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Dry low emissions (DLE) systems are well-known to be susceptible to thermoacoustic instabilities. In particular, transverse, spinning modes of high frequency may appear, and lead to severe damage in a matter of seconds. The thermoacoustic response of an engine is usually specific to the combustor geometry, operating conditions and difficult to reproduce at the lab-scale. In this work, details of high frequency dynamics (HFD) observed during the early development phase of a new DLE system are provided, where a multipeaked spectrum was noticed during testing. Beginning with an analysis of the measured pressure spectra from three different concepts, an analytical model of the clockwise and anticlockwise transverse waves was fitted to the experimental data using a nonlinear curve fitting approach to produce a simple yet useful understanding of the phenomena. A flamelet-based large eddy simulation (LES) of the entire combustion system was used to complement this analysis and confirm the mode shapes using dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). Both approaches independently identified a spinning second-order mode as the dominant one in the high frequency regime. The LES indicates the coupling of a distortion of swirl profile with a precessing vortex core as a possible cause for the onset of instability. With regard to modeling sensitivities, it is shown that subgrid scale combustion modeling has a strong impact on predicted amplitudes. Ultimately, a thickened-flame model with a modified efficiency function provided consistent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of audit quality, internal audit organizational structure, political connections, and company size on litigation risk in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period from 2017 to2022. A quantitative approach was used by applying Fixed Effects, Ordinary Least Squares, Random Effects, and Robust Regression analysis simultaneously to analyze panel data. The results showed that high audit quality serves as a significant positive signal in reducing the risk of lower litigation, providing confidence to stakeholders that financial statements can be more reliable and free from material misstatement. Meanwhile, a better internal audit organizational structure introduces complexity in the management of litigation risk as the organization grows, highlighting the possibility of more complicated implications in the context of signals, when internal audit placement does not fit the needs of the organization. Political connections and company size provide positive signals regarding litigation risk, albeit with different levels of significance, indicating complexity in the dynamics of political signals and company size. The findings of this study can guide stakeholders in the appointment of agents to manage the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant research in entrepreneurship reveals that financial resource acquisition for student entrepreneurs is constrained by several factors including a lack of experience, domain expertise and underdeveloped social networks. What follows are accentuated risks of failure that can discourage students from entering the entrepreneurial career pathway. To attenuate resource shortcomings and information asymmetries, student entrepreneurs can signal their underlying qualities to other entrepreneurial actors through informational cues. These signals are embedded in the norms and rules of a specific context; however, much of the research related to signals has been devoid of contextual understanding. Building on the notion that signals do not operate in a vacuum, our attention in the present work is directed from an entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective and the impact this specific context can have on signal generation and interpretation. We build our contribution by extending signaling theory via a multiple case study of eight student entrepreneurs operating in an emerging privately governed entrepreneurial ecosystem located in Valencia, Spain. We contextualize four pathways that students followed towards entrepreneurial financing, creating four student entrepreneur profiles. Several useful contributions to the study of student entrepreneurship, signaling theory, and entrepreneurial ecosystem theory are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this paper is to develop a formal foundation to design an adaptive output feedback predictor for a class of unknown systems where parameters and order are unknown or high-dimensional. We present a reduced-order adaptive output-predictor scheme based on modal reduction and Lyapunov's method. Moreover, the credibility of the proposed reduced-order adaptive output-predictor scheme is validated by mathematical proof and numerical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the critical function that digital real estate platforms, like Zillow, serve in facilitating effective property transactions. They do this by transmitting vital property information from sellers to buyers, thereby enriching the value of offline deals. Our findings indicate that Zillow, as a source of information, is incredibly valuable for properties that deviate significantly from their neighborhood's average value, either above or below. It's particularly useful in conveying experiential details through images and textual descriptions. For potential buyers, Zillow is a trustworthy source of property information for estimating property value, especially when alternative sources of information are limited. This study underscores the necessity for sellers and their agents to effectively represent property information online, considering its significant impact on sale prices. This is especially true for unique properties and properties with notable experiential elements. Furthermore, our study suggests that real estate professionals need to modify their business practices to take full advantage of digital platforms and provide superior services to their clients. Finally, digital real estate platforms can use these insights to enhance their platform design by focusing on the collection and display of significant information, ultimately increasing the value provided to both buyers and sellers of properties. Digital platforms facilitate the flow of information and the execution of transactions. This study investigates the impact of signals from platform-provided online information regarding search and experience attributes of products on the prices of their offline transactions. We situate our theorizing and empirical work in the context of digital real estate platforms. Our results suggest that online information pertaining to properties' experience attributes has a significant influence on the prices of offline property transactions. The amount of online information relating to experience attributes—specifically, length of textual property description and the number of photos—positively influences the sale price of a property. In contrast, the amount of online property information related to search attributes—specifically, facts and features—has no significant influence on the property's sale price. In addition, online property information on experience attributes has a significant impact on the sale price of uncommon properties (those valued significantly above or below their neighborhood averages), whereas its impact on the price of common properties (those valued close to their neighborhood averages) is insignificant. The findings are robust to various model specifications and across property transactions in different years, seasons, and geographical regions. They are also neither subject to confounding effect of real estate agents' service quality nor driven by unobserved property heterogeneities. The findings shed light on how signals from online property information are used by home buyers and sellers for different types of properties. The insights have implications for how real estate professionals can better utilize digital platforms to convey signals regarding properties and facilitate property transactions and for how the platforms can be designed to support the exchange of information that provides signals on the quality of offline goods that are highly risky and experiential. History: Rajiv Kohli, Senior Editor; Huigang Liang, Associate Editor. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2020.0658. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many insect species communicate about activities central to their survival and reproduction via vibrational signals (i.e., waves that travel through solid substrates). One widely used and effective approach for testing hypotheses about communication is the playback experiment, in which stimuli are played to focal organisms and their responses are documented. Recent technological advances and efforts by vibrational communication researchers have diversified the hardware options available for use in such experiments, but proprietary software is still needed for high‐fidelity playbacks. Here, we present an open‐source software tool, VibePy, that (1) measures and compensates for undesired filtering and (2) calibrates playback amplitude. Because proprietary software licenses impose economic barriers that can limit access to research, we have developed VibePy in the open‐source language Python. The functions provided by VibePy are a stepping stone toward increasing access to vibration research. Because the tool is open‐source, we hope that the software will be expanded upon by others in the community of researchers studying vibrational communication and insect behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents computer and color vision research focusing on human color perception in VR environments. A VR art gallery with digital twins of original artworks is created for this experiment. In this research, the field of colorimetry and the application of the L*a*b* and RGB color models are applied. The inter-relationships of the two color models are applied to create a color modification of the VR art gallery environment using C# Script procedures. This color-edited VR environment works with a smooth change in color tone in a given time interval. At the same time, a sudden change in the color of the RGB environment is defined in this interval. This experiment aims to record a user's reaction embedded in a VR environment and the effect of color changes on human perception in a VR environment. This research uses lie detector sensors that record the physiological changes of the user embedded in VR. Five sensors are used to record the signal. An experiment on the influence of the user's color perception in a VR environment using lie detector sensors has never been conducted. This research defines the basic methodology for analyzing and evaluating the recorded signals from the lie detector. The presented text thus provides a basis for further research in the field of colors and human color vision in a VR environment and lays an objective basis for use in many scientific and commercial areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas pipelines are an essential part of the economy. Natural gas pipelines may leak after aging, strong vibration signals may be generated in the pipeline when leakage occurs, and vibration signals may be noisy. Traditional variational mode decomposition (VMD) noise reduction methods need to set parameters in advance, and so may not achieve the best decomposition effect. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a method for pipeline leakage location based on the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) optimization of VMD combined with generalized quadratic cross-correlation. The method first calculates the original signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and if the SNR is low, wavelet threshold denoising is used to process the signal. Then, SSA optimization is used to refine the two key parameters of VMD (penalty parameter α and mode decomposition number K) based on sample entropy. Subsequently, the signal undergoes decomposition into K intrinsic mode function (IMF) components through VMD according to the obtained analysis parameter combination. Then, the IMF components are screened to obtain the reconstructed signal. Finally, the noise reduction signal is obtained. The signal delay after noise reduction is obtained through a generalized quadratic cross-correlation and the accurate leakage position is obtained using the delay. Experiments showed that the minimum relative error of this method could reach 0.6%, which was more accurate than the traditional VMD method, and effectively improved the accuracy of noisy signals in pipeline leakage locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced wireless sensors, incorporating metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), enzymatic systems, and nanocomposites, offer unparalleled solutions for monitoring analytes and human physiological signals. These cutting‐edge sensors, when used with external devices, enable real‐time monitoring of analytes and physicochemical processes within the human body, thereby enhancing the understanding of complex biological systems. This study presents advancements in sensor development, fabrication techniques, and user‐friendly protocols. The performance of these sensors is evaluated based on their selectivity, sensitivity, and detection limits. Moreover, this article explores limitations, challenges, and key strategies to enhance analyte recognition from onsite environmental and biological species, ensuring human point‐of‐care safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have a semi‐invariant T‐cell receptor that allows recognition of antigen in the context of the MHC class I‐related (MR1) protein. Metabolic intermediates of the riboflavin synthesis pathway have been identified as MR1‐restricted antigens with agonist properties. As riboflavin synthesis occurs in many bacterial species, but not human cells, it has been proposed that the main purpose of MAIT cells is antibacterial surveillance and protection. The majority of human MAIT cells secrete interferon‐gamma (IFNg) upon activation, while some MAIT cells in tissues can also express IL‐17. Given that MAIT cells are present in human barrier tissues colonized by a microbiome, MAIT cells must somehow be able to distinguish colonization from infection to ensure effector functions are only elicited when necessary. Importantly, MAIT cells have additional functional properties, including the potential to contribute to restoring tissue homeostasis by expression of CTLA‐4 and secretion of the cytokine IL‐22. A recent study provided compelling data indicating that the range of human MAIT cell functional properties is explained by plasticity rather than distinct lineages. This further underscores the necessity to better understand how different signals regulate MAIT cell function. In this review, we highlight what is known in regards to activating and inhibitory signals for MAIT cells with a specific focus on signals relevant to healthy and inflamed tissues. We consider the quantity, quality, and the temporal order of these signals on MAIT cell function and discuss the current limitations of computational tools to extrapolate which signals are received by MAIT cells in human tissues. Using lessons learned from conventional CD8 T cells, we also discuss how TCR signals may integrate with cytokine signals in MAIT cells to elicit distinct functional states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic islet cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for modeling and treating diabetes. Differences between stem-cell-derived and primary islets remain, but molecular insights to inform improvements are limited. Here, we acquire single-cell transcriptomes and accessible chromatin profiles during in vitro islet differentiation and pancreas from childhood and adult donors for comparison. We delineate major cell types, define their regulomes, and describe spatiotemporal gene regulatory relationships between transcription factors. CDX2 emerged as a regulator of enterochromaffin-like cells, which we show resemble a transient, previously unrecognized, serotonin-producing pre-β cell population in fetal pancreas, arguing against a proposed non-pancreatic origin. Furthermore, we observe insufficient activation of signal-dependent transcriptional programs during in vitro β cell maturation and identify sex hormones as drivers of β cell proliferation in childhood. Altogether, our analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of cell fate acquisition in stem-cell-derived islets and a framework for manipulating cell identities and maturity.

Traits that mediate reproductive isolation between species, such as those involved in mate choice and/or recognition, are predicted to experience stabilizing selection towards the species mean. Male orchid bees collect chemical compounds from many sources, such as plants and fungi, which they use as a perfume signal (pheromone) during courtship display, and are suggested to contribute to reproductive isolation between species. Environmentally acquired signals are more prone to variation as source availability can vary through space and time. If orchid bee perfumes are important for reproductive isolation between species, we expect them to exhibit stable species-specific differences in time and space. Here, we describe phenotypic patterns of inter- and intraspecific variation in the male perfumes of three sympatric species of Euglossa orchid bees across an entire year, investigating both their seasonality and species specificity. Our analysis revealed considerable within-species variation in perfumes. However, species specificity was maintained consistently throughout the year, supporting the idea that these perfumes could play an important role in reproductive isolation and are experiencing stabilizing selection towards a species mean. Our analysis also identified strong correlations in the abundance of some compounds, possibly due to shared collection sources between species. Our study suggests that orchid bee perfumes are robust in the face of environmental changes in resource availability and thus can maintain reproductive isolation between species.

The measured synchronous response of rotor components may be analyzed with two objectives. On the one hand, the estimation of the response amplitude is necessary for structural calculations such as the assessment of the low-cycle fatigue safety margin. On the other hand, it is used for system identification purpose with particular interest for damping. Both these tasks can be carried out efficiently and accurately using the time-frequency analysis (TFA) based on the continuous wavelet transform (WT). A major issue that limits a wide use of this tool is the lack of criteria to guide the analyst to a proper choice of the parameters involved in the wavelet transform. This paper discusses this problem from a theoretical and practical point of view and provides a criterion valid for the analysis of the response during resonance crossings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The field of futures studies has done little work on analysis of films and movies, with the exception of the science fiction genre. There has been little attempt to wrestle with and analyze other film genres, integrating such analyses into futures studies. This article makes an attempt at bridging that gap by analyzing the 2018 Palme d'Or winning film Shoplifters by Japanese filmmaker Hirokazu Kore-eda. In the article, we examine the film as a signal of transformation in the Japanese family by comparing this new form of the family to the Japanese family in the past. Using Shoplifters as a guiding post, I contextualize the transformations portrayed in the film with research on and trends in Japanese society. By using Shoplifters, I show how we can use films as guiding posts and as valuable sources of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of the staging factor, the ratio between the fuel injected through the pilot stage and the multipoint injection, on the flame dynamic. The BIMER combustor is an atmospheric pressure rig equipped with two corotating swirling air injections (a fixed amount of around 87% of the air goes inside the multipoint stage) and two fuel injection paths for staged combustion. Liquid dodecane is injected with air preheated at 437 K with a global equivalence ratio of 0.6 and a thermal power of around 72 kW. The change of the staging factor from 100% (pilot-only injection) toward 0% (multipoint-only injection) generates changes in the flame-shape which bifurcates from an anchored V-flame into a lifted flame. This flame shape bifurcation appears at a staging of factor around 25%. Around this staging factor, one can witness multistable flames where the flame structure transits randomly between five different states. Processing microphone signals recorded in the chamber provides an understanding of the flame dynamics. The attached flame presents limited pressure fluctuations level at 270 Hz, while the lifted flame features high-pressure fluctuations at 323 Hz. The intermittency between the five states (including the two stable states) is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of the frequency component is very interesting to study, considering its unique nature when these parameters are together in their amplitude. The periodicity of the frequency components is also thought to affect the convergence of these parameters. In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating the frequency component of a periodic continuous-time sinusoidal signal. Under the high-frequency sampling setting, we provide the frequency components' consistency and asymptotic normality. It is observed that the convergence rate of the continuous-time sinusoidal signal of the diffusion process is the same as the continuous-time sinusoidal signal of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, which is mentioned in [G. Pramesti, Parameter least-squares estimation for time-inhomogeneous Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, Monte Carlo Methods Appl.29 (2023), 1, 1–32]. The result of this study deduces that the convergence rate of the frequency is the same as long as the signal is periodic. In this case, the existence of the rate of reversion does not affect the convergence rate of the frequency components. Further, the result of the study, that is, the convergence rate of the frequency is (n ⁢ h) 3 , also revised the previous one in [G. Pramesti, The least-squares estimator of sinusoidal signal of diffusion process for discrete observations, J. Math. Comput. Sci.11 (2021), 5, 6433–6443], which mentioned (n ⁢ h) 3 ⁢ h . The proposed approach is demonstrated with a ten-minute sampling rate of real data on the energy consumption of light fixtures in one Belgium household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies focusing on natural products have been conducted worldwide, and the results suggest that their natural ingredients effectively treat a wide range of illnesses. Baicalin (BIA) is a glycoside derived from the flavonoid baicalein present in Scutellaria baicalensis of the Lamiaceae family. Interestingly, BIA has been shown to protect the lungs in several animal models used in numerous studies. Therefore, we fully analyzed the data of the studies that focused on BIA's lung protective function against various injuries and included them in this review. Interestingly, BIA exhibits promising effects against acute lung injury, lung fibrosis, pulmonary embolism, and lung remodelling associated with COPD, LPS, and paraquat insecticide. BAI exhibits anticancer activity against lung cancer. Additionally, BIA potently attenuates lung damage associated with infections. BIA primarily exerts its therapeutic effects by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress immune response, and apoptosis pathways. Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, STAT3, MAPKs, TLR4, and NLRP3 are important targets in the pulmonary therapeutic effects of BIA on different lung disease models. Consequently, we recommend using it in future potential clinical applications, its contribution to treatment guidelines, and translating its promising effects to clinical practice in lung diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the application of the recurrence plot as an alternative for preprocessing the raw data. The recurrence plots can extract the nonlinear and transient response and are sensitive to slight variations in the signal frequency, amplitude, and waveform. Thus, it is an alternative technique for improving the sensitivity; consequently, the prognostic algorithms can predict with better resolution. The data were obtained from an experimental 12 m wind turbine. The transmission was instrumented with three accelerometers and three gyroscopes; the generator's current and voltage were monitored. The difficulty in producing the phase plane using acceleration data is its integration to obtain the kinetic and potential signal energies. This limitation is overcome by integrating the data using the empirical mode decomposition and the shift principle. The results show good sensitivity for predicting variations in the operating conditions and are the basis for other prognostic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern compressor design targets require high performance and a wide operating range in order to reduce the environmental impact. To understand the fluid dynamics mechanisms that trigger instability, studying the system at the stability limit is required. In this work, a two-stage back-to-back centrifugal compressor for refrigerant applications has been simulated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques using unsteady calculations in different operating points close to surge. These models have been validated by comparing numerical performance with experimental data. An in-depth fluid dynamics analysis combined with the monitoring of several pressure signals, postprocessed with FFT, identified different flow phenomena in the two stages toward the surge limit. The key role of the volute that induces a stronger upstream counterpressure in the first stage has been highlighted. This effect causes the formation of high entropy (low momentum) rotating cells in the diffuser that involve a higher channel portion with respect to the flow structure in the second diffuser. This phenomenon affects the upstream flow conditions at the impeller. In addition, the interaction between the inlet guide vane (IGV) and the inducer has been analyzed, observing that in the second stage, due to the flow nonuniformity after the intermediate compressor pipe, non-negligible separations occur. Starting from the peaks detected in the FFT analysis of the pressure signals, all the above flow mechanisms have been detected and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To improve fault diagnosis efficiency, a multidimensional denoising approach based on tensor decomposition is developed for solving multidimensional signal filtering. Methods: The monitoring signals are decomposed via truncated high-order singular value decomposition (T-HOSVD) to obtain their factor matrices. With L-curve criterion, the appropriate truncation parameters in the tensor factorization are determined to denoise and reduce dimension of signals. Then, the performance of sequentially truncated HOSVD (ST-HOSVD) is verified to quantify the correlation between the dimension of signal and computation complexity. The proposed ST-HOSVD approach is then applied to reduce noise in torque, current and vibration signals collected on bearing test rig, respectively. Results: Experimental results show that the performance of the T-HOSVD on signals denoising are poor with the dimension increasing. The ST-HOSVD approach can well remove noise and retain the working status features as much as possible. This tensor-based multidimensional signal filtering will be powerful tool for dealing with heterogeneous and multi-aspect data. Conclusion: The computation complexity of L-curve algorithm will increase sharply with the dimension of signal increasing while optimizing truncated parameters, but that of ST-HOSVD will not vary so much. When the dimension of the tensor model is not too high, the effectiveness of L-curve-T-HOSVD is higher. Otherwise, the computation cost of the ST-HOSVD is relatively lower. Therefore, the priority should be given to the ST-HOSVD for denoising the higher dimensional diagnostic data set about the rolling bearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every living organism on Earth depends on its interactions with other organisms. In the rhizosphere, plants and microorganisms constantly exchange signals and influence each other's behavior. Recent studies have shown that many beneficial rhizosphere microbes can produce specific signaling molecules that affect plant root architecture and therefore could have substantial effects on above-ground growth. This review examines these chemical signals and summarizes their mechanisms of action, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of plant–microbe interactions and providing references for the comprehensive development and utilization of these active components in agricultural production. In addition, we highlight future research directions and challenges, such as searching for microbial signals to induce primary root development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic turbines are operated more frequently at no-load conditions, also known as speed-no-load (SNL), to provide a spinning reserve that can rapidly connect to the electrical grid. As intermittent energy sources gain popularity, turbines will be required to provide spinning reserves more frequently. Previous studies show vortical flow structures in the vaneless space and the draft tube and rotating stall between the runner blades of certain axial turbines operating at SNL conditions. These flow phenomena are associated with pressure pulsations and torque fluctuations which put high stress on the turbine. The origin of the instabilities is not fully understood and not extensively studied. Moreover, mitigation techniques for SNL must be designed and explored to ensure the safe operation of the turbines at off-design conditions. This study presents a mitigation technique with independent control of each guide vane. The idea is to open some of the guide vanes to the best efficiency point (BEP) angle while keeping the remaining ones closed, aiming to reduce the swirl and thus avoid the instability to develop. The restriction is to have zero net torque on the shaft. Results show that the flow structures in the vaneless space can be broken down, which decreases pressure and velocity fluctuations. Furthermore, the rotating stall between the runner blades is reduced. The time-averaged flow upstream of the runner is changed while the flow below the runner remains mainly unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space navigation using X-Ray pulsars is known as opportunistic navigation, where we rely on signals of opportunity from natural phenomena to determine navigation solutions for spacecraft. However, this definition becomes too small or shallow, as it doesn't include other forms of navigation using natural beacons reported over the last two decades. Since a classification or review of all opportunistic techniques is still missing, this article presents the first survey on the field of signals of opportunity (SOOP), and introduces a framework for this scientific area, where natural beacons could be associated to stars, distant planets or natural phenomena, and signals could come with distinct characteristics and wavelengths. The new classification groups dozens of existing technologies of navigation using natural beacons, making easier for newcomers to interpret quickly a variety of works and mathematical formalisms. In addition, we deepen into an engineering perspective on the ongoing status of SOOP-based navigation, highlighting what is required to achieve the level of readiness on the methods that still on theory. We also give answer to a number of open questions, such as e.g. what criterion defines if a signal from a given natural beacon could be used or not for navigational purposes, as well as what is the minimum intersatellite distance that we can detect using an opportunistic signal, what type of signal characteristics we need from natural phenomena to generate navigation solutions or how far apart natural beacons preferentially need to be. These results enrich the field and become fundamental with an increasing interest of the space industry to bring novel forms of navigation into low-cost spacecraft of limited hardware capabilities (such as Cubesats).Furthermore, using results from past remote sensing missions, we preliminary found that Earth's lightning is a natural resource available in large scale and in sufficient variability that can be potentially used for relative opportunistic navigation. The physics of the problem is introduced, where at least theoretically, multiple lightning events can be used to map the arrival times to cooperating spacecraft, fixing their positions relative to each other independently from ground.

Modern smartphones differ vastly from classic cellphones with enormous capabilities, changing cellphones from making phone calls and short messages to pocket-sized computers with full internet connectivity. The downside of modern phone evolution is changing drivers' behavior and phone usage addiction. Several researchers have investigated the safety implications of phone usage while driving on accidents risk. Nevertheless, the effect of phone usage on the performance of traffic facilities did not receive equal attention.Hence, this research aims to study the impact of smartphone usage on traffic signal operations. The parameters considered in the study were drivers' activity while waiting at the signal, startup lost time, and saturation flow rate. The study team covered 25 intersections in the study area, observed the activities of over 6800 drivers while waiting at the signal, and recorded their corresponding discharge headways. The study team then supplemented field data with a behavioral survey questionnaire for drivers living in the study area to interpret field observations. Finally, the collected data were processed and analyzed, resulting in mathematical models for the relationship between the reduction in saturation flow rate and the red time interval.The team found two primary conclusions. The study's first finding was that the traditional concept for estimating startup lost time adopted by the highway capacity manual (HCM) appears inaccurate. The field results revealed that the lost times caused by other distracted drivers upstream in the queue were comparable to the estimated startup lost time following the HCM method for estimating startup lost time. The second finding was that the reduction in saturation flow rate at the traffic signal is an exponential function of the red time interval, reducing the overall capacity for the intersection and increasing the average delay. Finally, the authors suggest mitigating the problem and making recommendations for future research.

ObjectiveTo identify and highlight research papers representing noteworthy developments in signals, sensors, and imaging informatics in 2020.MethodA broad literature search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus databases. We combined Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms and keywords to construct particular queries for sensors, signals, and image informatics. We only considered papers that have been published in journals providing at least three articles in the query response. Section editors then independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of preselected papers assessed on a three-point Likert scale. Papers were rated from 1 (do not include) to 3 (should be included) for each topical area (sensors, signals, and imaging informatics) and those with an average score of 2 or above were subsequently read and assessed again by two of the three co-editors. Finally, the top 14 papers with the highest combined scores were considered based on consensus.ResultsThe search for papers was executed in January 2021. After removing duplicates and conference proceedings, the query returned a set of 101, 193, and 529 papers for sensors, signals, and imaging informatics, respectively. We filtered out journals that had less than three papers in the query results, reducing the number of papers to 41, 117, and 333, respectively. From these, the co-editors identified 22 candidate papers with more than 2 Likert points on average, from which 14 candidate best papers were nominated after intensive discussion. At least five external reviewers then rated the remaining papers. The four finalist papers were found using the composite rating of all external reviewers. These best papers were approved by consensus of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Yearbook editorial board.ConclusionsSensors, signals, and imaging informatics is a dynamic field of intense research. The four best papers represent advanced approaches for combining, processing, modeling, and analyzing heterogeneous sensor and imaging data. The selected papers demonstrate the combination and fusion of multiple sensors and sensor networks using electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), or photoplethysmogram (PPG) with advanced data processing, deep and machine learning techniques, and present image processing modalities beyond state-of-the-art that significantly support and further improve medical decision making.

سعى هَذَا البَحْث المُعَنْوَن بـ"سِيمْيَاءِ العَلَامَة اللِّسَانِيَّة في كِتَابِ العَوَاصِمِ منَ القَوَاصِمِ لِأبِي بَكْرٍ بنِ العَرَبِيّ(543هـ): مُقَارَبَةٌ تَدَاوُلِيَّةٌ" إلى دِرَاسَة سِيمْيَاءِ العَلَامَة اللِّسَانِيَّة في ضوءِ مُرْتَكَزًات الدَّرْسِ التَّدَاوُلِيّ (المَقَاصِد،الإشاريـَّات، الفِعْل التَّأْثِيريّ)، الذي يَتَجَاوَزُ الظَّاهِرَ الدَّلَالِيّ إلى المُحِيطِ الاِسْتِعْمَالِيّ وفَضَاءَاتِه الإِيحَائِيَّةِ الرَّحْبَةِ العَمِيقَة، وقد نَهَضَ البَحْثُ عَلَى رُؤْيَةٍ تَحْلِيلِيَّة مُغَايرَة للمُنْجَزَاتِ البَحْثِيَّةِ اللِّسَانِيَّة السِّيمْيَائِيَّة والتَّدَاوُلِيّة السَّابِقَة عليهِ؛ تجعلُ العُنْوَانَ نصـًّا قائمـًا بذاتهِ ذا أَبْعَادٍ تَعْبِيرِيَّةٍ (صَوْتِيَّة، صَرْفِيَّة، تَرْكِيبِيَّة، دَلَالِيَّة) وأَبْعَاد أُخْرَى تَدَاوُلِيَّةٍ، استقاها منْ عَلَامَاتِهِ اللِّسَانِيَّة، التي اِمْتَدَّت مَقَاصِدُها دَاخِل النَّسَقِ الخِطَابِيّ. كما نظرَ هَذَا البَحْثُ إلى الإشاريـَّاتِ منْ زَوايا نظرٍ سِيمْيَائِيَّةٍ تَدَاوُلِيَّةٍ تتَسِمُ بالسَّعَةِ الدَّلَالِيَّة والوَظِيفِيَّة؛ تَتَجَاوَزُ الإِحَالَةَ الزَّمَانيَّة والمَكَانِيَّة والشَّخصيَّة إلى الإِحَالَات الخِطَابِيَّةِ اللُّغَوِيَّة ذات المَقَاصِد المُنَاظِرَة لها دَاخِلَ النَّسَقِ الخِطَابِيّ أو خارجَهُ. وقد جَاءَ البَحْثُ ،بعد المُقَدِّمَة والمَدْخَلٍ النظريّ، في ثلاثة مَبَاحِثَ وخاتِمَةٍ. عَلَى النَّحوِ الآتِي: المَبْحَثُ الأَوَّلُ: سِيمْيَاءُ العَلَامَةِ اللِّسَانِيَّةِ للعُنْوَانِ. المَبْحَثُ الثَّانِي: سِيمْيَاءُ الإشاريـَّاتِ. المَبْحَثُ الثَّالثُ: سِيمْيَاءُ الفِعْلِ التَّأْثِيريّ. Abstract This research that is entitled "The Semiotics of the Linguistic Sign in Kitāb al- ʻAwāṣim min al-Qawāṣim li-Abī Bakr ibn al- ʻArabī (543 AH): A Pragmatic Approach" sought to study the semiotics of the linguistic sign in the light of the foundations of the deliberative lesson (purposes- signs- act of influence) that goes beyond the semantic phenomenon to the ocean of use and its spacious suggestive spaces deep, and the research was based on an analytical vision different from the achievements of linguistic research semiotic and deliberative preceding it; Other deliberative derived from his linguistic signs whose purposes extended within the discursive system. This research also looked at signs from deliberative semiotic perspectives characterized by semantic and functional capacity, beyond temporal, spatial and personal references to linguistic discursive references with corresponding intentions inside or outside the discursive system. The research came in an introduction, a theoretical introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The breakdown is as follows: - The first topic: the semiotics of the linguistic sign of the title. - The second topic: the semiotics of signals. - The third topic: the semiotics of the influential act.

This year (on July 14) we celebrate the 150th anniversary of the establishment of the "Signal corps" weapon, an important moment in the history of our army, with major implications in the subsequent evolution of military conflicts.

Textual devices such as headings convey both content information and functional information. One type of headings is referred to as functional headings, since they provide functional information but not content information. Headings such as “Introduction” denote the function of a text section but not the content information of that section. The current study included three experiments that investigated the processing of functional information during reading. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of functional information in a timed reading situation. Experiments 2 and 3 looked at the effects of functional information when there was a contradiction in the text. Our results indicated that functional information promoted selective attention during timed reading (Experiment 1). Findings from our contradiction manipulation (Experiments 2 and 3) revealed that readers used functional headings to guide their structural reading process. Implications for cognitive processes during reading and pedagogical practices are described in the general discussion section.

Alarms, alerts, and warnings are critical to maintaining safety in the National Airspace System and should be designed to support aircraft separation as well as supplementary tasks such as weather avoidance. The purpose of this study is to validate a novel alarm design framework by asking air traffic controllers to evaluate an existing alarm. Methods: We invited four air traffic controllers to participate in a structured interview that is part of a novel Signal Design Framework. Controllers were asked a series of scripted questions about 15 specific alarm properties. They were then asked to choose the three properties most important to the design of the conflict alert. Lastly, controllers were asked a series of questions about the overall quality of the taxonomy and its potential for impacting aviation safety. Results: All participants agreed that the taxonomy captured all the important characteristics of an alarm and that no gaps or failures existed in the alarm framework. They also agreed that the framework was easy to understand, that the structured interview was easy to understand, and that applying the framework to alarm design and revision would improve alarm ease of use, reduce confusion, and improve overall safety. Conclusions: The structured interview encouraged controllers to think about the Conflict Alert and helped them to develop novel solutions that could potentially improve this alarm in the Air Traffic Control environment.

This article fulfills the need for quantifiable, physical, common characteristics across different languages, which is needed to support the theory that humans use domain-general neurocognitive machinery to acquire, process, and produce language. It is shown that four different languages—English, German, Slovak and Japanese—contain linguistic chunks characterized by at least one redundancy, degeneracy, pluripotentiality, or modularity (R, D, P, or M, respectively) trait, following precedent from other fields of signal investigation. It is first established that language can be regarded as a set of signals between individuals within a complex adaptive system framework and that all signals in all signaling systems exhibit R, D, P, and/or M traits. It is then shown that linguistic chunks can be regarded as individual signals and that the chunks examined from the aforementioned languages express at least one R, D, P, and/or M trait. The present contribution thereby indicates the potential provision of a new source of data for quantifying some of the pressures involved in language production and processing, and the work concludes by assessing the value of the present work for further investigation in related fields.

Sexual selection pressures play a significant role in driving the evolution of color, morphological, and behavioral traits that serve as signals to communicate fighting ability between opponents. In lizards, body and head size often predict the outcome of male-male contests, but these morphological signals are static during and after the contest. However, coloration and behaviors may be dynamic traits that change during interactions being a potential mechanism of continuous evaluation of current or future opponents. In this study, we examine the function of color change as a signal in agonistic interactions between males of the Achala copper lizard. Also, we examine the relationship between fighting ability and multiple traits, including body size, head size, behaviors, and coloration. Furthermore, we explore the variability of agonistic encounters between reproductive and non-reproductive periods. We performed dyadic trials between males to evaluate behavior and measure dorsal color before and after the trials. Results show that Pristidactylus achalensis can modify the lightness of their skin during intrasexual interaction, with winners displaying lighter colors than losers. We observed dramatic changes from very light green to totally dark coloration. Notably, color difference between competitors was distinguishable only after the trial, not before. Winners also displayed more push-up behaviors, predicting the outcome of the agonistic interactions. Additionally, we did not find differences in the behavioral repertoire between periods (reproductive vs non-reproductive). We suggest that push-up behavior and color change are essential signals that allow contenders to assess their opponent's fighting ability from a distance without physical interaction and settle conflicts without escalating aggression. Significance statement: Animals may use multiple signals in agonistic interactions to facilite opponent assessment. Although body size and morphological sexual traits usually predict outcome, these traits are static but the dynamic of the coloration through fast color change add an extra factor to interpret the communication. We examine the function of color change as a signal and the relation between fighting ability of an endemic lizard from highlands of central Argentina. We demonstrated that males possess the ability to change their color, and winners show lighter colors than the losers. We suggest color changes together with push-up behavior are essential signals for the resolution of the conflict allowing the contenders to assess the opponent from a distance without physical interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initial public offerings (IPOs) represent an important stage of development for many firms as they try to gain access to the resources needed for growth and development. Due to the information asymmetry that accompanies the process, there is extensive research examining what factors might signal quality to potential investors such that the IPO might be more optimally valuated and priced. Herein, we hypothesize and empirically explore how a mixed or ambiguous signal about a firm—the signal of ownership concentration in this case—might be overcome with more opportunities for information disclosure and, thus, lessen underpricing; IPO stocks tend to be underpriced (i.e., the offer price of a stock is lower than the inherent market value), which means that owner's "leave money on the table." Using a generalized structural equation model of data on 601 U.S. IPO firms, we find support for our model by demonstrating that longer IPO process times (i.e., days from the IPO firm's filing date to the actual issue date)—representing opportunities to disclose and disseminate information—act as a mediator between ownership concentration and underpricing. Further, we show that the age of the firm also influences this process model arguing that more historical data and other information is more readily available to the potential investor with increased firm age. Overall, our study contributes to the literature by demonstrating how more disclosure and dissemination of relevant information might reduce asymmetries associated with more ambiguous or difficult-to-interpret signals and improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is the way that everyone can respond actually, intellectually and sincerely to different conditions, changes and requests in our lives. Stress problems are a typical issue among working experts in the business today. With changing way of life and work societies, there is an expansion in the stress among the representatives. However, numerous ventures and corporate give emotional wellness-related plans and attempt to facilitate the work environment climate, the issue is a long way from control. When it comes to Pregnant Women, the uterus climate assumes a fundamental part in future development and improvement of hatchling. Stress during pregnancy will influence the sensitive climate of the hatchling. These can remember impacts for your unborn child's development and the length of incubation period. They can likewise expand the danger of issues in your child's future physical and mental turn of events, just as social issues in youth. By using various machine learning techniques, the proposed model can analyze the stress in a working professional and also in a pregnant woman. We can predict the best way of yoga to reduce their stress and get good work results from working employees and a good growth in fetus of a pregnant women. Yoga can positively affect the parasympathetic sensory system and helps in bringing down heartbeat and circulatory strain. This decreases the interest of the body for oxygen and furthermore increment lung limit. Compelling utilization of yoga can likewise decrease the odds of stress, nervousness and despondency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the prevention of money laundering has gained importance in the financial sector because this sector is being used to perpetrate this crime. This paper analyzes the best decision by banking institutions regarding the blocking or not of credit cards in the face of possible money laundering scenarios by their cardholders. Based on an analysis of incomplete information, we deduce instruments that help the institution decide to block or not, an account that presents unusual operations; to avoid financial losses and damage to their reputation from being involved with cardholders who launder money. The differentiating factor of this work consists in the construction of signals through vectors of weights assigned to the money laundering factors, which can serve as indicators or aggravating factors in possible unusual operations by cardholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grafting with pumpkin as rootstock could improve chilling tolerance of cucumber; however, the underlying mechanism of grafting-induced chilling tolerance remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the difference of physiological and transcriptional level between own-rooted (Cs/Cs) and hetero-grafted (Cs/Cm) cucumber seedlings under chilling stress. The results showed that grafting with pumpkin significantly alleviated the chilling injury as evidenced by slightly symptoms, lower contents of electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2-) and higher relative water content in Cs/Cm seedlings compared with Cs/Cs seedlings under chilling stress. RNA-seq data showed that grafting induced more DGEs at 8 °C/5 °C compared with 25 °C/18 °C. In accordance with the increase of the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX), grafting upregulated the expression of the regulated redox-related genes such as GST, SOD, and APX. Moreover, grafting increased the expression of genes participated in central carbon metabolism to promote the conversion and decomposition of sugar, which provided more energy for the growth of Cs/Cm seedlings under chilling stress. In addition, grafting regulated the genes involved in the intracellular signal transduction pathways such as calcium signal (CAML, CML, and CDPK) and inositol phospholipid signal (PLC), as well as changed the gene expression of plant hormone signal transduction pathways (ARF, GAI, ABF, and PYR/PYL). These results provide a physiological and transcriptional basis for the molecular mechanism of grafting-induced chilling tolerance of cucumber seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern smartphones differ vastly from classic cellphones with enormous capabilities, changing cellphones from making phone calls and short messages to pocket-sized computers with full internet connectivity. The downside of modern phone evolution is changing drivers' behavior and phone usage addiction. Several researchers have investigated the safety implications of phone usage while driving on accidents risk. Nevertheless, the effect of phone usage on the performance of traffic facilities did not receive equal attention. Hence, this research aims to study the impact of smartphone usage on traffic signal operations. The parameters considered in the study were drivers' activity while waiting at the signal, startup lost time, and saturation flow rate. The study team covered 25 intersections in the study area, observed the activities of over 6800 drivers while waiting at the signal, and recorded their corresponding discharge headways. The study team then supplemented field data with a behavioral survey questionnaire for drivers living in the study area to interpret field observations. Finally, the collected data were processed and analyzed, resulting in mathematical models for the relationship between the reduction in saturation flow rate and the red time interval. The team found two primary conclusions. The study's first finding was that the traditional concept for estimating startup lost time adopted by the highway capacity manual (HCM) appears inaccurate. The field results revealed that the lost times caused by other distracted drivers upstream in the queue were comparable to the estimated startup losttime following the HCM method for estimating startup lost time. The second finding was that the reduction in saturation flow rate at the traffic signal is an exponential function of the red time interval, reducing the overall capacity for the intersection and increasing the average delay. Finally, the authors suggest mitigating the problem and making recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]