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Abstract Background Cold is a significant limiting factor in productivity, particularly in northwestern and eastern China. Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs), a primary calcium signaling sensor in plants, play an important role in their response to cold. Snow lotus (Sasussured involucrata Kar L) is a plant that thrives in harsh climates and grows in northwest China. However, there were no reports on the transcriptome of OE-SikCDPK1 transgenic tobacco in response to cold. Results When exposed to cold stress, OE-SikCDPK1 plants displayed a cold-tolerant phenotype compared to non-transgenic tobacco. Under cold conditions, relative water content reduced, relative conductivity increased, malondialdehyde levels rose, and cold-responsive gene expression increased. The OE-SikCDPK1 gene and non-transgenic tobacco were employed for research purposes. The transcriptome of leaves was sequenced using the HISAT2 sequencing platform, and the data were used to examine gene function annotation and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). 53,022 DEGs in tobacco leaves under cold treatment were obtained. The GO enrichment results revealed that it was enriched for biological-process, defense response and other processes under cold stress. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of significant enrichment of DEGs under cold stress mainly involved MAPK signaling pathway transduction. The transcription factor identification results showed that the transcription factors with the largest number of differential expressions under cold treatment were mainly from WRKY, AP2, MYB, bHLH, NAC and other transcription factor families. Conclusion The cold tolerance mechanism of snow lotus SikCDPK1 was comprehensively analyzed at the transcriptional level for the first time using RNA-seq technology. This study demonstrates that SikCDPK1 can respond to cold by participating in the MAPK signaling pathway and regulating the expression levels of transcription factors, including WRKY, AP2, MYB, bHLH, and NAC. These results offer valuable insights for further exploration of the cold tolerance mechanism associated with SikCDPK1.

Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs) are a class of serine/threonine protein kinases encoded by several gene families that play key roles in biotic and abiotic stresses response and plant growth and development. However, snow lotus (Saussurea involucrata kar L.) CDPKs has rarely been reported. In this study, 20 CDPK genes in snow lotus were identified based on transcriptome data and classified into four groups (I-IV) based on their structural features and phylogenetic analyses. Among them, the transcript levels of SikCDPK1 were significantly induced by low temperature and multiple hormone treatments, and SikCDPK1 gene was found to have different expression in snow lotus seeds, leaves, stems and roots. The full-length promoter activity of SikCDPK1 gene was higher than that of the 5' end deletion fragment, and the promoter fragment containing the low temperature inducing element had increased activation after low temperature treatment. The promoter activity of SikCDPK1 gene was mainly expressed in roots and rosette leaves. In addition, overexpressing plants of SikCDPK1 were more tolerant compared to the wild type after being subjected to low temperature stress. Physiological analyses indicated that SikCDPK1 improved plant tolerance to low temperature stress by maintaining cell membrane stability and reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings provided insights into CDPK gene families in snow lotus and broaden our understanding of the biological role of SikCDPK1 and the mechanism of low temperature stress tolerance in snow lotus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cold is a significant limiting factor in productivity, particularly in northwestern and eastern China. Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs), a primary calcium signaling sensor in plants, play an important role in their response to cold. Snow lotus (Sasussured involucrata Kar L) is a plant that thrives in harsh climates and grows in northwest China. However, there were no reports on the transcriptome of OE-SikCDPK1 transgenic tobacco in response to cold. Results: When exposed to cold stress, OE-SikCDPK1 plants displayed a cold-tolerant phenotype compared to non-transgenic tobacco. Under cold conditions, relative water content reduced, relative conductivity increased, malondialdehyde levels rose, and cold-responsive gene expression increased. The OE-SikCDPK1 gene and non-transgenic tobacco were employed for research purposes. The transcriptome of leaves was sequenced using the HISAT2 sequencing platform, and the data were used to examine gene function annotation and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). 53,022 DEGs in tobacco leaves under cold treatment were obtained. The GO enrichment results revealed that it was enriched for biological-process, defense response and other processes under cold stress. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of significant enrichment of DEGs under cold stress mainly involved MAPK signaling pathway transduction. The transcription factor identification results showed that the transcription factors with the largest number of differential expressions under cold treatment were mainly from WRKY, AP2, MYB, bHLH, NAC and other transcription factor families. Conclusion: The cold tolerance mechanism of snow lotus SikCDPK1 was comprehensively analyzed at the transcriptional level for the first time using RNA-seq technology. This study demonstrates that SikCDPK1 can respond to cold by participating in the MAPK signaling pathway and regulating the expression levels of transcription factors, including WRKY, AP2, MYB, bHLH, and NAC. These results offer valuable insights for further exploration of the cold tolerance mechanism associated with SikCDPK1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs) are a class of serine/threonine protein kinases encoded by several gene families that play key roles in biotic and abiotic stresses response and plant growth and development. However, snow lotus (Saussurea involucrata kar L.) CDPKs has rarely been reported. In this study, 20 CDPK genes in snow lotus were identified based on transcriptome data and classified into four groups (I-IV) based on their structural features and phylogenetic analyses. Among them, the transcript levels of SikCDPK1 were significantly induced by low temperature and multiple hormone treatments, and SikCDPK1 gene was found to have different expression in snow lotus seeds, leaves, stems and roots. The full-length promoter activity of SikCDPK1 gene was higher than that of the 5’ end deletion fragment, and the promoter fragment containing the low temperature inducing element had increased activation after low temperature treatment. The promoter activity of SikCDPK1 gene was mainly expressed in roots and rosette leaves. In addition, overexpressing plants of SikCDPK1 were more tolerant compared to the wild type after being subjected to low temperature stress. Physiological analyses indicated that SikCDPK1 improved plant tolerance to low temperature stress by maintaining cell membrane stability and reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings provided insights into CDPK gene families in snow lotus and broaden our understanding of the biological role of SikCDPK1 and the mechanism of low temperature stress tolerance in snow lotus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]