quantum chemical approaches can provide estimates of the binding energy (BE) of interstellar species with grains. Without BE values, contemporary astrochemical models are compelled to utilize wild guesses, often delivering misleading information. Here, we employed a fully quantum chemical approach to estimate the BE of seven diatomic radicals - CH, NH, OH, SH, CN, NS, and NO - that play a crucial role in shaping the interstellar chemical composition, using a suitable amorphous solid water model as a substrate since water is the principal constituent of interstellar ice in dense and shielded regions. While the BEs are compatible with physisorption, the binding of CH in some sites shows chemisorption, in which a chemical bond to an oxygen atom of a water molecule is formed. While no structural change has been observed for the CN radical, it is believed that the formation of a hemibonded system between the outer layer of the water cluster and the radical is the reason for the unusually large BE in one of the binding sites considered in our study. A significantly lower BE for NO, consistent with recent calculations, is obtained, which helps explain the recently observed HONO/NH$_2$OH and HONO/HNO ratios in the low-mass hot corino IRAS 16293-2422 B with chemical models., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) Journal

With recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), there has been growing interest in using state of the art (SOTA) AI solutions to provide assistance in grading handwritten answer sheets. While a few commercial products exist, the question of whether AI-assistance can actually reduce grading effort and time has not yet been carefully considered in published literature. This work introduces an AI-assisted grading pipeline. The pipeline first uses text detection to automatically detect question regions present in a question paper PDF. Next, it uses SOTA text detection methods to highlight important keywords present in the handwritten answer regions of scanned answer sheets to assist in the grading process. We then evaluate a prototype implementation of the AI-assisted grading pipeline deployed on an existing e-learning management platform. The evaluation involves a total of 5 different real-life examinations across 4 different courses at a reputed institute; it consists of a total of 42 questions, 17 graders, and 468 submissions. We log and analyze the grading time for each handwritten answer while using AI assistance and without it. Our evaluations have shown that, on average, the graders take 31% less time while grading a single response and 33% less grading time while grading a single answer sheet using AI assistance.

In this paper we extend equivariant infinite loop space theory to take into account multiplicative norms: For every finite group $G$, we construct a multiplicative refinement of the comparison between the $\infty$-categories of connective genuine $G$-spectra and space-valued Mackey functors, first proven by Guillou-May, and use this to give a description of connective normed equivariant ring spectra as space-valued Tambara functors. In more detail, we first introduce and study a general notion of homotopy-coherent normed (semi)rings, and identify these with product-preserving functors out of a corresponding $\infty$-category of bispans. In the equivariant setting, this identifies space-valued Tambara functors with normed algebras with respect to a certain normed monoidal structure on grouplike $G$-commutative monoids in spaces. We then show that the latter is canonically equivalent to the normed monoidal structure on connective $G$-spectra given by the Hill-Hopkins-Ravenel norms. Combining our comparison with results of Elmanto-Haugseng and Barwick-Glasman-Mathew-Nikolaus, we produce normed ring structures on equivariant algebraic K-theory spectra., Comment: 64 pages

We show that the $\infty$-category of global spaces is equivalent to the homotopy localization of the $\infty$-category of sheaves on the site of separated differentiable stacks, following a philosophy proposed by Gepner-Henriques. We further prove that this $\infty$-category of sheaves is a cohesive $\infty$-topos and that it fully faithfully contains the singular-cohesive $\infty$-topos of Sati-Schreiber., Comment: 21 pages

We introduce the notion of a naive global 2-ring: a functor from the opposite of the $\infty$-category of global spaces to presentably symmetric monoidal stable $\infty$-categories. By passing to global sections, every naive global 2-ring decategorifies to a multiplicative cohomology theory on global spaces, i.e. a naive global ring. We suggest when a naive global 2-ring deserves to be called \emph{genuine}. As evidence, we associate to such a global 2-ring a family of equivariant cohomology theories which satisfy a version of the change of group axioms introduced by Ginzburg, Kapranov and Vasserot. We further show that the decategorified multiplicative global cohomology theory associated to a genuine global $2$-ring canonically refines to an $\mathbb{E}_\infty$-ring object in global spectra. As we show, two interesting examples of genuine global 2-rings are given by quasi-coherent sheaves on the torsion points of an oriented spectral elliptic curve and Lurie's theory of tempered local systems. In particular, we obtain global spectra representing equivariant elliptic cohomology and tempered cohomology., Comment: 72 pages

We study ambiguities in the precise formulation of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation for the wavefunction of the Universe that arise due to different operator orderings in the quantum Hamiltonian. We first examine the simpler case of the 1-dimensional minisuperspace model and derive the inner product measure that renders the Hamiltonian hermitian. Based on this, we establish that the Hilbert space inner products and quantum probabilities are universal, free of any ambiguities, at the semiclassical level. Recasting the Wheeler-DeWitt equation in a form invariant under field redefinitions of the minisuperspace variable, we show that all ambiguity functions are contained in a higher order scalar function, which can be used to define classes of models with universal predictions to all orders in $\hbar$. We then generalize to minisuperspace models of arbitrary dimension, upon the inclusion of an arbitrary number of scalar matter fields. We show that the hermiticity of the Hamiltonian in these cases provides a set of constraints, which can be used to cast the WDW equation in a covariant form and establish the universality of the inner products at the semiclassical level. In these cases as well, all ambiguity functions appear in a higher order scalar function of the minisuperspace manifold, which leads to distinct universality classes., Comment: Based on presentation at Corfu Summer Institute 2023 "School and Workshops on Elementary Particle Physics and Gravity"(CORFU2023), 10 pages+references

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of information retrieval, particularly for reranking. Listwise LLM rerankers have showcased superior performance and generalizability compared to existing supervised approaches. However, conventional listwise LLM reranking methods lack efficiency as they provide ranking output in the form of a generated ordered sequence of candidate passage identifiers. Further, they are trained with the typical language modeling objective, which treats all ranking errors uniformly--potentially at the cost of misranking highly relevant passages. Addressing these limitations, we introduce FIRST, a novel listwise LLM reranking approach leveraging the output logits of the first generated identifier to directly obtain a ranked ordering of the candidates. Further, we incorporate a learning-to-rank loss during training, prioritizing ranking accuracy for the more relevant passages. Empirical results demonstrate that FIRST accelerates inference by 50% while maintaining a robust ranking performance with gains across the BEIR benchmark. Finally, to illustrate the practical effectiveness of listwise LLM rerankers, we investigate their application in providing relevance feedback for retrievers during inference. Our results show that LLM rerankers can provide a stronger distillation signal compared to cross-encoders, yielding substantial improvements in retriever recall after relevance feedback., Comment: Preprint

We develop a method for training small-scale (under 100M parameter) neural information retrieval models with as few as 10 gold relevance labels. The method depends on generating synthetic queries for documents using a language model (LM), and the key step is that we automatically optimize the LM prompt that is used to generate these queries based on training quality. In experiments with the BIRCO benchmark, we find that models trained with our method outperform RankZephyr and are competitive with RankLLama, both of which are 7B parameter models trained on over 100K labels. These findings point to the power of automatic prompt optimization for synthetic dataset generation.

A derivative coupling of an axion like particle (ALP) with a B-L current may lead to the baryon asymmetry of the universe via spontaneous leptogenesis provided a lepton number breaking interaction prevails in thermal equilibrium. Conventionally, such scenario works only for heavy ALPs and high reheating temperature due to the fact that the same lepton number breaking contribution is tied up with neutrino mass generation also. In this work, we propose inert Higgs doublet assisted lepton number violating operator to relieve such tension so as to generate lepton asymmetry (of freeze-in/out type) with a much lower reheating temperature that can accommodate light (sub-GeV) ALPs sensitive to current and future ALP searches., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 1 table (version accepted for publication in Physical Review D)

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a popular application for large language models. It is preferable that successful RAG systems provide accurate answers that are supported by being grounded in a passage without any hallucinations. While considerable work is required for building a full RAG pipeline, being able to benchmark performance is also necessary. We present ClapNQ, a benchmark Long-form Question Answering dataset for the full RAG pipeline. ClapNQ includes long answers with grounded gold passages from Natural Questions (NQ) and a corpus to perform either retrieval, generation, or the full RAG pipeline. The ClapNQ answers are concise, 3x smaller than the full passage, and cohesive, meaning that the answer is composed fluently, often by integrating multiple pieces of the passage that are not contiguous. RAG models must adapt to these properties to be successful at ClapNQ. We present baseline experiments and analysis for ClapNQ that highlight areas where there is still significant room for improvement in grounded RAG. CLAPNQ is publicly available at https://github.com/primeqa/clapnq, Comment: 26 pages, Accepted at TACL

We prove up to the boundary regularity estimates in Morrey-Lorentz spaces for weak solutions of the linear system of differential forms with regular anisotropic coefficients \begin{equation*} d^{\ast} \left( A d\omega \right) + B^{\intercal}d d^{\ast} \left( B\omega \right) = \lambda B\omega + f \text{ in } \Omega, \end{equation*} with either $ \nu\wedge \omega$ and $\nu\wedge d^{\ast} \left( B\omega \right)$ or $\nu\lrcorner B\omega$ and $\nu\lrcorner \left( A d\omega \right)$ prescribed on $\partial\Omega.$ We derive these estimates from the $L^{p}$ estimates obtained in \cite{Sil_linearregularity} in the spirit of Campanato's method. Unlike Lorentz spaces, Morrey spaces are neither interpolation spaces nor rearrangement invariant. So Morrey estimates can not be obtained directly from the $L^{p}$ estimates using interpolation. We instead adapt an idea of Lieberman \cite{Lieberman_morrey_from_Lp} to our setting to derive the estimates. Applications to Hodge decomposition in Morrey-Lorentz spaces, Gaffney type inequalities and estimates for related systems such as Hodge-Maxwell systems and `div-curl' systems are discussed.

Semiadditivity of an $\infty$-category, i.e.\ the existence of biproducts, provides it with useful algebraic structure in the form of a canonical enrichment in commutative monoids. This ultimately comes from the fact that the $\infty$-category of commutative monoids is the universal semiadditive $\infty$-category equipped with a finite-product-preserving functor to spaces, or equivalently that the $(2,1)$-category of spans of finite sets is the universal semiadditive $\infty$-category. In this article, we prove a vast generalization of these facts in the context of parametrized semiadditivity, a notion we define using Hopkins--Lurie's framework of ambidexterity. This simultaneously generalizes a result of Harpaz for higher semiadditivity and a result of Nardin for equivariant semiadditivity. We deduce that every parametrized semiadditive $\infty$-category is canonically enriched in Mackey functors/sheaves with transfers. As an application, we reprove the Mackey functor description of global spectra first obtained by the second-named author and generalize it to $G$-global spectra. Moreover, we obtain universal characterizations of the $\infty$-categories of $\Z$-valued $G$-Mackey profunctors and of quasi-finitely genuine $G$-spectra as studied by Kaledin and Krause--McCandless--Nikolaus, respectively., Comment: 75 pages, v2: Improved introduction

We prove that commutative semirings in a cartesian closed presentable $\infty$-category, as defined by Groth, Gepner, and Nikolaus, are equivalent to product-preserving functors from the $(2,1)$-category of bispans of finite sets. In other words, we identify the latter as the Lawvere theory for commutative semirings in the $\infty$-categorical context. This implies that connective commutative ring spectra can be described as grouplike product-preserving functors from bispans of finite sets to spaces. A key part of the proof is a localization result for $\infty$-categories of spans, and more generally for $\infty$-categories with factorization systems, that may be of independent interest., Comment: 34 pages

We study the expected sensitivity to the mixing between sterile and tau neutrinos directly from the tau neutrino disappearance in the high-energy fixed target experiment. Here, the beam energy is large enough to produce tau neutrinos at the target with large luminosity. During their propagation to the detector, tau neutrinos may oscillate into sterile neutrinos. By examining the energy spectrum of the observed tau neutrino events, we can probe the mixing between sterile and tau neutrinos directly. In this paper, we consider Scattering and Neutrino Detector (SND) at SHiP experiment as a showcase, which uses 400 GeV protons from SPS at CERN, and expect to observe 7,300 tau and anti-tau neutrinos from the $2\times 10^{20}$ POT for 5 years operation. Assuming the uncertainty of 10\%, we find the sensitivity $|U_{\tau 4}|^2 \sim 0.08$\, (90\% CL) for $\Delta m_{41}^2 \sim 500\ \mathrm{eV}^2$ with 10\% background to the signal. We also consider a far SND at the end of the SHiP Hidden Sector Decay Spectrometer (HSDS), in which case the sensitivity would be enhanced to $|U_{\tau 4}|^2 \sim 0.02$. Away from this mass, the sensitivity becomes lower than $|U_{\tau 4}|^2 \sim 0.15$ for $\Delta m_{41}^2 \lesssim 100\ \mathrm{eV}^2$ or $\Delta m_{41}^2\gtrsim 10^4 \mathrm{eV}^2$., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures

For analyzing stationary Yang-Mills connections in higher dimensions, one has to work with Morrey-Sobolev bundles and connections. The transition maps for a Morrey-Sobolev principal $G$-bundles are not continuous and thus the usual notion of topology does not make sense. In this work, we develop the notion of a topological isomorphism class for a bundle-connection pair $\left( P, A\right)$ and use these notions to derive several approximability results for bundles and connections in the Morrey-Sobolev setting. Our proofs follow a connection-oriented approach and also highlight the fact that in the low regularity regime, the regularity of the bundle and connection are intertwined. Our results parallels the theory of the topological degree and approximation results for manifold-valued $\mathrm{VMO}$ maps.

No two authors write alike. Personal flourishes invoked in written narratives, from lexicon to rhetorical devices, imply a particular author--what literary theorists label the implied or virtual author; distinct from the real author or narrator of a text. Early large language models trained on unfiltered training sets drawn from a variety of discordant sources yielded incoherent personalities, problematic for conversational tasks but proving useful for sampling literature from multiple perspectives. Successes in alignment research in recent years have allowed researchers to impose subjectively consistent personae on language models via instruction tuning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), but whether aligned models retain the ability to model an arbitrary virtual author has received little scrutiny. By studying 4,374 stories sampled from three OpenAI language models, we show successive versions of GPT-3 suffer from increasing degrees of "mode collapse" whereby overfitting the model during alignment constrains it from generalizing over authorship: models suffering from mode collapse become unable to assume a multiplicity of perspectives. Our method and results are significant for researchers seeking to employ language models in sociological simulations., Comment: To appear in the proceedings of the first Workshop on the Scaling Behavior of Large Language Models (EACL 2024)

Hybrid leptogenesis framework combining type I and type II seesaw mechanism for neutrino mass necessarily include scattering topologies involving both the scalar triplet and the right handed neutrino. We demonstrate that a systematic inclusion of these mixed scatterings can significantly alter the evolution of the number densities exhibiting up to a factor ten deviation in the predicted asymmetry as demonstrated by our benchmark scenarios. We provide quantitative constraints on the degeneracy of the seesaw scales where the complete analysis becomes numerically significant, limiting the validity of leptogenesis being dominated by the lightest seesaw species only., Comment: 27 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables

We present a large-scale empirical study of how choices of configuration parameters affect performance in knowledge distillation (KD). An example of such a KD parameter is the measure of distance between the predictions of the teacher and the student, common choices for which include the mean squared error (MSE) and the KL-divergence. Although scattered efforts have been made to understand the differences between such options, the KD literature still lacks a systematic study on their general effect on student performance. We take an empirical approach to this question in this paper, seeking to find out the extent to which such choices influence student performance across 13 datasets from 4 NLP tasks and 3 student sizes. We quantify the cost of making sub-optimal choices and identify a single configuration that performs well across the board.