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In many reactions involving selenosulfonate or thiosulfonate, the sulfone group often leaves in form of benzenesulfinic acid or sodium benzenesulfinate. A one-pot two-step reaction of selenosulfonate with isocyanides and allyl alcohol under aqueous conditions to afford selenocarbamates and allyl sulfone compounds is reported. The sulfinic acid as the first-step side product is converted to the allyl sulfone compound by water promoted reaction with allyl alcohol. Water acts as both an oxygen source of selenocarbamates and as a promoter to drive the second step reaction. The reactions have the advantages of mild conditions, green, environment-friendly, and high atomic economy.

A study on the reactivity of NHC cobalt half-sandwich complexes [(η5-C5R15)Co(R22Im)(η2-C2H4)] (R1 = H; R2 = Me 1, iPr 2) and [(η5-C5R15)Co(R22Im)(η2-C2H3{SiMe3})] (R1 = H, R2 = Me 3, iPr 4; R1 = Me, R2 = Me 5, iPr 6) towards selected perfluoroarenes is presented (R2Im = 1,3-di(organyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene). The reaction with hexafluorobenzene, perfluorotoluene and decafluorobiphenyl at 100 °C led to the isolation of the cobalt(II) complexes [CpCo(iPr2Im)(C6F5)] 7, [CpCo(iPr2Im)(C7F7)] 8, [CpCo(iPr2Im)(C12F9)] 9, [Cp*Co(iPr2Im)(C6F5)] 10, [Cp*Co(iPr2Im)(C7F7)] 11 and [Cp*Co(iPr2Im)(C12F9)] 12 (Cp* = η5-C5{CH3}5), Cp = η5-C5H5). The cobalt(II) fluoride [CpCo(iPr2Im)(F)] was detected as a side product of these reactions. The reaction of [CpCo(R22Im)(η2-C2H4)] (R2 = Me 1, iPr 2) with C6F6 and C7F8 at 60 °C afforded the dinuclear complexes [{CpCo(R22Im)}2(μ-η2,η2-C6F6)] (R2 = Me 13, iPr 14) and [{CpCo(R22Im)}2(μ-η2,η2-C7F8)] (R2 = Me 15, iPr 16). Furthermore, the dinuclear complexes [{CpCo(Me2Im)}2(μ-η2,η2-C10F8)] 17, [{CpCo(iPr2Im)}2(μ-η2,η2-C10F8)] 18 and mononuclear [CpCo(iPr2Im)(η2-C10F8)] 19 were isolated from the reaction of 1 and 2 with octafluoronaphthalene at room temperature. Based on the experimental data a mechanism is proposed for the C–F bond activation of perfluoroarenes with complexes [Cp(*)Co(NHC)(olefin)]. Transfer of [Cp(*)Co(NHC)] to the perfluoroarene, which is limited by the activation barrier to replace the alkene ligand, affords mononuclear cobalt complexes [Cp(*)Co(NHC)(η2-ArF)]. Ligand dismutation at higher temperatures leads to dinuclear complexes [{Cp(*)Co(NHC)}2(μ-η2,η2-ArF)], which are precursors for the formation of the cobalt(II) complexes [Cp(*)Co(NHC)(ArF)] and [Cp(*)Co(NHC)(F)]. One electron oxidative addition prevails in the C–F bond activation step using these cobalt half-sandwich complexes.

Stone dust nowadays is a side product of the stone crushing industry, the quality of which is quite a lot that it becomes a waste that needs to be handled. This study is intended to find out the composition of stone dust by adding some additive substance type D and type F to reach a compressive strength of 350 kg/cm2. The variation of percentage of stone dust on the composition of concrete mixture is 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%. The design of concrete mixture composition refers to the procedure of making preparation of the normal concrete mixture. SNI 03-2384-1993. The size of the cylinder test object is 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height. The result of this research shows that the mixture using stone dust has quite an effect on the compressive strength of concrete. From the result of the experiment, it is shown that for compressive strength of 350 kg/cm2, we can use 100% of stone dust with a resulted compressive strength of 445 kg/cm2.

The acetate-initiated aliphatic isocyanate trimerization to isocyanurate was investigated by state-of-the-art analytical and computational methods. Although the common cyclotrimerization mechanism assumes the consecutive addition of three equivalents of isocyanate to acetate prior to product formation, we found that the underlying mechanism is more complex. In this work, we demonstrate that the product, in fact, is formed via the connection of two unexpected catalytic cycles, with acetate being only the precatalyst. The initial discovery of a precatalyst activation by quantum chemical computations and the resulting first catalysis cycle were corroborated by mass spectrometric and NMR experiments, thereby additionally revealing a catalyst migration to the second catalytic cycle. These results were further confirmed by computations, completing the full mechanistic understanding of this catalytic system. Identification of a side product with undesired properties for final coating applications allows for process optimization in the chemical industry.

The paper presents a k-means-based algorithm for blockmodeling linked networks where linked networks are defined as a collection of one-mode and two-mode networks in which units from different one-mode networks are connected through two-mode networks. The reason for this is that a faster algorithm is needed for blockmodeling linked networks that can better scale to larger networks. Examples of linked networks include multilevel networks, dynamic networks, dynamic multilevel networks, and meta-networks. Generalized blockmodeling has been developed for linked/multilevel networks, yet the generalized blockmodeling approach is too slow for analyzing larger networks. Therefore, the flexibility of generalized blockmodeling is sacrificed for the speed of k-means-based approaches, thus allowing the analysis of larger networks. The presented algorithm is based on the two-mode k-means (or KL-means) algorithm for two-mode networks or matrices. As a side product, an algorithm for one-mode blockmodeling of one-mode networks is presented. The algorithm’s use on a dynamic multilevel network with more than 400 units is presented. A situation study is also conducted which shows that k-means based algorithms are superior to relocation algorithm-based methods for larger networks (e.g. larger than 800 units) and never much worse.

Mechanistic studies of a stoichiometric palladium-mediated ExIn (ExIn = extrusion–insertion) decarboxylative amidation of aromatic carboxylic acids are presented, providing gas-phase and condensed-phase spectroscopic data, as well as theoretical computational evidence for intermediates in a proposed stepwise process. The understanding gained from these mechanistic studies directed the development of a palladium-catalyzed procedure in which benzamides are obtained in good to high yields in a one-pot 30 min microwave irradiation assisted protocol. A combination of experimental data and DFT calculations reveals that certain ligand additives favor the selective formation of benzamides rather than the undesired protodecarboxylation side product.

We describe a synergistic utilization of copper catalysis and proton-transfer catalysis that enables an atom- and step-economical aza-[4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of readily available N-arylamino carbonyl compounds with simple 1,3-dienes. The reaction proceeds smoothly under an air atmosphere and produces water as the sole side product. Whereas the amines can directly serve as the C- and N-atom donors, this operationally simple protocol provides green, rapid, and efficient access to 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines with a broad scope.

Pineapple is one of the tropical fruits that grows a lot in Indonesia, Beluk Village, Belik District, Pemalang Regency is one of the large pineapple producers. At present there are various processed products from pineapple. However, there is a side product of pineapple skin waste from the processing of pineapple which has not been processed properly. Research on the content and benefits has been carried out in the laboratory, but the results have not been well socialized. Pineapple contains bromelin enzymes including the skin. The bromelin enzyme is a proteolytic enzyme that is antimicrobial, so it can be used as dandruff shampoo. Therefore, transfer of knowledge to reduce pineapple skin waste is very necessary.This study prioritizes participatory functions of women group (PKK). The main purpose of this study is transfer of knowledge to reduce pineapple skin waste by providing training to PKK group in utilizing pineapple skin waste as shampoo. Meanwhile, PKK group can earning extra income from shamppo produced from pineapple skin waste.The social engineering approach is used in this study, a combination of a social or community development approach with a simple method of processing pineapple skin waste. A social approach is needed to increase public awareness to utilize pineapple skin waste. The technical approach is used for laboratory-scale study on pineapple skin. Meanwhile, it also simplifies the processing of pineapple skin waste into shampoo so that it can be widely adopted by the community. Keywords: pineapple skin waste, community empowerment, shampoo of pineapple skin

Here we report an ‘injection’ strategy to introduce transportable Li-ion in the metallic Li free sulfur-graphite (S-G) pouch type full cell, which could alleviate the safety issues from Li dendrites. A novel process with organolithium reagent is used to reduce S to Li2S rapidly during assembling the pouch type full cell. The sublimation property of the side product enables the in-situ injection in the pouch type cell, which will not introduce impurities. In addition, this ‘injection’ strategy avoids the drawbacks from the instability of the Li2S to moisture, which could largely reduce the production cost and improve the practical energy density of the cell. The injected Li2S-G battery shows quite stable cyclability with a capacity of 640 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C rate. This in-situ ‘injection’ method provides an effective and practical way to produce Li metal free sulfur Li-ion battery with alleviated safety issues.

15 pages; International audience; We explore a method to influence or even control the diversity of opinions within a polarised social group. We leverage the voter model in which users hold binary opinions and repeatedly update their beliefs based on others they connect with. Stubborn agents who never change their minds (\zealots") are also disseminated through the network, which is modelled by a connected graph. Building on earlier results, we provide a closed-form expression for the average opinion of the group at equilibrium. This leads us to a strategy to inject zealots into a polarised network in order to shift the average opinion towards any target value. We account for the possible presence of a backfire effect, which may lead the group to react negatively and reinforce its level of polarisation in response. Our results are supported by numerical experiments on synthetic data.

Bio-based monomers represent the future market for polymer chemistry, since the political economics of different states promote green ventures toward more sustainable materials and processes. Industrial pulp and paper processing represent a large market that could advance the use of by-products to avoid waste production and reduce pollution. Lignin represents the most available side product that can be used to produce a bio-based monomer. This review is concentrated on the possibility of using bio-based monomer derivates from pulp and the paper industry for UV-curing processing. UV-curing represents the new frontier for thermoset production, allowing a fast reaction cure, less energy demand, and the elimination of solvent. The growing demand for new monomers increases research in the environmental field to substitute for petroleum-based products. This review provides an overview of the main monomers and relative families of compounds derived from industrial processes that are suitable for UV-curing. Particular focus is given to the developments reached in the last few years concerning lignin, rosin and terpenes and the related possible applications of these in UV-curing chemistry.

In this paper, we show that the expansions of functions from $L^{p}$ -Paley–Wiener type spaces in terms of the prolate spheroidal wave functions converge almost everywhere for $1\lt p\lt \infty $ , even in the cases when they might not converge in $L^{p}$ -norm. We thereby consider the classical Paley–Wiener spaces $PW_{c}^{p}\subset L^{p}({\mathbb{R}})$ of functions whose Fourier transform is supported in $[-c,c]$ and Paley–Wiener-like spaces $B_{{\alpha },c}^{p}\subset L^{p}(0,\infty )$ of functions whose Hankel transform ${\mathcal{H}}^{\alpha }$ is supported in $[0,c]$ . As a side product, we show the continuity of the projection operator $P_{c}^{\alpha }f:={\mathcal{H}}^{\alpha }(\chi _{[0,c]}\cdot {\mathcal{H}}^{\alpha }f)$ from $L^{p}(0,\infty )$ to $L^{q}(0,\infty )$ , $1\lt p\leq q\lt \infty $ .

Attempts to prepare hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac) piano stool complexes of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Cp∗ iridium and rhodium led to a surprising array of unexpected products. The desired complex, Cp∗M(hfac)Cl, was obtained following the reaction of sodium hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfacNa) with [Cp ∗MCl 2 ] 2 in dichloromethane. Variations of this synthetic method resulted in twelve unique crystal- lographically identified products, eleven of which contain the hfac ligand or a trifluoroacetylacetonate (TFA) ligand, either coordinated to the metal or as a non-coordinating anion. Five dinuclear Cp ∗iridium hydroxo-bridged products with various fluorinated non-coordinating anions were obtained. The most in- triguing two complexes are trinuclear Cp ∗Ir III hydroxo-bridged clusters that have, at their core, an Ir 3 NaO 4 cubane structure. Attempts to devise rational syntheses of the hydroxo-bridged cluster compounds were not successful. Generation of the TFA moieties likely occurred following degradation of Cp ∗Ir(hfac)Cl. The reaction between [Cp ∗MCl 2 ] 2 and 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonate (tfac) proceeded as expected to give Cp ∗M(tfac)Cl with no observed side product formation, indicating that the metal-coordinated tfac moiety is significantly more stable than the metal-coordinated hfac moiety. Published (Publication status)

A study has taken on simulation of the bioavtur production process with 6 types of vegetable oil: kemiri sunan oil, kesambi oil, nyamplung oil, palm oil, soybean oil and sunflower seed oil to evaluate the conversion. Simulation executed with variation in hydrotreating operating conditions. Pressure varied from 1-5MPa with an increment of 1MPa and temperature varied from 250-350℃ with 10℃ increment. The result showed vegetable oils with shorter chains are more likely to have higher yield and conversion, compared to longer chain vegetable oils. Free fatty acid content also contributes positively to reaction conversion. By evaluating the side product, it showed the trend for the hydro- deoxygenation reaction path will continue to increase as temperature increases. On the other side, the trend for the hydrodecarboxylation path is greater as the pressure increases. By evaluating the selectivity of palm oil at 2MPa and 290℃, it showed bioavtur selectivity at its peak at 3MPa and 290℃ or 300℃

This chapter deals with hydrogen production by water electrolysis. It first presents a history of the development of water electrolysis technology. In the next part the focus is on the fundamentals of water electrolysis thermodynamics and the kinetic aspects of this process. Engineering aspects concerning the design of the electrolysis stack and the selection of system components are covered in a later part. The final part of this chapter provides a detailed description of water electrolysis technologies. Beside traditional technologies, that is, alkaline, and emerging water electrolysis technologies, that is, polymer electrolyte and high-temperature processes, chlor-alkali electrolysis of brine is also addressed. Although, in the latter case, hydrogen only represents a side product, it now produces the majority of hydrogen originating from water decomposition by electrolysis.

The spurring increase in bio-diesel production produces a large amount of glycerol as side product, which causes its over-supply. Hence, converting glycerol (GLY) into other value added chemicals would be a promising solution. In this work, the design and optimization of a plant-wide glycerol carbonate (GC) production processes of GLY and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is firstly proposed, which is consisted of a reactive distillation section and an extractive distillation-based separation section. The research scope includes regressing the thermodynamic parameters suitable for representing both vapour-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibrium, correcting the kinetic parameters, developing process flowsheets, and optimization.

This report describes an ideal cascade model of uranium enrichment that includes side feed and side product streams and flexible input options. This model is based on the original MSTAR model developed by Edward Von Halle and furnished to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1996. The current version includes more flexible input and output options which allow the user to specify a variety of input combinations. This flexibility allows specification of integer numbers of stages or the stage numbers of external flows instead of assays.

We demonstrate that Ir-catalyzed C-C bond activation in biphenylenes followed by a reaction with tribenzocyclyne is a suitable method for synthesizing strained and unknown monoadducts with the tetradehydrotetrabenzo[a,c,e,i]cyclododecene scaffold ([12]annulenes). Modification of reaction conditions also furnished [12]annulene products with cis and/or trans double bonds formed by hydrogen transfer. The [9]annulene side product was formed upon the reaction of the benzyl radical with tribenzocyclyne during the Bergman cyclization. All isolated compounds were fully characterized by HRMS, NMR, and X-ray diffraction analysis.

The development of a scalable telescoped continuous flow procedure for difluoromethylation of a protected amino acid with fluoroform (CHF3, R-23) gas and subsequent high temperature deprotection to provide eflornithine, an important Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), is described. Eflornithine is used for the treatment of sleeping sickness and hirsutism, and it is on the World Health Organization’s list of essential medicines. Fluoroform is produced in large quantities as a side product in the manufacture of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon). Fluoroform is an ozone-benign and nontoxic gas, but its release into the environment is forbidden under the Kyoto protocol owing to its high global warming potential. The existing manufacturing route to eflornithine uses chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2, R-22) which will be phased out under the Montreal protocol; therefore, the use of the fluoroform presents a viable cost-effective and more sustainable alternative. The process parameters and equipment setup we...

The hypercoordinated silicon chlorides ClSi[(o-OC6H4)3N] (3) and ClSi[(OC6H2Me2CH2)3N] (5) were used for the synthesis of catenated derivatives (Me3Si)3SiSi[(o-OC6H4)3N] (9), (Me3Si)3SiSiMe2SiMe2Si(SiMe3)2Si[(o-OC6H4)3N] (11), and (Me3Si)3SiSi[(OC6H2Me2CH2)3N] (13) in reactions with (Me3Si)3SiK·THF (7) or (Me3Si)3SiK·[18-crown-6] (8). It was found that the nature of the (Me3Si)3SiK solvate determines the product of interaction, resulting in the formation of (Me3Si)3Si(CH2)4OSi[(OC6H2Me2CH2)3N] (12) or 13. Compounds obtained were characterized using multinuclear NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of 3, 9, and 11-13 were investigated by single-crystal X-ray analysis, featuring hypercoordinated Si atoms in a trigonal-bipyramidal coordination environment with O atoms in the equatorial plane. The structure of the side product [N(CH2C6H2Me2O)3Si]2O (6) was also studied, indicating highly tetrahedrally distorted trigonal-bipyramidal environment at the Si atoms, which was confirmed by crystal density functional theory calculations indicating the very weak Si ← N interaction. The Si···N interatomic distances span a broad range (2.23-2.78 A). The dependence of structural and NMR parameters for hypercoordinated catenated compounds from the type of the ligand was established.

Present work aimed for the synthesis of a promising MTSA-Si catalyst and its application for biodiesel preparation using WFO. It has been illustrated from the experimental results, the most favorable reaction conditions for the biodiesel preparation using WFO are (i) 1:10 oil to methanol molar ratio, (ii) 5% MTSA-Si catalyst (w/w), (iii) 130 °C reaction temperature and (iv) 10 h reaction time, for the 98.22% yield of biodiesel. The side product raw glycerin was further transformed into the triglycerides over MTSA-Si catalyzed lauric acid esterification. The fuel properties of biodiesel were estimated and correlated fuel standards.

During the process of catalytic conversion of CO2 to valuable chemical products, Pd used as catalysts or modifiers shows promising effect on CO2 hydrogenation. The mechanism of methanol synthesis from the hydrogenation of CO2 on the Pd(111) surface was studied using density functional theory calculations in present work. On the Pd(111) surface, CO2 firstly hydrogenates to HCOO or COOH, each of which then reacts with the surface H atom to form HCOOH. Next, HCOOH dissociates to OH and HCO that will be consecutively hydrogenated to H2CO, H3CO and H3COH. CO is the main side product of CO2 hydrogenation on the Pd(111) surface with an activation barrier of 1.09 eV. The hydrogenation of HCO species with the surface H atom to form H2CO plays as the rate determining step for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol with the barrier of 0.91 eV. Our calculated results are favorable for the understanding of the mechanism of CO2 conversion on not only Pd-based catalysts but also Pd modified catalysts. The mechanism of methanol synthesis from the hydrogenation of CO2 on the Pd(111) surface was studied using density functional theory calculations.

A practical synthetic method for the direct synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted ureas from N-Alloc-, N-Cbz-, and N-Boc-protected amines is described. In this study, efficient direct conversion of the Alloc-, Cbz-, and Boc-carbamate compounds to ureas was achieved in the presence of DABAL-Me3, an air stable and easily handled reagent. Using this reaction method, both protected aromatic and aliphatic amines were successfully transformed into various trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted ureas with high yields without side product. Our findings offer promising guidelines for direct preparation of useful ureas from N-Alloc-, N-Cbz-, and N-Boc-carbamates.

In this study activated carbons were prepared from polymer waste, which is side product and waste in textile industry; by chemical activation with KOH. The influence of chemical ratio onto pore str...

An improved process for the preparation of 1-methylcyclopropanol using the Kulinkovich reaction is described. The use of titanium tetramethoxide as catalyst resulted in minimal side product formation. The reaction, isolation and purification procedures were optimized so they can be easily implemented in multi-purpose equipment.

The initial steps in the growth of quantum platelets from the wurtzite-type (CdSe)34 clusters are simulated using density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. The nucleant (CdSe)34 cluster has been chosen for simulations because it has experimentally been found to be a magic-size nucleant for the low-temperature growth of CdSe quantum platelets. According to the results of our calculations, the growth is anisotropic and favors the (0001) direction, which is consistent with the experimental findings. We found that growth in other directions lowers the symmetry of the resulting clusters and that the asymmetrical positioning of rhombic defects causes the growing platelet to bend due to the surface strain, which appears to be the limiting factor of growth. An alternative pathway to quantum platelet growth could proceed via the decomposition of (CdSe)34 to (CdSe)13 in electron-donating media, which was found to be thermodynamically favorable. Side product (CdSe)21 generated in this pr...

Selenium nanostructures are characterized with high activity and antibacterial properties. Selenium nanoparticles, received by the biotechnological method using microorganisms are not toxic and free from admixtures of other toxic elements. For getting selenium nanostructures, there was set a problem of development of the biotransfrormation technology of inorganic selenium by the culture Lactobacillus acdophilus, strain 412/307 from the museum of the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Physiology of Nutrition Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies (Ukraine). Selenium nanostructures are the side product in the process of selenocysteine formation. There was realized the study of the influence of the sodium selenite concentration on the growth speed and generation duration of lactobacteria on MRS medium for determining the main technological parameters. There was determined the quantitative content of accumulated selenium at different initial concentrations of sodium selenite in the medium. The important part of the elaborated technology is destruction of cellular walls of microorganisms for removal selenium nanoparticles. There was studied the influence of different physical-chemical factors of cells’ destruction. There was offered to use the combined influence of saline acid, freezing and microwave field for destructing cellular walls of lactobacteria biomasses. There is presented the scheme of the technology of getting “Nanoselenium” and given physical-chemical parameters of the received product.

Proline-based designer surfactant FI-750-M has been demonstrated to enable selective nucleophilic aromatic substitution of polyfluoro(hetero)arenes by sulfinate salts in water under mild micellar conditions. Resultant sulfones were obtained from diverse substrates in good yields without side product formation and could usually be purified by simple filtration. The nature of micelles of FI-750-M and the solubility of coupling partners in different micellar regions has been supported by dynamic light scattering, cryo-TEM, and DFT calculations.

A practical generalisable procedure to synthesize hydroxymethylene H-bisphosphinates has been optimised. Unlike previous reports, numerous alkyl (including an alendronate bisphosphinate analogue) or (hetero)aryl compounds were rapidly obtained in satisfactory to excellent yields. A side product could have been identified as a phosphino-phosphonate isomer and plausible mechanistic pathways are proposed here. Moreover to check the literature data, a pKa value study was also performed.

We investigate the smallest possible minimum degree of $r$-color minimal Ramsey graphs for the $k$-clique. In particular, we obtain a bound of the form $O(k^2\log^2 k\big)$, which is tight up to a $(\log^2 k)$-factor whenever the number $r\geq2$ of colors is fixed. This extends the work of Burr, Erdos, and Lovasz, who determined this extremal value for two colors and any clique size, and complements that of Fox, Grinshpun, Liebenau, Person, and Szabo, who gave essentially tight bounds when the order $k$ of the clique is fixed. As a side product our result also yields an improved upper bound on the vertex Folkman number $F(r,k, k+1)$ of the $k$-clique. The proof relies on a reformulation of the corresponding extremal function by Fox et al. and combines and refines methods used by Dudek, Eaton, and Rodl.

Herein, we report an electrochemical method for the synthesis of benzisothiazol-3(2H)-ones from 2-mercaptobenzamides. The electrochemical reaction proceeds through intramolecular N H/S H coupling cyclization reaction by generating H2 as the nonhazardous side product. Moreover, the developed procedure is highly advantageous due to its short reaction time, mild conditions and wide substrate scope without the employment of metal catalyst and exogenous-oxidant.2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microalgae are potential sustainable renewable sources of energy but are highly underutilized due to the expensive and time-consuming downstream processing. This study aims at curbing these obstacles by extracting multiple components with a single processing unit. In this work, an ultrasound-assisted liquid triphasic flotation system was incorporated to extract proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates by phase separation. The parameters involved were optimized and the final recovery efficiency of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates was determined. A control run involving conventional three-phase partitioning and a 15-fold scale-up system with the recycling of phase components were also performed. Gas Chromatograph and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy were used to examine the potential of extracted products as a source of biofuel. This biorefinery approach is crucial in commercializing microalgae for biodiesel and bioethanol generation with a side product of purified proteins as feed.