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Achelia karachiensis sp. nov. (Figure 3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B8803BE6-F3D4-4664-86AD-FCC424E99072 Material examined: Holotype. (CEMB, PYC–012) 1♂, Sandspit, 28.xi.2015, on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Paratype. (CEMB, PYC–013) 1♂, Sandspit, 28.xi.2015, on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Diagnosis: Lateral processes with large “branched” tubercles, tube-like tubercles and simple tubercles with an apical spine. Abdomen with a rounded tubercle at the base. Coxa 1 with two pair of simple tubercles with an apical spine and one pair of large “branched” tubercles, each with multiple spines. Coxa 2 with two pairs of simple tubercles, each with an apical spine. Femur with a strong elongated cone-like cement gland at dorsodistal end of all legs. Auxiliary claws present. Description: Tiny, ovoid, segmentation lines between trunk segments 1–3 vague, absent between segments 3 and 4 (Figures 3A, B). Lateral processes each with one large, strong, “branched” tubercle near the posterior margin and one prominent lateral tube-like tubercle, hardly visible in dorsal view. Second and third lateral processes with three tubercles, one rounded dark tubercle near anterior margin, one large, strong, “branched” tubercle and one tubelike tubercle on the lateral posterior margin. Fourth lateral processes with only one tubercle near the anterior margin. Cephalon with four tubercles, two large dorsodistal complex tubercle and two more lateral tube-like tubercles. Proboscis pyriform, robust, with half the width of the cephalic segment and nearly the same length as the trunk. Ocular tubercle short with a pointed apex. Abdomen extending to the middle of coxa 1, with a rounded tubercle at the base. Chelifore scape with single dorsodistal spine, chela reduced, knob-like, strongly inward-bent, with one dorsal spine (Figure 3C), fingers absent. Palp eight-articled (Figure 3D), fourth article longest, last four articles are subequal, all articles have small spines. Oviger ten-articled (Figure 3E), fourth article longest, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth are subequal, tenth article rounded and small, last four articles with denticulate spines, according to the formula 2:1:2:2. Eighth article with two additional long simple spines. Legs. Coxa 1 with two pairs of simple tubercles, with an apical spine, one pair of large spiniferus tubercles with multiple spines near the distal margin (Figure 3F), coxa 2 with two pairs of simple tubercles with an apical spine; male gonopore at the end of a long tubercle on the ventral surface of coxa 2, coxa 3 with very small spines, femur with strong dorsodistal cement gland on all legs and few spines, tibiae subequal with long dorsal spines, smaller than those on femur, tarsus short with anterior spines, propodal heel low, four spines, sole with seven spines, main claw three-quarters of the propodus length, auxiliary claws approximately half length of main claw. Measurements of holotype (mm): Length of trunk (measured from the anterior margin of the cephalic segment to distal margin of the lateral process 4), 0.7; trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes), 0.6; length of abdomen, 0.25; length of proboscis, 0.48; third leg – coxa 1, 0.2; coxa 2, 0.2; coxa 3, 0.15; femur, 0.32; tibia 1, 0.35; tibia 2, 0.32; tarsus, 0.08; propodus, 0.4; main claw, 0.15; auxiliary claws, 0.1. Etymology: The word karachiensis refers to the type locality of the species, Karachi. Type locality: Sandspit, Karachi area, Pakistan. Remarks: The arrangement and number of tubercles on the cephalon, lateral process, and coxa 1 and 2, togeth-er with the incomplete segmentation of the trunk, are unusual in this genus. These characteristics are shared with Achelia armata Bouvier, 1916, off the Northeast Atlantic coast. Achelia armata and A. karachiensis have almost the same number of denticulate spines on the oviger (2:1:2: 2 in present species, and 1:1:2: 2 in A. armata), and relatively small tubercles on the femur and tibiae (when compared with the coxae). These tubercles are absent in some previously-known species from the region, like A. watumu (Müller, 1990), or overdeveloped as in A. boschi Stock, 1992 and A. lagenari Stock, 1992). However, the present species has more tubercles in the dorsal region of the lateral processes and in the coxa 1 than A. armata. In addition, they are differentiated by the presence of different types of tubercles (tube-like tubercle, spiniferus tubercles and rounded dark tubercle), which are present in A. karachiensis and not described for A. armata, besides the number of heel spines, of which four can be found in the specimen and five in A. armata. These differences make Achelia karachiensis sp. nov. unique in the genus. Distribution: Pakistan., Published as part of George, Zarish, Siddiqui, Ghazala, George, Nazish & Lucena, Rudá Amorim, 2020, A new species of Achelia (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) and first records of intertidal sea spiders found on Zoanthus (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) from Karachi Pakistan, pp. 371-393 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on pages 374-376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4398801, {"references":["Bouvier, E. L. (1916) Un nouvea pycnogonide, Ammothea (Achelia) armata, trouve par le Talisman. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, 22, 81 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17125","Stock, J. H. (1992) Littoral Pycnogonida from Oman. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 62, 81 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 06202003"]}

Endeis cf. meridionalis (Böhm, 1879) (Figure 9) Phoxichilus meridionalis Böhm, 1879: 189–191, pl. 2, fig. 4. Material examined: (CEMB, PYC– 026), 1♀, Sandspit, 26.iii.2014, on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Description: Trunk length 1.7 mm, slender, completely segmented. Lateral processes elongated, separated by twice their diameter and with two dorsal tubercles. Ocular tubercle high, bell-shaped. Proboscis cylindrical, elongated with many short setae at distal end. Abdomen short, oblong, rounded distally, with many setae, hardly reaching the distal margin of the fourth lateral process. Legs long, slender; coxa 2 larger than coxa 1 and coxa 3; femur and tibia 1 with distal spine; femur and tibia 2 subequal, tibia 1 shorter than the others; tarsus small, with few ventral setae, propodus with six to seven distal setae, heel slightly prominent, with four spines, sole straight, with five or six spines; main claw curved, less than half of the propodus length; auxiliary claw two-thirds of the main claw. Measurements (mm): Length of trunk (measured from the anterior margin of the cephalic segment to distal margin of the lateral process 4), 1.75; trunk width (across segment 2), 0.75; length of abdomen, 0.2; length of proboscis, 01; third leg – coxa 1, 0.25; coxa 2, 0.5; coxa 3, 0.25; femur, 1.25; tibia 1, 01; tibia 2, 1.27; tarsus, 0.1; propodus, 0.45; main claw, 0.175; auxiliary claws, 0.075. Remarks: Identification of a single female in this genus is difficult. Two species are known in Pakistan, E. mollis (Carpenter, 1904) and E. meridionalis (Böhm, 1879). Both were reported from Clifton (Gul & Ghani 2012), while E. biseriata Stock, 1968 was reported from the Gulf of Oman (Lucena et al. 2018). This specimen is most closely related to E. meridionalis due to the presence of four heel spines, spines on the dorsal margin of coxa 1 of all legs, a slightly longer tibia 2 than the femur, and the distance between the lateral processes (twice own diameter). The kinked femora were not observed however, which is a well-marked feature of E. meridionalis (Clark 1973), besides the presence of two spines on the dorsal surface of all lateral process and coxa 1 (E. meridionalis has been described as having two spines in the lateral process 1, and one spine in the others). When we compare the present specimen with the other species registered for the region, they can be distinguished by the absence of spines on the lateral process in E. mollis, and the presence of a long distal spur on the femur and three heel spines in E. biseriata. The present species also shares similarities with E. spinosa (Montagu, 1808) and E. charybdeae (Dohrn, 1881), but E. spinosa differs by having three heel spines on the propodus, a longer proboscis (more than half of the body length), no lateral spines on the femur, and two spines on the first lateral process and one in all the others (Child 1992). Endeis charybdeae has a slender habitus, five heel spines (Koçak & Katangan 2008), just one spine on the lateral process, coxae and tibia much longer than the femur. Because of the difficulty in identifying species of this genus, the absence of a male, and the differences observed between our specimen and E. meridionalis, (the most closely related species), we prefer not to confirm the identification until more specimens are examined in the future. Distribution: Indian Ocean (Calman 1923), Southwestern Indian Ocean, Gulf of Suez (Böhm 1879), Somalia (Stock 1982), Kenya (Arnaud 1973), Madagascar (Stock 1965), Japan (Utinomi 1971), Papua New Guinea (Clark 1973), Indo pacific (Müller 1990b), Ross Sea (Fry & Hedgpeth 1969), Atlantic to Mediterranean (Soler-Membrives & Munilla 2015)., Published as part of George, Zarish, Siddiqui, Ghazala, George, Nazish & Lucena, Rudá Amorim, 2020, A new species of Achelia (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) and first records of intertidal sea spiders found on Zoanthus (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) from Karachi Pakistan, pp. 371-393 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4398801, {"references":["Bohm, R. (1879) Ueber die Pycnogoniden des Konig!. Zoologischen Museums zu Berlin, insbesondere ilber die von S. M. S. Gazelle mitgebrachten Arten. Monatsber. Konig!. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 2, 170 - 197.","Carpenter, G. H. (1904) Report on the Pantopoda collected by Prof. Herdman at Ceylon in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 2 (Supplement rep. XIII), 181 - 184.","Gul, S. & Ghani, N. (2012) Pycnogonids (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from Pakistan waters (north Arabian sea). International journal of Biotechnology, 9 (3), 201 - 208.","Stock, J. H. (1968) Pycnogonida collected by the Galathea and Anton Bruun in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Vikenskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn, 131 (1), 7 - 65.","Lucena, R. A., Fatemi, Y. & Christoffersen, M. A. (2018) Checklist of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman with new record of Endeis biseriata (Bohm, 1879) for the region. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 42, 709 - 714. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / zoo- 1806 - 1","Clark, W. C. (1973) New Species of Pycnogonida from New Britain and Tonga. Pacific Science, 27 (1), 28 - 33.","Montagu, G. (1808) Description of several marine animals found on the south coast of Devonshire. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 9, 81 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1818. tb 00327. x","Dohrn, A. (1881) Die Pantopoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Monographie der Fauna and Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 3, 1 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16340","Child, C. A. (1992) Shallow-water Pycnogonida of the Gulf of Mexico. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, 9 (1), 1 - 86.","Kocak, C. & Katangan, T. (2008) Endeis charybdaea (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida): A sea spider new for the Eastern Mediterranean. Vie et milieu- Life and Environment, 58 (1), 37 - 38.","Calman, W. T. (1923) Pycnogonida of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 25 (3), 265 - 299.","Stock, J. H. (1982) Researches on the coast of Somalia. Shallow-water Pycnogonida. Monitore zoologico italiano supplemento, 17 (7), 183 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03749444.1982.10736665","Arnaud, F. (1973) Pycnogonides des recifs coralliens de Madagascar. 4. Colossendeidae, Phoxichilidiidae et Endeidae. Tethys, 4 (4), 953 - 960.","Stock, J. H. (1965) Pycnogonida from the Southwestern Indian Ocean. Beaufortia, 13 (151), 13 - 33.","Utinomi, H. (1971) Records of Pycnogonida from shallow waters of Japan. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 18 (5), 317 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 175643","Muller, H. G. (1990 b) On some Indo-West-Pacific Pycnogonida from the Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen. Zoologische Abhandlungen aus dem staatlichen Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 45 (10), 103 - 110.","Fry, W. G. & Hedgpeth, J. W. (1969) Pycnogonida, 1. Colossendeidae, Pycnogonidae, Endeidae, Ammotheidae. Fauna of the Ross Sea, 7. Memoirs of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 49, 1 - 139.","Soler-Membrives, A. & Munilla, T. (2015) PYCNOIB: Biodiversity and Biogeography of Iberian Pycnogonids. PLoS ONE, 10 (3), e 0120818. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0120818"]}

Pigrogromitus timsanus Calman, 1927 (Figure 6) Clotenopsa prima Hilton, 1942: 52–53, fig. 8. Material examined: (CEMB, PYC– 020) 1♂ and 1♀, Buleji, 20.x.2014, on Zoanthus sansibaricus; (CEMB, PYC021) 1♀, Buleji, 23.iv.2015, on Zoanthus sansibaricus; (CEMB, PYC–022) 2♂ and 2♀, Buleji, 19.iii.2015, on Zoanthus sansibaricus; (CEMB, PYC–023) 1♂, Buleji, 02.i.2014, on Zoanthus sansibaricus; (CEMB, PYC–024) 1♂, Sandspit, 01.xii.2014, on Zoanthus sansibaricus; (CEMB, PYC–025) 1♀, Sandspit, 26.i.2015, on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Remarks: Pigrogromitus timsanus has been reported from two locations in Pakistan; Paradise Point and Clifton (Stock 1968; Moazzam 1987). This study further extends the distribution of P. timsanus to Karachi coast. This was the most abundant species in this study with 10 specimens, three of which were ovigerous females. Despite the current classification positioning Pigrogromitus with the Ascorhynchoidea, we agree with Lucena & Christoffersen (2019) in proposing that this genus has much more evidence that brings it closer to Callipallenidae, than to Ammotheidae, as proposed by Bamber (2007). Future analyzes that include this and other complicated genera, mostly grouped in Ascorhychoideda incerta sedis, are necessary in order to position these groups in a nonarbitrary classification. Distribution: Circum (sub) tropical (Zenetos et al. 2010). Pakistan (Moazzam 1987). For complete distribution see Lucena & Christoffersen (2019)., Published as part of George, Zarish, Siddiqui, Ghazala, George, Nazish & Lucena, Rudá Amorim, 2020, A new species of Achelia (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) and first records of intertidal sea spiders found on Zoanthus (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) from Karachi Pakistan, pp. 371-393 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4398801, {"references":["Calman, W. T. (1927) Report on the Pycnogonida. Transactions of the Zoological Society, London, 22 (3), 403 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1927. tb 00389. x","Hilton, W. A. (1942) Pycnogonids from Hawaii. Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 17 (3), 43 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1686.1.5","Stock, J. H. (1968) Pycnogonida collected by the Galathea and Anton Bruun in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Vikenskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn, 131 (1), 7 - 65.","Moazzam, M. (1987) Studies on the sea spiders (Pycnogonida) of Pakistan coast. I. Range extension of Pigrogromitus Calman 1927 into the waters of Karachi. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 19 (3), 301 - 302.","Lucena, R. A. & Christoffersen, M. A. (2019) New records of Pigrogromitus timsanus Calman, 1927 (Callipallenidae, Pycnogonida) for the South Atlantic. Check List, 15 (1), 135 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 15.1.135","Zenetos, A., Gofas, S., Verlaque, M., Cinar, M. E., Garcia Raso, J. E., Bianchi, C. N., Morri, C., Azzurro, E., Bilecenoglu, M., Froglia, C., Siokou, I., Violanti, D., Sfriso, A., San martin, G., Giangrande, A., Katagan, T., Ballesteros, E., Ramos-Espla, A., Mastrototaro, F., Ocana, O., Zingone, A., Gambi, M. & Streftaris, N. (2010) Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2010. A contribution to the application of European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part I. Spatial distribution. Mediterranean Marine Science, 11 (2), 381 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.12681 / mms. 87"]}

Anoplodactylus sp. (Figure 11) Material examined: (CEMB, PYC– 028) 1 juvenile, Buleji, 20.x.2014, on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Description: Body length 1 mm, slender, unsegmented. Proboscis cylindrical. Ocular tubercle conical with pigmented eyes. Abdomen short, distal margin hardly reaching the extremity of the fourth lateral process. Chelifore with small setae, chela small, sharp, with setae and fingers of equal size, without teeth. Oviger absent. Legs long, slender, with setae, coxa 1 and coxa 3 subequal, coxa 2 longer, with some terminal setae; femur slightly longer than tibia 1 and tibia 2, with a large distal seta; tarsus short with 2 or 3 small ventral spines; propodus with three or four spines; main claw well-developed, four-fifths of the propodus length. Auxiliary claws absent. Measurements (mm): Length of trunk (measured from the anterior margin of the cephalic segment to distal margin of the lateral process 4), 1; trunk width (across segment 2), 0.625; length of abdomen, 0.25; length of proboscis, 0.575; length of chelifore, 0.625; third leg – coxa 1, 0.25; coxa 2, 0.375; coxa 3, 0.25; femur, 0.85; tibia 1, 0.75; tibia 2, 0.775; tarsus, 0.1; propodus, 0.5; main claw, 0.15. Remarks: According to the literature, three species of Anoplodactylus have been recorded from algae in Pakistan waters: A. turbidus Stock, 1975 from Buleji and Pasni, A. angulatus (Dohrn, 1881) from Pasni and Anoplodactylus sp. from Sandspit (Gul & Ghani 2012). The present specimen differs because of its slender habitus, unlike A. angulatus, A. turbidus and Anoplodactylus sp., which have a robust habitus. From the three other known species recorded from the Gulf of Oman (Lucena et al. 2018), the present species can be distinguished from A. digitatus (Böhm, 1879) and A. tarsalis Stock, 1968 by its unsegmented trunk (slenderer then A. tarsalis), and from A. glandulifer Stock, 1954 because of its slender habitus and absence of cutting lamella on the sole. The identification of females and juveniles in this genus is almost impossible without an adult male specimen. As such, we could not identify to the specific level. We can nevertheless affirm that it is a not a previously registered species from Pakistan’s waters, revealing the need for new data to better understand the diversity of the region., Published as part of George, Zarish, Siddiqui, Ghazala, George, Nazish & Lucena, Rudá Amorim, 2020, A new species of Achelia (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) and first records of intertidal sea spiders found on Zoanthus (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) from Karachi Pakistan, pp. 371-393 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 387, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4398801, {"references":["Stock, J. H. (1975) Pycnogonida from the continental shelf, slope, and deep sea of the tropical Atlantic and East Pacific. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expedition, 108. Bulletin of Marine Science, 24 (4), 957 - 1092.","Dohrn, A. (1881) Die Pantopoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Monographie der Fauna and Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 3, 1 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16340","Gul, S. & Ghani, N. (2012) Pycnogonids (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from Pakistan waters (north Arabian sea). International journal of Biotechnology, 9 (3), 201 - 208.","Lucena, R. A., Fatemi, Y. & Christoffersen, M. A. (2018) Checklist of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman with new record of Endeis biseriata (Bohm, 1879) for the region. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 42, 709 - 714. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / zoo- 1806 - 1","Bohm, R. (1879) Ueber die Pycnogoniden des Konig!. Zoologischen Museums zu Berlin, insbesondere ilber die von S. M. S. Gazelle mitgebrachten Arten. Monatsber. Konig!. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 2, 170 - 197.","Stock, J. H. (1968) Pycnogonida collected by the Galathea and Anton Bruun in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Vikenskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn, 131 (1), 7 - 65.","Stock, J. H. (1954) Pycnogonida from Indo-West-Pacific, Australian, and New Zealand Waters. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Foreningen, 116, 1 - 168."]}

Pycnogonum tesselatum Stock, 1968 (Figure 12) Material examined: (CEMB, PYC– 029) 1♂, Sandspit, 26.iii.2014, on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Remarks: This species was first described from Karachi Harbor, Pakistan, by Stock (1968) based on a single female specimen. Later, a male specimen was described from a floating buoy near Karachi Harbor (Moazzam & Moazzam 2003). In the present study, a single female was collected from Sandspit. Our specimen differs from the description by Stock (1968) and Moazzam & Moazzam (2003) mainly with respect to the number of tubercles on the trunk, and the proportion of the articles in the legs. Four conical dorsomedian trunk tubercles are described (Stock 1968; Moazzam & Moazzam 2003), with the last one, on the fourth article, being very small. In our specimen, this elevation is not present. This may be an individual variation. The proportion between the tubercles is also not the same as illustrated by Stock (1968), but it is equal to that described by Moazzam & Moazzam (2003). The first and second tubercles are smaller than the third, which is also the widest. All tubercles are smaller than the pigmented ocular tubercle. Stock (1968) observed that the femur is the longest article, but in the present specimen the first and second legs have a longer tibia 1 than the femur while in the third and fourth legs, the femur is longer than tibia 1. Stock (1968, fig. 22f) and Moazzam & Moazzam (2003, fig. 2b) incorrectly show the presence of gonopore on coxa 1. In our specimen, and in Stock’s (1968) description, the gonopore is located on the dorsal side of coxa 2. Pycnogonum tesselatum and P. moolenbeeki Stock, 1992 are the only two known species for the region. They can be differentiated by the absence of dorsal tubercles on the trunk as in P. moolenbeeki and the presence of a single, mid-dorsal prominence on the proboscis, absent in P. tesselatum. Distribution: Pakistan (Moazzam & Moazzam 2003), Arabian Sea (Stock 1968)., Published as part of George, Zarish, Siddiqui, Ghazala, George, Nazish & Lucena, Rudá Amorim, 2020, A new species of Achelia (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) and first records of intertidal sea spiders found on Zoanthus (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) from Karachi Pakistan, pp. 371-393 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4398801, {"references":["Stock, J. H. (1968) Pycnogonida collected by the Galathea and Anton Bruun in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Vikenskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn, 131 (1), 7 - 65.","Moazzam, M. & Moazzam, N. (2003) Studies of the sea spiders (Pycnogonida) from Pakistan coast-II. Taxonomy and ecology of Pycnogonum (Retroviger) tessellatum Stock, 1968. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 35 (4), 277 - 281.","Stock, J. H. (1992) Littoral Pycnogonida from Oman. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 62, 81 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 06202003"]}

Ammothella appendiculata (Dohrn, 1881) (Figure 5) Ammothea appendiculata Dohrn, 1881: 152–155, pls. VII, figs. l–5. Material examined: (CEMB, PYC– 015) 1♂, Sandspit, 12. viii.2015, on Zoanthus sansibaricus; (CEMB, PYC016) 1♀, Sandspit, 01.xii.2014, on Zoanthus sansibaricus; (CEMB, PYC–017) 2♀ juvenile Sandspit, 28.ix.2015 on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Remarks: This species has previously been reported from Buleji and Manora, Karachi (Gul & Ghani 2012), on littoral algae. It is reported from Sandspit for the first time on the Zoanthus colonies. Two juveniles were also collected with under-developed, 6-articled ovigers. Chela teeth and palps are well-developed. Ammothella appendiculata has wide morphological variation (Stock 1955; Child 1992). Differences were observed between these specimens and the specimens described and illustrated by Döhrn (1881), Stock (1955) and Child (1992), such as the size of the ocular tubercle and the number of spines in the heel. Those specimens have a short ocular tubercle and four spines on the heel, while the present material has a slightly more-elongated ocular tubercle and three spines on the heel. An elongate ocular tubercle was reported by Stock (1955) and Müller & Krapp (2009), and three heel spines were described by Marcus (1940), Stock (1955), Müller & Krapp (2009), Lehman et al. (2014). Distribution: Pakistan (Gul & Ghani 2012), Gulf of Aqaba (Stock 1957), Gulf of Naples (Dohrn 1881), Hong Kong (Bamber 1997), New Caledonia (Bamber 2007b), Pacific Panamá (Stock 1975), Mediterranean Sea (Stock 1958), Atlantic tropical and temperate (Müller & Krapp 2009)., Published as part of George, Zarish, Siddiqui, Ghazala, George, Nazish & Lucena, Rudá Amorim, 2020, A new species of Achelia (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) and first records of intertidal sea spiders found on Zoanthus (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) from Karachi Pakistan, pp. 371-393 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 378, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4398801, {"references":["Dohrn, A. (1881) Die Pantopoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Monographie der Fauna and Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 3, 1 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16340","Gul, S. & Ghani, N. (2012) Pycnogonids (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from Pakistan waters (north Arabian sea). International journal of Biotechnology, 9 (3), 201 - 208.","Stock, J. H. (1955) Pycnogonida from the West Indies, Central America and Pacific coast of North America. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916. Vidensk Medd fra Dansk naturh Foren, 117, 209 - 266.","Child, C. A. (1992) Shallow-water Pycnogonida of the Gulf of Mexico. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, 9 (1), 1 - 86.","Muller, H. G. & Krapp, F. (2009) The pycnogonid fauna (Pycnogonida, Arthropoda) of the Tayrona National Park and adjoining areas on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Zootaxa, 2319, 1 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2319.1.1","Marcus, E. (1940) Os Pantopoda brasileiros e os demais sulamericanos. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 19, 3 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1940.114110","Lehman, T., Hess, M. & Melzer, R. B. (2014) Common littoral pycnogonids of the Mediterranean Sea. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 90, 163 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 90.7520","Stock, J. H. (1957) Pycnogonida from the Gulf of Aqaba. Bulletin, Sea Fisheries Research Station, 13 (1), 13 - 14.","Bamber, R. N. (1997) Pycnogonids (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Cape D'Aguilar, Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Eds.), The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China IV, Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 2 - 20 April 1995. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. pp. 143 - 157.","Bamber, R. N. (2007 b) Pycnogonida of New Caledonia. In: Payri, C. E. & Richer de Forges, B. (Eds.), Compendium of Marine Species of New Caledonia. Documents scientifiques et techniques. Vol. 117. IRD, Noumea, pp. 225 - 257.","Stock, J. H. (1975) Pycnogonida from the continental shelf, slope, and deep sea of the tropical Atlantic and East Pacific. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expedition, 108. Bulletin of Marine Science, 24 (4), 957 - 1092.","Stock, J. H. (1958) The Pycnogonida of the Erythrean and of the Mediterranean coasts of Israel. Bulletin, Sea Fisheries Research Station, 16 (5), 3 - 5."]}

Anoplodactylus aff. nanus Krapp, Kocak & Katagan, 2008 (Figure 10) Material examined: (CEMB, PYC– 027) 1♂, Buleji, 25.v.2014, on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Description: Trunk 0.9 mm in length, robust, incomplete segmentation lines between the third and fourth article. Proboscis cylindrical, with two tiny protruding cylindrical extremities on the ventral side of the tip. Ocular tubercle low, rounded. Abdomen short, hardly reaching the middle of the first coxa of the fourth leg. Chelifore slender, longer than the proboscis, chela sharp and ventrally-bent with toothless fingers. Oviger with six articles, third article longest, sixth article shortest, cone-shaped, fifth article has two tiny spinules. Legs long and robust, coxa 2 longer than coxa 1 and coxa 3; femur and tibia 1 subequal, tibia 2 shorter than either, femur, tibiae 1 and 2 with sub-terminal seta, femur with six, tiny cement gland pores on the dorsal surface, tarsus short, with nine to ten ventral setae, propodal heel not prominent but with two robust spines of unequal length, sole straight with nine to ten robust spines, main claw one-third length of the propodus, auxiliaries claws very small. Measurements (mm): Length of trunk (measured from the anterior margin of the cephalic segment to distal margin of the lateral process 4), 0.9; trunk width (across segment 2), 0.27; length of abdomen, 0.2; length of proboscis, 0.26; length of chelifore, 0.32; third leg – coxa 1, 0.2; coxa, 2, 0.3; coxa 3, 0.15; femur, 0.48; tibia 1, 0.5; tibia 2, 0.32; tarsus, 0.1; propodus, 0.37; main claw, 0.25. Remarks: This specimen has a clear affinity with A. nanus, and is part of the A. angulatus -group (Krapp et al. 2008). This group is characterized by the angular proboscis in a ventral view, short auxiliary claws, compact trunk, short ocular tubercle, and cement gland opening as pores in the dorsal region of the trunk. The body structure, the number of pores of the cement gland bring the present specimen closer to A. nanus which is also part of this group. However, the absence of three short teeth in the movable finger of the chela (which could be a population variation), the presence of only one heel spine (three in A. nanus), the size differences of the specimen (0.9 mm, compared 0.4 mm in the original description of A. nanus), does not allow us to assign this species with confidence. Additional material is required to confirm or reject the identification. Distribution: Eastern and Western Mediterranean Sea (Krapp et al. 2008; Soler-Membrives & Munilla 2015)., Published as part of George, Zarish, Siddiqui, Ghazala, George, Nazish & Lucena, Rudá Amorim, 2020, A new species of Achelia (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) and first records of intertidal sea spiders found on Zoanthus (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) from Karachi Pakistan, pp. 371-393 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on pages 384-387, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4398801, {"references":["Bohm, R. (1879) Ueber die Pycnogoniden des Konig!. Zoologischen Museums zu Berlin, insbesondere ilber die von S. M. S. Gazelle mitgebrachten Arten. Monatsber. Konig!. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 2, 170 - 197.","Krapp, F., Kocak, C. & Katadan, T. (2008) Pycnogonida (Arthropoda) from the eastern Mediterranean Sea with description of a new species of Anoplodactylus. Zootaxa, 1686 (1), 57 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1686.1.5","Soler-Membrives, A. & Munilla, T. (2015) PYCNOIB: Biodiversity and Biogeography of Iberian Pycnogonids. PLoS ONE, 10 (3), e 0120818. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0120818"]}

Callipallene dubiosa Hedgpeth, 1949 (Figure 7) Material examined: (CEMB, PYC– 018) 1♂, Buleji, 05.xii.2017, on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Remarks: This species has been recorded from the region previously (Gul & Ghani 2012). The male is illustrated for the first time. The present specimen resembles Stock’s (1954) illustration more so than Hedgpeth’s (1949) illustrations, because of the large auxiliary claws (approximately half as long as the main claw), the many setae on the sole and the five heel spines. It differs also from the original description on the basis of the number of denticulate spines present on the last four articles of the oviger (7:6:6:6), whilst in Hedgpeth’s description seven or eight spines on the last four articles are mentioned. The distal articles on the oviger are shorter in the original description, and more elongate in the present specimen. These small differences may be sexual. Distribution: Pakistan (Gul & Ghani 2012), India, Singapore (Stock 1954), Tanzania, Kenya (Müller 1990a), Korea, Japan (Hedgpeth 1949) Malaysia (Müller 1992)., Published as part of George, Zarish, Siddiqui, Ghazala, George, Nazish & Lucena, Rudá Amorim, 2020, A new species of Achelia (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) and first records of intertidal sea spiders found on Zoanthus (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) from Karachi Pakistan, pp. 371-393 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4398801, {"references":["Hedgpeth, J. W. (1949) Report on the Pycnogonida collected by the Albatross in Japanese waters in 1900 and 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 98 (3231), 233 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.98 - 3231.233","Gul, S. & Ghani, N. (2012) Pycnogonids (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from Pakistan waters (north Arabian sea). International journal of Biotechnology, 9 (3), 201 - 208.","Stock, J. H. (1954) Pycnogonida from Indo-West-Pacific, Australian, and New Zealand Waters. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Foreningen, 116, 1 - 168.","Muller, H. G. (1990 a) Shallow water Pycnogonida from Kenya and Sri Lanka, with description of three new species. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, 41 (1), 63 - 79.","Muller, H. G. (1992) Pycnogonida from Malaysian coral reefs, including descriptions of three new species. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, 43, 155 - 178"]}

Callipallene cf. gabriellae Correa, 1948 (Figure 8) Callipallene kenyensis Müller, 1990a: 71–74, figs. 21–26. Material examined: (CEMB, PYC– 019) 1♀, Sandspit, 01.xii.2014, on Zoanthus sansibaricus. Description: Trunk 0.4 mm in length, small, robust, segmentation line absent between the third and fourth segment. Neck very short. Lateral process as long as it is wide. Ocular tubercle low and rounded. Proboscis short with prominent angulate margin. Abdomen distally-rounded and doesn’t reach beyond the distal margin of the fourth lateral process. Chelifore scape and chela robust, with immovable finger setae with eight teeth along the internal margin and four teeth on the distal margin, while the moveable finger has seven teeth on the internal margin and three elongated setae at the base of the moveable finger. Oviger nine-articled, fourth article longest, last four articles subequal with a single row of denticulate, leaf-like spines having the formula 5:5:5:6. Legs slightly short and robust with setae; coxa 2 slightly larger than coxae 1 and 3, and with few setae; femur slightly more robust and slightly shorter than tibia 1 or 2, tibia 2 with few setae; tarsus very short with few ventral setae; propodus slightly curved, with four to five long dorsal setae, heel not very prominent with four strong spines, sole straight with five spines; main claw less than half the length of the propodus, auxiliary claw two-thirds of the length of the main claw. Measurements (mm): Length of trunk (measured from the anterior margin of the cephalic segment to distal margin of the lateral process 4), 0.5; trunk width (across segment 2), 0.33; length of abdomen, 0.1; length of proboscis, 0.2; length of chelifore, 0.27; third leg – coxa 1, 0.1; coxa 2, 0.18; coxa 3, 0.14; femur, 0.35; tibia 1, 0.38; tibia 2, 0.4; tarsus, 0.05; propodus, 0.27; main claw, 0.12. Remarks: The present specimens more closely resemble the original description by Corrêa (1948) than the description given by Müller (1990). This specimen has a compact trunk, four heel spines, without segmentation between trunk segments 3 and 4, and without ornamentation in the auxiliaries, as described by Corrêa (1948). Further differences include the number of denticulate spines on the last four articles of the oviger (5:5:5: 6 in the present specimen, 5:5:4:4: in Corrêa’s description, and 4:3:3: 5 in Müller’s), the number of spines on the sole (five in the present specimen, ten in Corrêa’s, and four in Müller’s), and the number of teeth on the chelae (19 in the present specimen, and 14 in Correa’s and Müller’s). The differences between Correa’s (1948) and Müller’s (1990a) descriptions, and the 9-articulated oviger of this specimen (10-articled in C. kenyensis), leave its identification in doubt. If our identification confirmed, it will be the first record of the species in Pakistani waters. Distribution: Oman (Stock 1992), Kenya (Müller 1990a), Brazil (Corrêa 1948)., Published as part of George, Zarish, Siddiqui, Ghazala, George, Nazish & Lucena, Rudá Amorim, 2020, A new species of Achelia (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) and first records of intertidal sea spiders found on Zoanthus (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) from Karachi Pakistan, pp. 371-393 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4398801, {"references":["Correa, D. D. (1948) Callipallene gabriellae, novo pantopodo de Santos. Papeis avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, 9 (1), 1 - 12.","Muller, H. G. (1990 a) Shallow water Pycnogonida from Kenya and Sri Lanka, with description of three new species. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, 41 (1), 63 - 79.","Stock, J. H. (1992) Littoral Pycnogonida from Oman. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 62, 81 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 06202003"]}

Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850) (Figs 2, 3, 4) Bulla fusca A. Adams, 1850: 581, pl. CXXIV, fig. 94. Haminea (sic) fusca ��� Pilsbry 1895a: 360, pl. 40, figs 89, 90. ��� Kobelt 1896: 196, pl. 15, figs 14, 15. Haminaea (sic) fusca ��� Bergh 1901: 266, pl. XIX, figs 4, 5, pl. XVIII, figs 44, 47. Haloa fusca ��� Habe & Kira 1968: 137. Haminoea sp. ��� Strack 1998: 26, 28, pl. 1, fig. 6. ��� Ng & Sivasothi 2001. ��� Lozouet & Plaziat 2008: 65, pl. 34, figs 5, 6. ��� Riek 2013; 2014. Haminoea cf. fusca ��� Gosliner et al. 2008: 27, fig. 3; 2015: 30, lower left figure. Haloa vitrea ��� Hung 2013. Haminoea tenera ��� Mujiono 2016: 47, fig. 4a, b. Haminoea edmundsi Yonow & Jensen, 2018: 3, fig. 2B, n. syn. Haminoe (sic) exarata ��� Ullah et al. 2018: 129-132. Haminoea fusca ��� Cobb 2018. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ��� Pakistan. Balochistan Coast, Sindh Province, Hab River Delta (24��53���12.01������N, 66��42���14.00������E), 20 specimens (3 specimens dissected, 2 specimens sequenced), H, 3-7 mm, ZMBN 125424. TYPE LOCALITY. ��� Mindanao Island, the Philippines (A. Adams 1850). DIAGNOSIS. ��� Animal pale yellowish-green to bright green; mantle transparent; cephalic shield, squarish, broad; shallowly bilobed. Widely spaced visible eyes. Hancock���s organ, simple small horizontal ridge. Shell, whitish translucent; dense, wavy spiral striae; periostracum light orange, darker within spiral striae. Aperture wide, slightly tapering apically. Columella deeply concave anteriorly. Columellar lip narrow. Clumellar lips separated from last whorl by narrow umbilical furrow. Outer lip rounded; shoulder rounded. Radular formula 30-35 �� 10.1.1.1.10. Rachidian tooth tricuspid, cusps triangular, with rounded tips; central cusp larger, broader, lateral cusps reduced. Lateral teeth hook-shaped, smooth; inner lateral with broader cusp; outer laterals tapering outwardly. Gizzard plates with flat surface; ridges absent; central rachis present. Surface covered in small tightly arranged pointed rods; rods tapering in size outwardly, larger rods present on top of rachis. Male reproductive system compact, sparsely covered in soft warts; consisting of atrium, thick-walled fundus, thick seminal duct, and bulbous, nodulous prostate. COI BARCODES. ��� MH638588 (TH81), MH638587 (TH82). DISTRIBUTION. ��� In the Indian Ocean Haminoea cf. fusca is known in Pakistan (present study) and in the West Pacific from Singapore (Ng & Sivasothi 2001), Mindanao, Bohol and Panglao Islands in the Philippines (Adams 1850; Lozouet & Plaziat 2008; Gosliner et al. 2008; 2015), Lombok and Ambon Islands, Indonesia (Strack 1998; Mujiono 2016; Yonow & Jensen 2018), Macau and Liyu Island, China (Bergh 1901; Hung 2013), New South Wales, Australia (Gosliner et al. 2008, 2015; Cobb 2018; Riek 2013, 2014). DESCRIPTION External morphology (Figs 1B, C; 3A) Animal pale yellowish-green to bright green; mantle transparent, visceral mass reddish-brown. Cephalic shield, squarish, broad; shallowly bilobed, posterior cephalic shield extending over anterior part of shell. Eyes visible, widely spaced. Hancock���s organ simple, small, horizontal ridge. Parapodial lobes, thick, separated dorsally.Rounded pallial lobe, extending beyond apex. Shell (Fig. 3B) Shell whitish-brown translucent, dense, wavy spiral striae throughout; periostracum light orange, darker in spiral striae; shape bulbous, rounded. Aperture broad anteriorly, tapering slightly posteriorly. Columella deeply concave anteriorly. Columellar lip narrow. Narrow umbilical furrow separates lip form last whorl. Outer lip rounded; shoulder rounded. Radula (Fig. 3C) Radular formula 30 �� 10.1.1.1.10 (spc.TH81, H = 6.5 mm), 35 �� 10.1.1.1.10 (spc. TH82, H = 7 mm). Rachidian tooth tricuspid, cusps triangular, with rounded tips; central cusp larger, lateral cusps reduced. Lateral teeth hook-shaped, smooth; inner lateral with broader cusp, outer laterals tapering outwardly. Gizzard plates (Fig. 3 D-F) Flat surface, ridges absent. Rachis present. Surface covered in small tightly arranged pointed rods; rods tapering in size outwardly; larger worn rods on top of rachis. Male reproductive system (Fig. 4A, B) Compact and sparsely covered in soft warts; formed by atrium, fundus (upper atrium), thick seminal duct, and a bulbous nodulous prostate. Atrium with thin walls. Fundus thick walled, externally looking as a rounded bulge (Fig. 4A, arrow) internally with a distinct left lateral wall and right lateral wall. Walls separated by a narrow central groove, and both walls split by deep grooves. External seminal groove entering genital aperture and running along atrium upwards to the fundus, where it merges with the left lateral wall of the fundus. Seminal duct discharging into fundus apically. Two retractor muscles; one connected seminal duct to mantle, the other to lower region of atrium. Egg-mass (Figs 2D, E; 3F) Yellowish in colour, gelatinous, cylindrical-elongated, with short stalk attaching it to substrate. Egg-masses observed in February of 2016, 2017 and 2018 (SA, pers. obs.). First occurrences in late January and greatest abundance observed in mid-February before declining. Egg-masses mostly found in shallow submerged areas (Fig. 2E). Ecology (Fig. 2) Specimens were found between December 2017 and March 2018 on intertidal estuarine muddy-sandy flats (between the high- and mid-tidal zones) with oyster reefs formed by giant oysters Magallana gryphoides (Schlotheim, 1820), backwater oysters Magallana bilineata (R��ding, 1798), green algae (Ulva spp., Oedogonium sp.), and red algae (Acanthophora sp., Gelidium sp.) (Aslam pers. obs.) (Fig. 2C). REMARKS Bergh (1901) did not differentiate between the prostate and the seminal duct in his study of H. fusca, yet, despite their resemblance these are discrete organs as demonstrated in the current study (Fig. 4A). Bergh (1901) described H. fusca as possessing a glans (penis) in the ���penissack���, but like in all other known Haminoea of IWP origin (e.g. Er. Marcus & Burch 1965; Rudman 1971; Gosliner & Behrens 2006), H. fusca has no penis or penial papilla enveloped by a penial sheet, but instead a hollow atrium with a modified upper part here named ���fundus��� (sensu Er. Marcus & Burch 1965). The fundus has thick walls forming folds resembling a penial papilla (Fig. 4B). The limited research available on the genus Haminoea and ambiguous original descriptions of most IWP species often hampered authors to identify correctly the species.For example, Strack (1998: Indonesia), Ng & Sivasothi (2001: Singapore), Lozouet & Plaziat (2008: the Philippines), Riek (2013, 2014: Australia) referred to H. fusca as Haminoea sp., whereas Hung (2013) has named it Haloa vitrea (from China) and Mujiono (2016) Haminoea tenera (from Indonesia). Both latter species are of doubtful taxonomic validity and are known only from their original descriptions. Ullah et al. (2018) tentatively named specimens from mangroves in Korangi and Sandspit, Pakistan as Haminoe exarata, which could corresponded to H. fusca, since Bullacta exarata (correct spelling and combination) is endemic to the China Sea. Yonow & Jensen (2018) have recently described the species H. edmundsi from Ambon, Indonesia based on features of the external morphology, colouration, and shells (no anatomical details were included). The authors claim that the animal did not resemble any extant species of Haminoea, but the image included in the work is a perfect match with live images of H. fusca (Gosliner et al. 2008; 2015; Hung 2013; Riek 2013, 2014, Mujiono 2016; Cobb 2018), and thus we here consider that H. edmundsi could be a junior synonym of H. fusca. However, the genetic distance found between the specimens from Pakistan and the one from the Philippines (COI uncorrected p -distance = 7.3-7.5%; Fig. 1) suggests the possible occurrence of cryptic species under the name Haminoea fusca, but this requires additional specimens covering the geography of the species in order to be properly tested. At present in WoRMS (consulted 24.XI.2018) ���Pease, 1863��� is mentioned as the authority of Haminoea fusca, but this is a mistake originated from Habe & Kira (1968) and later repeated by Gosliner et al. (2008) and Willan & Tagaro (2010) the latter being cited as the information source by WoRMS as their source information., Published as part of Aslam, Sadar, Oskars, Trond R., Siddiqui, Ghazala & Malaquias, Manuel Ant��nio E., 2019, Beyond shells: first detailed morphological description of the mangrove-associated gastropod Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850) (Cephalaspidea, Haminoeidae), with a COI phylogenetic analysis, pp. 313-326 in Zoosystema 41 (16) on pages 317-321, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a16, http://zenodo.org/record/3724520, {"references":["ADAMS A. 1850. - Monograph of the family Bullidae, in SOWERBY G. B. (ed.). Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or Monographs of Genera of Shells. Vol. II. Sowerby, London: 553 - 608, pls 119 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10596","PILSBRY H. A. 1895 a. - Polyplacophora. Acanthochitinidae, Cryptoplacidae and appendix. Tectibranchiata. Manual of Conchology, ser. 1, 15 (60): 181 - 436.","KOBELT W. 1896. - Die Familie Bullidae, in MARTINI F. H. W. & CHEMNITZ J. H. (eds). Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet 1 (9) Bauer Raspe, Nurnberg: 190 p.","BERGH R. 1901. - Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Sr. C. Semper … Wissenschaftliche Resultate. 7. Band. In ' Malacologische Untersuchungen. 4. Abtheilung. 3. Abschnitt, Bullacea. 1. Leiferung'). C. W. 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C. 2008. - Mangrove environments and molluscs. Abatan River, Bohol and Panglao Islands, Central Philippines. ConchBooks, Hackenheim: 166 p.","RIEK D. 2013. - Haminoea sp. at Sea Slugs and Other Marine Invertebrates of The Tweed-Byron Coast, Australia. (consulted 01. VI. 2018) http: // www. roboastra. com / Opisthobranch 1 / brop 1861. htm","RIEK D. 2014. - Haminoea sp. at Sea Slugs and Other Marine Invertebrates Of The Tweed-Byron Coast, Australia. (consulted 01. VI. 2018) http: // www. roboastra. com / Opisthobranch 1 / brop 2000. htm","GOSLINER T. M., BEHRENS D. W. & VALDES A. 2008. - Indo- Pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs. Sea Challengers Natural History Books and California Academy of Sciences, Gig Harbour: 426 p.","HUNG C-. C. 2013. - Haloa vitrea (A. Adams, 1850) in Intertidal Zone of Liyu Island. (consulted 01. VI. 2018) http: // taconet. pixnet. net / blog / post / 43322143 - % E 7 % 8 E % BB % E 7 % 92 % 83 % E 6 % 9 C % 88 % E 8 % 8 F % AF % E 8 % 9 E % BA","MUJIONO N. 2016. - Mangrove Gastropods from Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara. Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 1 (3): 39 - 50.","YONOW N. & JENSEN K. R. 2018. - Results of the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Part 17. The Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Pleurobranchia, and Sacoglossa (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Heterobranchia). Archiv fur Molluskenkunde 147 (1): 1 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / arch. moll / 147 / 001 - 048","ULLAH Z., ZEHRA I. & GONDAL M. A. 2018 - Studies on the vertical distribution pattern in mangrove associated molluscs along the Karachi coast, Pakistan. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 47 (1): 127 - 134.","COBB G. 2018. - Haminoea fusca (A. Adams, 1850) at Sea Slugs of the Sunshine Coast (consulted 1 Jun 2018). http: // www. nudibranch. com. au / pages / 5016 b. htm","GOSLINER T. 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Pacific Science 25: 545 - 559.","GOSLINER T. & BEHRENS D. W. 2006. - Anatomy of an invasion: systematics and distribution of the introduced opisthobranch snail, Haminoea japonica Pilsbry, 1895 (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Haminoeidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 57 (37): 1003 - 1010.","WILLAN R. & TAGARO S. P. 2010. - Haminoeidae, in POPPE G. T. (ed.). Philippine marine mollusks, Volume III. ConchBooks. Hackenheim: 665 p."]}

Iodine is not only essential for thyroid function, but it is also beneficial for other organs of the body for example, prostate gland tissue, pancreas, gall bladder, kidneys, adrenals and even the liver. Brown seaweeds extracts are very rich in sea minerals with the supreme amount of iodine. In the present study, iodine was extracted from 6 different brown seaweeds representing three classes: Colpomenia sinuosa and Iyengaria stellata of class Laminarophyceae, Sargassum spp. of class Fucaceae, Padina pavonica and Spatoglossum variabile of class Dictyotaceae. The samples of Brown Seaweeds were collected from Buleji and Manora Rocky Ledges of Karachi coast. The level of iodine was measured in the range of 500ppm to 1000ppm by applying classical procedure. The maximum level was recorded in Sargassum carpophyllum and S. tenerrimum whereas the minimum was found in Padina pavonica.

Gonadal developmental stages and temporal trends of the Turbo coronatus were determined over one year study period during August 2005 to July 2006 in populations inhabiting rocky shores of Buleji and rocks of seawall at Manora Channel, coastal areas of Karachi. Studies were based on histological examination of gonads as well as Turbo populations at two sites found in spawning state throughout the year. The gonads of Turbo coronatus at both localities were never found in completely spent condition, thus suggesting that they are partial spawners. Generally, it appears that spawning in males and females of T. coronatus at Manora channel is slightly asynchronous as compared to Buleji where spawning pattern seems to be more synchronous. Oocytes diameter in specimen of this species at Manora was significantly larger than that of specimens studied from Buleji (ANOVA: F=6.22; P

The length-weight relationship and condition factor is determined for Holothuria arenicola collected between April 2011 to November 2012 from rocky shores of Manora and Buleji. The maximum total length recorded for this species was 416.0 mm at Manora and 376.0 mm at Buleji. Sex-wise and season wise LWR and slope (b) values revealed the negative allometric growth (b not equal to 3, P < 0.001) at both sites. The length-weight relationship in H. arenicola during different seasons showed the b value to range between 1.850 to 2.384 at Manora and 2.124 to 2.401 at Buleji. Correlation coefficient were noticed highly significant for sex and season wise with a good correlation between length and weight. The condition factor (Kn) for H. arenicola ranged between1.04 to 1.96 at Manora and 0.87 to 1.8 at Buleji. Analysis of variance showed that there is statistically significant difference between the means of the Kn values in 19 months at Manora (ANOVA, F = 10.96; P < 0.05) and Buleji (ANOVA, F = 13.42; P < 0.05) and in various seasons at Manora (ANOVA, F = 86.529; P < 0.05) and Buleji (F = 56.285; P < 0.05).

This thesis describes the design, development and implementation of a three-tiered (client/server/database) architecture in which data is transmitted securely, providing both secrecy and authentication. The architecture uses a network security feature called a Key Distribution Center. The system is capable of serving multiple users at a time. A prototype has been developed in the Java programming language. The prototype operates in a PC environment in the Protocol Laboratory in the Computer Science department.