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The use of chemiluminophores for tracing enzymatic activities in live-cell imaging has gained significant attention, making them valuable tools for diagnostic applications. Among various chemiluminophores, the phenoxy-1,2-dioxetane scaffold exhibits significant structural versatility and its activation is governed by the chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL) mechanism. This mechanism can be initiated by enzymatic activity, changes in pH, or other chemical stimuli. The photophysical properties of phenoxy-1,2-dioxetanes can be fine-tuned through the incorporation of different substituents on the phenolic ring and by anchoring them with specific triggers. This review discusses the variations in physicochemical properties, including emission maxima, quantum yield, aqueous solubility, and pKa, as influenced by structural modifications, thereby establishing a comprehensive structure–activity relationship. Furthermore, it categorises the probes based on different enzyme classes, such as hydrolase-sensitive probes, oxidoreductase-responsive probes, and transferase-activatable phenoxy-1,2-dioxetanes, offering a promising platform technology for the early diagnosis of diseases and disorders. The summary section highlights key opportunities and limitations associated with applying phenoxy-1,2-dioxetanes in achieving precise and effective enzyme assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D‐alanine: D‐alanine ligase (Rv2981c or Ddl) (EC 6.3.2.4) is a bacterial protein that performs critical functions for the proper growth and development of bacterial cells. Understanding the activity profile of Ddl within the various strains of the bacteria seems vital in broad‐spectrum antimicrobial drug discovery. Therefore, to understand this heterologous nature, we focused on understanding the functional impact of the structural differences in the Ddl protein from Legionella pneumophila and E. coli bacteria. The structural features and dynamic behavior of Ddl, the interaction pattern, and the docking score of the Ddl‐ATP/ADP are also found significantly different from each other. In‐depth analysis viz molecular dynamics simulation and residue interaction network (RIN) studies provided us the detailed insight into the differences in the Ddl proteins from both the bacteria. In conclusion, understanding the inter‐specific differences in the antibiotic targets Ddl in the case of diverse bacterial strains is vital for rationalizing the treatment of these infectious diseases. Therefore, the current work attempts to foresee the development of more efficacious antibacterial agents devoid of emerging resistance to bacterium strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computing on the cloud has changed the working of mankind in every manner, from storing to fetching every information on the cloud. To protect data on the cloud various access procedures and policies are used such as authentication and authorization. Authentication means the intended user is access data on the cloud and authorization means the user is accessing only that data for which he is allowed. The intended user now also includes Cyber-Physical Devices. Cyber-Physical Devices share data between them, fetch data from cloud. Cloud data is managed by employees of cloud Companies. Persons sitting on the cloud managing companies data is always doubtful as so many insider attacks have happened in the past affecting the company Image in the market. Data Related to Cyber-Physical Space may come under Insider attack. Companies managing user data are also liable to protect user data from any type of attack under various sections of the Indian IT act. Work in this paper has proposed blockchain as a possible solution to track the activities of employees managing cloud. Employee authentication and authorization are managed through the blockchain server. User authentication related data is stored in blockchain. Authorization rules are written in any Role/Attribute-based access language. These authorization rules stores the data related to user requests allowed access to data in blockchain. Proposed work will help cloud companies to have better control over their employee's activities, thus help in preventing insider attack on User and Cyber-Physical Devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]