Search

A rice field land-use map is essential in the sustainable land management of rice fields for physical monitoring and planning. Such maps are usually created using multitemporal image data with a spectral approach, but this method can only be applied to certain areas and cannot be easily applied to other areas with different land characteristics. While multitemporal data has been widely used by researchers and proven effective, using single-date imagery can be more efficient. This study aimed to map rice field land-use based on a single-date Sentinel-2 imagery and landform maps. These landform maps were derived through visual interpretation of false colour composite bands, DEMNAS, and land system map. The interpretation resulted in eleven landform classes. The landscape ecology approach assumed the influence of landforms on land-use. The use of ten optical bands in multispectral classification using the maximum likelihood algorithm and convolutional neural network algorithm resulted in twelve land cover classes. The land cover map and the landform map were implemented through a two-dimensional ecological spatial relationship matrix that produced nine land-use classes. The convolutional neural network algorithm obtained an overall accuracy of 90,28% with a Kappa of 0,87. This result was better than the maximum likelihood algorithm, which obtained an overall accuracy of 86,81% with Kappa 0,83. The land-use map for the rice field class produced by the convolutional neural network algorithm had a total area of 33.686,69 ha and a mean absolute error (MAE) value of 0,0241, while the maximum likelihood algorithm produced a total area of 29.590,21 ha with a larger MAE value of 0,0343.

Land Surface Temperature (LST) measurements using remote sensing data are conducted using various methods, including the Single Channel Method (SCM) and the Multi-Channel Method (MCM). Emissivity, which significantly affects LST, is determined using methods such as the Correction-Based Emissivity Method (CBEM) and the Non-Linear Based Emissivity Method (NBEM). Given these factors, validating LST measurements is crucial for assessing the accuracy of data processing results. This study aims to compare LST data retrieved using SCM and MCM with various emissivity calculation methods and assess their accuracy compared to single measurements with an infrared thermometer, measurements using a grid plot, and measurements using a thermal camera with the assistance of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The results show that SCMJM&S and SCMAC did not produce optimal accuracy (>2.5K) when using the emissivity estimates from CBEM and NBEM. In contrast, MCM that adopted MCMSko, MCMQin, and MCMMao generally produced high-accuracy LST with an average difference of

Total Suspended Solid (TSS), as one of the physical parameters of water quality, can also become an indicator in more comprehensive research themes. TSS is closely related to the process of erosion and sedimentation. One of the reservoirs that is experiencing serious problems with sedimentation is WGM. In terms of physical changes, alterations in water quality involve the introduction of both organic and inorganic solid particles, leading to elevated water turbidity and diminished penetration of sunlight into the water body. Remote sensing techniques can indirectly estimate and map TSS in bodies of water. Landsat imagery has been widely used in TSS studies. Not only is it able to identify water turbidity, but it also has a long time series and convenient data accessibility. The purpose of this research is to examine the TSS equation in the form of Normalised Suspended Material Index (NSMI) and the Syarif Budhiman Algorithm to obtain a comparison of results that are suitable for application to the waters of WGM using Landsat imagery. The results showed that the Syarif Budhiman Algorithm is considered more suitable to be applied to the study site based on statistical analysis using Landsat image data and field TSS sample data. The accuracy test results for the two equations did not show significant differences. The Syarif Budhiman equation showed a value of 37.87, and the NSMI equation of 37.47. However, the coefficient of model determination was 0.251 for NSMI and 0.340 for Syarif Budhiman. The distribution of TSS at the study site is generally homogeneously distributed with small concentrations ranging from 0-20 mg/L in the middle side of the reservoir. While the TSS class > 100 mg/L is scattered on the edge of the reservoir in Pondok, Keduang, Kepuh Wiroko, Temon, Bengawan Solo Hulu, Alang, and Kedungguling sub-watersheds

One of the crucial watersheds causing significant sedimentation in Lake Limboto is the Biyonga sub-watershed. This study aimed to examine and evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the watershed that contribute to possible erosion and land degradation hazards in the Biyonga sub-watershed. ALOS PALSAR (11.25 m), TERRASAR-X (5-10 m), and DEMNAS satellite images with a resolution of 8 m were employed, combining spatial analysis with a remote sensing approach and a Geographic Information System. Basic data of morphometric parameters were generated through basin morphometric analysis using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) image extraction. Then, the linear aspect, area, and relief parameters were defined by mathematical morphometric equations. The calculation results were interpreted into field data to confirm the relationship between watershed morphometric characteristics related to erosion and land degradation events. The results of the morphometric analysis showed that the flow density is a medium-textured criterion with a long elongation shape and an elongated flow pattern. Based on the relief aspect, the Biyonga Sub-watershed is in the form of moderate relief, has various characteristics with an average ratio, and has terrain that can trigger erosion and land degradation. This study has provided information that degraded land is not fully influenced by morphometric factors but due to poor land use and management systems, which accelerate erosion and sedimentation.

Flooding is a common natural disaster in Purworejo District, which can be caused by the overflowing of the Bogowonto River. The use of multitemporal analysis with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, such as Sentinel-1, has the potential to aid in flood inundation detection for disaster mitigation in the area. However, there has not been any research examining the compatibility of flood inundation detection using multitemporal Sentinel-1 images with the flood susceptibility characteristics of the Bogowonto River. This study aims to evaluate this using a SWOT analysis. The results show that multitemporal analysis using Sentinel-1 images is not suitable for detecting flood inundation in the Bogowonto River due to difficulties in finding the right acquisition time at the time of the flood event. The duration of floods in the Bogowonto River is approximately 1-2 days, while the earliest reacquisition time for Sentinel-1 images for this study is 12 days. Additionally, Sentinel-1 images using band C have limitations in detecting floods under vegetation.

Floods are the most common natural disaster in Indonesia, with high intensity than any other natural disaster. A flood is a condition where an area is inundated due to an overflow of water that exceeds the water disposal capacity in a room, resulting in physical, social, and economic losses. The Serang watershed (DAS) belongs in the Priority I (critical) watershed condition, so it is necessary to determine flood-prone areas in future management. Sentinel 1 Remote Sensing Image (SAR) can record at any time, day or night, and in all weather conditions, making it suitable for flood analysis. This study aimed to determine the ability of Sentinel 1 Image (SAR) in determining the inundation flood area in Serang watershed, Kulonprogo Regency, Indonesia. The method used was the Otsu algorithm with threshold determination by measuring and evaluating the variance between classes of a threshold at a certain level calculated from the normalized histogram of the image. Floods in the Serang watershed, Kulonprogo Regency, mainly occur in agricultural areas. The ability of Sentinel images to obtain land surface data in all conditions can be used for flood analysis where passive sensor images cannot record it. In addition, the withdrawal of inundation areas on Sentinel 1 imagery using the Otsu algorithm can determine a threshold to separate inundated and unflooded areas with a confusion matrix of 77%. Keywords: Flood, Sentinel 1 (SAR), Otsu Algorithm

Cities have a common characteristic in the form of land utilisation, which is dominated by built-up areas. Tourism is an essential aspect of city development because it can involve the identity of the city. Historical buildings, landmarks, shopping centres and museums are generally interesting places for tourists to visit. Yogyakarta, the research area, is synonymous as a city of culture and of students. Knowledge of the spatial clustering patterns of tourists can be one of the references for urban development. Social media data were used in the study as an alternative to direct data collection, which requires considerable resources. Flickr and Twitter were used as proxies to dete rmine the distribution of tourists, and the DBSCAN and HDBSCAN clustering algorithms were used to determine the centres of tourist activity. Furthermore, Flickr data were analysed temporally to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism in Yogyakarta City. The clustering of social media data results shows that there are several city hotspots, besides the already well-known tourist attractions. Apart from city landmarks, several other tourist hotspots were revealed through the clustering process, such as accommodation, shopping centres, entertainment venues and souvenir shops, which also support tourism activities. The impact of COVID-19 on tourism in Yogyakarta City can be reflected through the number of uploaded photos by tourists on Flickr, which has decreased since March 2020.

Considered as a trigger of climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) is a global environmental issue. The City of Surakarta in Indonesia consists mainly of urban areas with high intensities of anthropogenic fossil energy consumption and, potentially, GHG emission. It is topographically a basin area and most likely prompts a Thermal Inversion, creating a risk of accumulation and entrapment of air pollutants or GHGs at low altitudes. Vegetation has been reported to mitigate the rate of increase in emissions because it acts as a natural carbon sink. This study aimed to mitigate the GHG emissions from energy consumption in Surakarta and formulate recommendations for control. It commenced with calculating the emission factors based on the IPCC formula and determining the key categories using the Level Assessment approach. It also involved computing the vegetation density according to the NDVI values of the interpretation of Sentinel 2A imagery. The estimation results showed that in 2018, the emission loads from the energy consumption in Surakarta reached 1,217,385.05 (tons of CO2e). The key categories of these emissions were electricity consumption, transportation on highways, and the domestic sector, with transportation on highways being the top priority. These loads have exceeded the local carrying capacity because they create an imbalance between emission and natural GHG sequestration by vegetations.

Spatial rainfall interpolation requires a number of suitable validation samples to maintain accuracy. Generally, the larger the areas which can be predicted, the better the interpolation. In addition, the data used for validation should be separated from the modelling data. Moreover, the number of samples determine optimally proportion the independent sites. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal sample ratio for holdout validation in interpolation methods; the Makassar Strait was chosen as the study location because of its daily rainfall variation. The accuracy of the sample selection is tested using correlation, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and the indicators of contingency tables. The results show that accuracy depends on the ratio of the modelling data. Therefore, the more extensive the data used for interpolation, the better the accuracy. Otherwise, if the rain gauge data is separated according to province, there will be a variation in accuracy in the portion of independent samples. For rainfall interpolation, it is recommended to use a minimum 75% of data sites to maintain accuracy. Comparison between kriging and inverse distance weighting or IDW methods indicates that IDW is better. Moreover, rainfall characteristics affect the accuracy and portion of the independent sample.

Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengkaji kondisi Fisik DAS Bedog dalam kaitannya respon DAS terhadap hujan, sebagai dasar untuk restorasi air di DAS Bedog. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengkaji jejaring irigasi di DAS Bedog kaitannya dengan adanya rekayasa irigasi. Adapun tujuan ketiga adalah mengkaji seberapa besar kelebihan air di DAS Bedog pada saat musim kemarau. Lokasi penelitian dipusatkan pada DAS Bedog yang berada di Lereng Selatan Gunungapi Merapi yang termasuk dalam wilayah Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. DAS ini dipilih karena memiliki fungsi penting sebagai resapan air yang menunjang sumber daya air di daerah bawahannya. Lokasi ini juga dianggap sesuai dengan Rencana Strategis UGM (2012-2017) salah satu prioritas riset menekankan pada masalah Penyelamatan Lingkungan Kritis dan Restorasi Lingkungan Daerah Resapan Air. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengkaji aspek fisik yang ada di DAS Bedog dimana fenomena hidrologi yang ada. parameter fisik lahan dianalisis tumpangsusun dengan Sistem Informasi Geografis untuk mendapatkan besaran-besaran koefisien aliran dan besar debit. Nilai hasil tersebut digunakan untuk analisis jaringan irigasi dan pengarian. Berdasarkan hasil analisis disimpulkan respon DAS terhadap hujan, data penggunaan lahan 2015 dan 2017 didapatkan nilai koefisien aliran (nilai C) adalah 0,47 dan 0,48. DAS Bedog masih relatif baik untuk menyimpan air yakni mampu menyimpan air hujan sekitar 52% sd 53%. Sistem jejaring irigasi di DAS Bedog, sumber airnya sebagian berasal dari pembendungan Sungai Krasak yang dialirkan ke daerah irigasi DAS Bedog, dan terdapat gabungan pembendungan sungai Krasak dan sungai Bedog yang digunakan untuk air irigasi di DAS Bedog . Terdapat lima Bendung untuk kebutuhan irigasi DAS Bedog. Kelebihan air irigasi di DAS Bedog yang bearsal dari Bendung I, II, Bendung III dialirkan ke Bendung 4, Bendung V, dan dialirkan ke sungai Bedog bagian setelah digunakan irigasi di wilayah irigasi Pulesari. Bendung IV dialirkan ke DAS Bedog untuk mencukupi air irigasi di wilayah irigasi Blumbang dan kelebihan air irigasi dimasukkan ke Bendung V.

A better understanding of the spatial variability of soil nitrogen content is required to achieve the best management in precision agriculture. The purpose of this research was to determine the spatial variability of soil nitrogen content based on reliefs in an apple orchard. The research was conducted from March to August 2018 in a 1210 hectare of apple orchard, Batu, East Java Province, Indonesia. Soil samples were taken using the stratified random sampling method. Data were processed by the GLM Univariate 5% method with SPSS 16.0. The results of the statistical analysis show that the Sig value and coefficient of determination were 0.000 and 0.846, respectively. This condition means that soil nitrogen content was significantly different in various reliefs. The apple orchard was divided into 10 (ten) zones with different soil nitrogen content in various relief. It is crucial as a basis for implementing precision agriculture in apple orchards, meaning that the determination of fertilizer dosage is adjusted to the soil nitrogen content in the various zones. This study concluded that relief significantly affects the spatial variability of soil nitrogen content.

Abstrak. Proses identifikasi kondisi lingkungan dapat dilakukan melalui adanya sidik cepat pemetaan Karst Rocky Desertification (KRD), termasuk di kawasan karst Gunungsewu bagian barat. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui secara cepat potensi intensitas proses KRD yang terjadi di wilayah kajian, menggunakan metode analisis data citra penginderaan jauh multispektral. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengolahan citra secara digital menjadi citra indeks NDVI dan BI ditunjang dengan menggunakan analisis Digital Elevation Model (DEM) untuk menghasilkan data kemiringan lereng. Kriteria kelas potensi terjadinya KRD yang dihasilkan yaitu non KRD, potensi KRD rendah, potensi KRD sedang dan potensi KRD tinggi dengan luas total wilayah kajian 56.686,17 Ha. Wilayah kajian masih didominasi kelas non KRD dengan luas 32.140,56 Ha, sedangkan potensi KRD rendah seluas 24.447,72 Ha, kelas potensi KRD sedang seluas 96,53 Ha dan potensi KRD tinggi seluas 1,36 Ha. Abstract. Identification of environmental conditions can be done through the rapid mapping of karst rocky desertification (KRD) process. The purpose of this study is to know rapidly the potential of KRD processes, using Landsat 8 OLI multispectral image that covering the western part of Gunungsewu karst area. The method used is digital image processing of NDVI and BI index supported by using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis to produce slope data. Criteria of KRD potential in this study are non KRD, low KRD potential, medium KRD potential and high KRD potential for total study area of 56.686,17 Ha. The study area dominated by non-KRD class with an area of 32.140,56 Ha, while the low KRD potential is 24.447,72 Ha, the medium KRD potential is 96,53 Ha and high KRD potential is 1,36 Ha.

ABSTRAK Hutan mangrove penting keberadaannya karena memberikan fungsi ekologi dan fungsi ekonomis bagi kehidupan masyarakat pesisir. Kerusakan hutan mangrove yang terjadi bersumber dari perilaku masyarakat untuk membuka lahan tambak, budidaya perikanan, dan penebangan liar karena semakin besarnya permintaan terhadap produksi kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : 1) mengkaji tingkat kerusakan hutan mangrove; 2) mengkaji aktivitas masyarakat yang mempengaruhi kerusakan hutan mangrove; 3) mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi aktivitas masyarakat terhadap kerusakan hutan mangrove; 4) mengkaji peran serta masyarakat dalam mengelola hutan mangrove. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode survei melalui wawancara dengan menggunakan kuisioner. Analisis data menggunakan tabel silang, kemudian hasilnya dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa melalui perhitungan INP (Indeks Nilai Penting) diketahui bahwa jenis vegetasi mangrove yang mendominasi dan memiliki peranan penting pada hutan mangrove di Desa Watumentade adalah jenis Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (tingkat semai (92,21), tingkat sapihan (87,98), dan tingkat pohon (139,84)), dan di Desa Tunas Baru adalah jenis Rhizophora mucronata (tingkat semai (67,52), tingkat sapihan (73,52), dan tingkat pohon (80,88)). Aktivitas masyarakat yang mempengaruhi terjadinya kerusakan hutan mangrove meliputi kegiatan pertambakan, dan penebangan liar yang digunakan sebagai kayu bakar dan bahan bangunan. Faktor-faktor kondisi sosial ekonomi yang mempengaruhi ativitas masyarakat meliputi pendidikan formal, pengetahuan, dan pendapatan masyarakat. Faktor tingkat pendidikan, pengetahuan (fungsi dan manfaat hutan mangrove, kerusakan hutan mangrove, dan pencegahan kerusakan hutan mangrove), dan pendapatan berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas masyarakat dalam bentuk penggunaan lahan pertambakan yang menyebabkan kerusakan terhadap hutan mangerove. Peranserta masyarakat dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove ditujukan oleh tindakan pencegahan kerusakan hutan mangrove, pada tingkat sedang (41,67%). ABSTRACT Presence of mangrove forest is very necessary because it serve ecological and economical functions to beach inhabitants’ life. Mangrove forest was damaged as result of inhabitants’ behavior to open embankment area, fishing, and illegal logging due to big demand for wood products. Objectives of research were (1) to study damage rate of mangrove forest; (2) to study inhabitants’ activity affecting damage of mangrove forest; (3) to study factors having effects of inhabitants’ activity on damage of mangrove forest; (4) to study roles of inhabitants in cultivating the mangrove forest. Methods used in this research were survey methods through interview using questionnaires. Data were analyzed by using cross-tables, the results were analyzed descriptively. Results of research indicated that, from calculation of INP (Important Value Index), it was known that types of mangrove vegetation dominating and having important role in mangrove forest in Watumentade Village were types of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (rate of seedling (92.21), rate of sapling (87.98), and rate of trees (139.84)); and in Tunas Baru Village were types of Rhizophora mucronata (rate of seedling (67.52); rate of sapling, (73.52); and rate of trees (80.88)). Inhabitants’ activity affecting damage of mangrove forest included activity of embankment, and illegal logging used as firewood and building materials. Factors of social-economic condition affecting inhabitants’ activity included formal education, knowledge, and inhabitants’ income. Factors of educational level, knowledge (function and benefit of mangrove forest) and income affected inhabitants’ activity in uses of embankment area were causing damage of mangrove forest. Inhabitants’ role in cultivating mangrove forest was aimed by mangrove forest damage prevention at medium rate (41.67%).

Indonesia merupakan wilayah tropis yang memiliki jumlah kejadian petir yang cukup tinggi dan memiliki resiko yang tinggi terhadap bencana yang disebabkan oleh petir. Oleh karena itu informasi yang tepat dan akurat tentang terjadinya petir sangat dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat khususnya pengguna transportasi udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengolahan pada data citra satelit MTSAT dan memanfaatkannya sebagai parameter untuk mengestimasi petir. Dalam menentukan seberapa kuat hubungan SPA terhadap intensitas petir harian digunakan metode korelasi dan untuk menentukan nilai threshold SPA menggunakan data SPA minimum dan SPA rata-rata dari seluruh data SPA yang diolah pada saat terjadi petir. Metode statistik Critical Succes Index (CSI), False Alarm Rate (FAR), Probability of Detection (POD) dan Percent Correct (PC), digunakan dalam mengevaluasi tingkat akurasi estimasi petir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan nilai SPA terhadap jumlah petir adalah cukup kuat, yaitu semakin rendah nilai SPA maka jumlah petir cenderung semakin meningkat. Pengolahan data SPA menghasilkan nilai threshold SPA untuk estimasi petir sebesar -41oC dan -67oC. Evaluasi estimasi petir menggunakan threshold SPA -41oC dan -67oC menghasilkan akurasi masing-masing sebesar 32% dan 65%. Tingkat akurasi estimasi petir menggunakan threshold SPA -67oC lebih tinggi dibandingkan menggunakan threshold SPA -41 oC. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian inidiketahui bahwa petir hanya terjadi pada nilai SPA yang lebih rendah dari -41oC, dan petir yang paling banyak terjadi adalah pada nilai SPA dalam rentang -65oC s/d -80oC

ABSTRAK Kebijakan pemerintah untuk menurunkan tingkat emisi GRK (Gas Rumah Kaca) dari sektor kehutanan membutuhkan sistem pendugaan kandungan karbon hutan untuk cakupan wilayah geografis yang luas dan waktu pengukuran yang cepat. Salah satu alternatifnya melalui pemanfaatan citra satelit synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan sensitivitas gelombang-L dari citra ALOS PALSAR terhadap nilai kandungan karbon di atas permukaan pada hutan mangrove. Penelitian dilakukan pada kawasan hutan mangrove, di Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Metode penyusunan model dilakukan berdasarkan analisis quantitatif menggunakan persamaan regresi, dengan cara mengkorelasikan nilai backscatter yang diekstrak dari citra ALOS PALSAR Res.50m pada polarisasi HH dan HV dengan nilai kandungan biomassa aktual hasil pengukuran lapangan berbasis plot alometrik. Model penduga yang dihasilkan kemudian digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah cadangan karbon dan sebarannya secara geografis. Ditemukan hubungan yang kuat dengan koefisien determinasi (R2) mencapai 62% pada polarisasi HH dengan bentuk persamaan Y=1647e0,358BS_HH dan, 98,6% pada polarisasi HV dengan bentuk persamaan Y = 6,828BS_HV2 + 279,4BS_HV + 2870; Berdasarkan model persamaan tersebut dihasilkan dua buah peta kelas kerapatan karbon model-1 (HH) dan model-2 (HV). Kandungan biomassa di atas permukaan (Aboveground biomass-AGB) pada hutan mangrove di Kabupaten Kubu Raya diketahui sebesar 178,43 Mg/ha; sedangkan potensi karbon di atas permukaan (aboveground biomass carbon) diketahui sebesar 5.334.454,9 Mg (Megagram) atau 5,3 Mt (Megaton) karbon, dan kemampuan dalam menyerap karbondioksida (CO2) adalah sebesar 19,451 Mt (Megaton) CO2 equivalent. Sensitivitas gelombang-L citra ALOS PALSAR terhadap objek yang diamati diperkirakan akan menurun pada saat karbon aktual tertinggi di lapangan mencapai 335,15 Mg ha-1. Dalam konteks mitigasi perubahan iklim, hutan mangrove di Kubu Raya dengan luas 71.069,21 Ha apabila dipertahankan keberadaannya maka akan berkontribusi mengurangi tingkat emisi GRK dari sektor kehutanan sebesar 0,76 %. ABSTRACT The government policy to reduce the GHG (Green House Gas) emision from forestry sector, the need for sufficient forest carbon stock measurement system which encompass a faster measurement and covering broader geographic area to estimate the potential of forest carbon stock is now growing, one of which is the use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in radar remote sensing systems. The objectives of this study are to demonstrate the strong relationship between the L-band backscatter of ALOS PALSAR and the aboveground carbon stock in mangrove forest; and its sensitivity level. The information resulted from this study can be useful in reducing strategies of GHG (Green House Gases) emision, due to the climate change mitigation efforts in Indonesia. The study site was located at the area of mangrove forest, in Kubu Raya regency, West Kalimantan. The estimation models for aboveground biomass carbon stock was obtained from a quantitative analysis using regression method; i.e. by correlating the values of ALOS PALSAR 50m Res. backscatters at HH and HV polarization with the actual biomass total amount resulted from field -based allometric plots measurements. The estimation models were subsequently use for forest carbon stocks quantification in mangroves, and its distribution geographically. Strong relationship was found with coefficient of determination (R2) 62 % on HH polarization based on the equation model of Y=1647e0,358BS_HH and , 98.6 % on HV polarization based on the equation model of Y = 6,828BS_HV2 + 279,4BS_HV + 2870; two models of carbon density classification maps i.e. model-1 (HH) and model-2 (HV) are also resulted from the two equation models. The quantity of AGB (aboveground biomass) of mangrove forest in Kubu Raya district found as 178.43 Mg/ ha, while the aboveground biomass carbon is 5,334,454.9 Mg (Mega grams) or 5,3 Mt (Mega tons) of carbon, and the capacity of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration is 19.451 Mt (megatons) CO2 equivalent. The Sensitivity of L-band of ALOS PALSAR illumination on the object was expected to reach its saturation point when the highest total amount of actual carbon stock at field achieved the 335,15 Mg ha-1. In the context of climate change mitigation, the 71,069.21 ha area of mangrove forests in Kubu Raya if it remain save and be avoided from further deforestation and forest degradation, it will contribute to reduce the rate of GHG emissions from forestry sector by 0.76 %.

Adanya pemanfaatan lahan yang intensif dan ekspolitatif dapat menurunkan daya dukung dan fungsi lingkungan DAS yang menyebabkan lahan menjadi terdegradasi. Tingginya luasan lahan kritis menjadi ancaman terhadap daya dukung DAS yang akan berdampak pada ketidakseimbangan hidrologi dalam DAS. Salah satu akibat ketidakseimbangan hidrologi dalam DAS adalah terjadinya banjir. DAS Juwana merupakan DAS Prioritas I berdasarkan penetapan 108 DAS prioritas. Salah satu indikator untuk menentukan degradasi dalam DAS dapat diketahui berdasarkan nilai koefisien aliran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik fisik DAS yang berpengaruh dalam penentuan koefisien aliran, menghitung koefisien aliran dengan mempertimbangkan parameter karakteristik fisik DAS dan memberikan rekomendasi pengelolaan banjir di DAS Juwana yang potensial banjir dalam mendukung upaya pengelolaan DAS dari hulu sampai hilir. Koefisien aliran dihitung denggan menggunakan metode cook yang memperhitungkan parameter kemiringan lereng, infiltrasi tanah, tutupan vegetasi dan simpanan permukaan. Perumusan pengendalian banjir dilakukan dengan melakukan penatagunaan lahan yang disesuaikan dengan arahan fungsi penggunaan lahan sehingga diharapkan menurunkan nilai koefisien aliran dan debit banjir. Karakteristik fisik DAS Juwana yang mempengaruhi penentuan koefisien aliran berdasarkan metode Cook yaitu Kemiringan lereng dengan rata-rata skor C sebesar 0,178, kerapatan aliran dengan rata-rata skor 0,084, infiltrasi dengan rata-rata skor 0,115 dan tutupan vegetasi dengan rata-rata skor 0,127. Kontribusi masing masing parameter dalam penilaian koefisien aliran yang memiliki pengaruh paling terbesar sampai paling terkecil dalam besarnya koefisien aliran yaitu kemiringan lereng yang memiliki pengaruh sebesar 35,39%, kemudian tutupan vegetasi sebesar 25,25%, infiltrasi sebesar 22,86% dan terakhir adalah kerapatan aliran yang berkontribusi sebesar 16,70%. Nilai koefisien aliran di DAS Juwana sebesar 50,25% yang termasuk kriteria tinggi. Daerah yang menjadi prioritas penanganan dalam pengendalian banjir terdapat pada satuan lahan yang memiliki nilai koefisien aliran tinggi sampai ekstrim seluas 48042,46 ha atau sebesar 36,84% dari luas DAS Juwana. Dalam upaya mengendalikan banjir dirumuskan beberapa pengelolaan yaitu penatagunaan lahan merestorasi, reklamasi dan konservasi penggunaan lahan sesuai dengan arahan fungsi penggunaan lahan sehingga dapat dikendalikannya aliran permukaan (surface run-off) karena berfungsinya tutupan vegetasi pada setiap penggunaan lahan disertai dengan pengelolaan lahan yang berbasis konservasi tanah dan air serta melalui pendekatan kolaboratif dengan memperhatikan potensi dan sensitivitas sumberdaya dalam DAS dan pesisir sehingga diperoleh pengelolaan yang terpadu.

Terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem yang kompleks, khas, dan unik yang ditandai oleh tingginya keanekaragaman jenis biota penghuninya. Hubungan antar komponen biotik dan abiotik sangat erat, sehingga eksploitasi terhadap suatu jenis biota dapat mengakibatkan perubahan populasi biota lainya. Penyebab utama kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang secara garis besar disebabkan oleh faktor alam dan faktor manusia. Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara memiliki sumberdaya pesisir dan laut yang menjadi unggulan, namun pada saat ini mulai mengalami kerusakan akibat aktifitas manusia yang kurang terkendali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengkaji kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang di Pantai Ngurbloat Kecamatan Kei Kecil, Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara; (2) menganalisis faktor-faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang di daerah penelitian; dan (3) merumuskan kebijakan penanganan kerusakan eskositem terumbu karang di daereah penelitian. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei. Analisis strategi pengelolaan lingkungan dapat disusun berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 04 Tahun 2001 mengenai Kriteria Baku Kerusakan Terumbu Karang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi terumbu karang berada pada kondisi sangat rusak (LP I), rusak (LPII) dan baik (LP III). Kerusakan tersebut diakibatkan karena antropogenik (kegiatan manusia) dan non-antropogenik (perubahan ekologis, faktor alam), antara lain: penangkapan ikan memakai bom ikan; panah; jaring; bubu; pengambilan karang untuk bahan bangunan dan hiasan akuarium; dan hiasan dinding. Rencana strategis pengelolaan terumbu karang di perairan Pantai Ngurbloat diusulkan sebagai berkut: (1) penetapan zonasi kawasan terumbu karang sesuai daya dukung lingkungan; (2) penetapan kegiatan atau usaha yang boleh atau tidak boleh dilakukan pada setiap zona yang telah ditetapkan; (3) pengendalian penangkapan ikan dengan alat tangkap yang ramah lingkungan (tidak merusak terumbu karang dan lingkungan) serta dilakukan pada lokasi dan musim (waktu) yang tepat; (4) meningkatkan kesadaran dan kepatuhan masyarakat nelayan di Pantai Ngurbloat akan pentingnya terumbu karang sebagai upaya optimalisasi pemanfaatan dan pelestarian sumberdaya alam.

Pemrakarsa suatu usaha/kegiatan wajib mempunyai ijin lingkungan yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Lingkungan Hidup (BLH) dalam bentuk RKL-RPL. Melalui RKL dan RPL, dampak lingkungan akibat suatu kegiatan akan mampu mencegah, mengendalikan, dan menanggulangi sehingga dapat meminimalkan dampak negatif dan memaksimalkan dampak positif dari suatu rencana kegiatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja monitoring dan evaluasi terhadap BLH, menemukan persepsi publik terhadap kinerja monev, menganalisa faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh, dan merumuskan strategi kebijakan untuk meningkatkan kinerja monev. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif yang menekankan pada analisis terhadap masalah tertentu secara mendalam dan eksploratif seputar kinerja monev BLH Kobar dalam implementasi RKL-RPL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa monev RKL-RPL belum berjalan secara optimal sehingga perlu adanya pembenahan pada pelaksanaan dan komitmen pemerintah daerah, lembaga publik, dan partisipasi publik dalam prosesnya. Strategi untuk meningkatkan kinerja monev RKL-RPL terdapat delapan langkah yaitu (1) revisi program prioritas pemerintah daerah, (2) penyusunan perda pendukung monev, (3) pengembangan program publikasi monev, (4) memfasilitasi pembentukan forum diskusi dan komunitas sosial peduli lingkungan, (5) perbaikan manajemen SDM, (6) peningkatan kapasitas pemrakarsa secara berkala, (7) peningkatan sarana dan prasarana pendukung monev, dan (8) revisi teknis pelaksanaan monev RKL-RPL

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aktivitas penambangan timah putih (Sn) terhadap kerusakan lingkungan perairan Sungai Jelitik yang diindikasikan oleh penurunan kualitas air Sungai Jelitik dan kerusakan sempadan Sungai Jelitik.Metode penelitian ini adalah survey dengan sampel diambil secara purposive sampling terhadap air sungai pada bagian hulu, tengah, dan hilir Sungai Jelitik, serta Air Limbah aktivitas penambangan timah sebelum masuk ke perairan Sungai Jelitik dengan parameter meliputi Kekeruhan, pH, logam berat meliputi Besi (Fe), Seng (Zn), Tembaga (Cu), Timbal (Pb), dan Kadmium (Cd). Untuk Kekeruhan, dan pH pengukuran dilakukan secara langsung menggunakan water quality chekeer.Berdasarkan hasil analisis laboratorium terhadap kualitas air Sungai Jelitik menunjukan bahwa 4 parameter kualitas air yang diukur telah melampaui baku mutu yang dipersyaratkan sesuai dengan PPRI Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 dan PerMenkes Nomor 416 Tahun 1990 tentang Syarat–syarat dan Pengawasan Kualitas Air yaitu pH dengan nilai rata-rata 5.39, logam Besi (Fe) pada Hulu sungai (P1) 0,053 mg/l, bagian Tengah (P2) 0,458 mg/l, dan Hilir (P4) 0,380 mg/l dengan baku mutu 0 mg/l dan kekeruhan pada bagian tengah (P2) dan Hilir (P4) >999 NTU dengan baku mutu lingkungan 25 NTU serta logam Zn pada Hilir Sungai (P4) 0,082 mg/l dengan baku mutu lingkungan 0,05mg/l, sehingga kualitas air Sungai Jelitik telah mengalami penurunan akibat aktivitas penambangan disekitarnya. Aktivitas penambangan juga berdampak terhadap kerusakan sempadan sungai di bagian tengah dan hilir Sungai Jelitik dengan luasan kerusakan masing-masing 1.983 Hektar di bagian tengah dan 1.663 hektar di bagian hilir. ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the effect of tin mining (Sn) for environmental damage at Jelitik river that indicated by the decline in river water quality and damage to riparian Jelitik river.This research method is a survey with a sample taken by purposive sampling of river water at the upstream, midstream, and downstream river Jelitik and wastewater of tin mining activities before going into the waters of the River, with parameters include turbidity, pH, heavy metals that is iron (Fe ), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd). For turbidity, and pH measurements were made directly using a water quality chekeer.Based on the results of laboratory analysis of water quality showed that 4 Jelitik River water quality parameters measured has exceeded the required quality standards in accordance with the PPRI Number 82 Year 2001 and Permenkes Number 416 of 1990 on terms and Water Quality Monitoring pH value is an average 5.39, metal Iron (Fe) in the river upstream (P1) 0.053 mg/l, central (P2) 0.458 mg/l, and Lower (P4) 0.380 mg/l with standard quality 0 mg/l and turbidity in the middle (P2) and Downstream (P4) > 999 NTU to 25 NTU environmental standards as well as the downstream river Zn metal (P4) 0.082 mg/l to the environmental quality standard of 0.05 mg/l. This means that water quality of Jelitik River has declined due to mining activities that rivers. Mining activities also affect to border of river in the middle and lower with area 1.983 acres in the middle and 1.663 acres in the lower.

ABSTRAK Secara umum julat nilai spektral objek diperoleh melalui perpustakaan spektral (spectral library) atau melalui pengukuran langsung di lapangan dengan alat ukur spectroradiometer, spectrometer, dan spectrophotometer, atau alat-alat sejenis yang mahal serta jarang, sehingga sulit untuk memperoleh julat nilai spektral objek tertentu. Studi tentang Metode Density Slicing Berbasis Citra ALOS AVNIR-2 Untuk Pemetaan Hutan Mangrove di Estuari Sungai Andai, Manokwari Papua Barat dilakukan dengan tujuan menghasilkan prosedur analisis perolehan julat nilai spektral melalui analis histogram band inframerah dekat ALOS AVNIR-2. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui dua tahapan metode analisis, yakni: 1) Analisis utama untuk menghasilkan julat nilai spektral, yakni analisis histogram band inframerah dekat ALOS AVNIR-2, dan 2) Analisis tambahan untuk menjelaskan tingkat akurasi julat nilai spektral melalui: (a) survei lapangan yang menghasilkan data untuk proses uji akurasi reklasifikasi metode density slicing, serta (b) melakukan uji akurasi terhadap peta zonasi mangrove berbasis density slicing. Analisis tersebut dijabarkan melalui pendekatan penginderaan jauh multitingkat, dimana citra QuickBird digunakan sebagai referensi untuk masking citra ALOS AVNIR-2, dan juga untuk validasi peta hasil metode density slicing. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah prosedur analisis perolehan julat nilai spektral dan julat nilai spektral zonasi genus mangrove. Akurasi pemetan hutan mangrove untuk metode density slicingmenghasilkan nilai 40%. Nilai tersebut masih belum memenuhi standar ketelitian yang diharapkan. Namun demikian, penelitian ini secara keseluruhan dapat menghasilkan julat nilai spektral, dan hal ini memberikan implikasi terhadap pengembangan prosedur untuk menghasilkan julat nilai spektral objek. ABSTRACT Generally the range of spectral value objects can be obtained through spectral library or through direct measurement in the field with measuring instrument spectroradiometer, spectrometer and spectrophotometer, or similar tool are expensive and rarely, so difficult to obtain spectral range of the certain objects value. Study about Slicing Density Method is based AVNIR ALOS-2 imagery for mapping of mangrove forest in the river estuary Andai, Manokwari, West Papua with the purpose of generating the acquisition analysis procedures spectral value range through near infrared band histogram analysis of AVNIR ALOS-2. Aim of this study through two stages of analysis methods, namely: 1) The primary analysis to produce a spectral value range, namely histogram analysis near infrared band AVNIR ALOS-2 and 2) Additional analysis to explain the level of accuracy range spectral value through: (a) field survey that produced data to process of classification accuracy test with density slicing method, and (b) to examine the accuracy of zoning map based mangrove density slicing. This analysis describe through a multilevel remote sensing approach, which QuickBird imagery is used as a reference for masking AVNIR ALOS-2, and also to validate of map density slicing method. The results of this research is procedure of acquisition spectral value range and the spectral range of mangrove genus value zoning. Accuration of Mangrove forest mapping with density slicing method produces value of 40%. This value is still not comply expected accuracy standards. Nevertheless, overall this research can produce a range of spectral values, and it has implications for development procedure to product a spectral range of the certain objects value.

This research aims to evaluate rainfall estimates of satellite products in regions that have high variations of rainfall pattern. The surrounding area of Makassar Strait have chosen because of its distinctive rainfall pattern between the eastern and western parts of the Makassar Strait. For this purpose, spatial distribution of Pearson’s coefficient correlation and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is used to evaluate accuracy of rainfall in the eastern part of Kalimantan Island and the western part of Sulawesi Island. Moreover, we also used the contingency table to complete the parameter accuracy of the TRMM rainfall estimates. The results show that the performance of TRMM rainfall estimates varies depending on space and time. Overall, the coefficient correlation between TRMM and rain observed from no correlation was -0.06 and 0.78 from strong correlation. The best correlation is on the eastern coast of South West Sulawesi located in line with the Java Sea. While, no variation in the correlation was related to flatland such as Kalimantan Island. On the other hand, in the mountain region, the correlation of TRMM rainfall estimates and observed rainfall tend to decrease. The RMSE distribution in this region depends on the accumulation of daily rainfall. RMSE tends to be high where there are higher fluctuations of fluctuating rainfall in a location. From contingency indicators, we found that the TRMM rainfall estimates were overestimate. Generally, the absence of rainfall during the dry season contributes to improving TRMM rainfall estimates by raising accuracy (ACC) in the contingency table.

ABSTRAK Borassus flabellifer usually known as Toddy palm or Lontar is a member of Family Arecaceae, a kind of palms that highly distributed in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province. This palm is abundant and wellknown for its endless uses, such as for building material, cattle feed, and food for the people in Linamnutu. Therefore study on Toddy palm density, fertility, and its survivorship is necessary to reveal natural sustainability of Toddy Palm for future use. This study was done through field work in Linamnutu Village, Timor Tengah Selatan Regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province from June 19th to July 1st 2011. Sampling sites was selected using remote sensing analysis method, and . Results showed that density of Lontar in nature was 195 trees per hectare, while using remote sensing methods plant density was 221 trees per hectare in 4,332 hectare. Total lontar trees in the village are 845.885 trees. Seed survivorship is 0.34 %. The high density and number of trees in more than 50 % cover area is still enough for future needs of inhabitants in Linamnutu, even though for future economic subsistence, a local wisdom to culture Lontar seedlings was encouraged for the future prospect. ABSTRACT Borassus flabellifer yang dikenal sebagai Lontar (Toddy palm) adalah anggota famili Arecaceae, merupakan tumbuhan palma yang tersebar sangat baik di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Tumbuhan palma ini sangat melimpah dan dikenal karena kegunaannya yang sangat tinggi, materi bahan bangunan, makanan ternak, dan juga sebagai makanan untuk penduduk di desa Linamnutu. Oleh karena itu penelitian tentang sustainabilitas alami, meliputi kerapatan tumbuhan, fertilitas dan nilai sintasannya sangat penting dikethaui untuk penggunaan di masa mendatang. Penelitian densitas Lontar ini dilaksanakan di desa Linamnutu, kecamatan Timor Tengah Selatan, NTT pada tanggal 19 Juni sampai dengan 1 Juli 2011 dari 6 lokasi yang dipilih menggunakan analisis citra foto udara dan citra landsat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerapatan Lontar di alam sebesar 195/ha, sementara menggunakan pendekatan NDVI diperoleh kerpatan 221/ha dengan luas wilayah 4.332 ha. Jumlah total pohon Lontar di desa Linamnutu adalah 845.885 buah dengan sintasan biji sebesar 0,34 %. Kerapatan pohon yang masih tinggi di lebih dari 50% luas wilayah masih memenuhi keperluan bahan bangunan di masa mendatang bagi penduduk desa Linamnutu. Meskipun demikian, untuk pemenuhan ekonomi keluarga secara swasembada, pemencaran semai Lontar untuk dibudidayakan perlu didorong untuk prospek yang lebih baik di masa mendatang.

The Gadjah Mada University area is one of the leading educational centers in Indonesia which is a socio-economic center for the surrounding areas as well as a mobilization center for the academic community and the general public. The density of motorized vehicles can trigger environmental pollution, especially air pollution and the risk of public health problems. The aim of this research is to examine the concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and its effect on air pollution in the UGM area, analyze the effect of CO on public health in the UGM area, and formulate air pollution control strategies. Determination of abiotic samples was carried out based on SNI 19-7119.9-2005 using a CO Meter, while for biotic and cultural aspects using the in-depth interview method. Next, an analysis was carried out using the DPSIR method to formulate an air pollution control strategy. The research results show that the average CO on Weekdays is 22 ppm and on holidays it is 17 ppm. This concentration is above the permitted quality standard (10 ppm). Based on the results of in-depth interviews, the influence of CO concentrations that are above quality standards can cause ARI, both mild and severe. Motor vehicle exhaust gas also triggers another disease, namely COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). Control strategies that can be implemented are by testing motor vehicle emissions, regulating traffic during peak hours, limiting the number of cars/motorbikes entering the UGM area by implementing Vehicle Identity Card (KIK) signs, optimizing parking pockets, and suggest on the academic community to use public transportation provided by UGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]