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Abstract Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted metabolic and hormonal condition that impacts women in their procreative ages, identified by ovarian dysfunction, hyperandrogenaemia overweight and insulin insensitivity. The piperine, an important alkaloid compound of black pepper has shown promise in modulating various physiological processes. In this work, employed computational docking studies to explore the potential of piperine as a treatment for PCOS. Utilizing computational methods, we analyzed the binding interactions between piperine and key molecular targets implicated in PCOS pathogenesis, including hyperandrogenism, and “oligomenorrhea. The network pharmacology analysis report found 988 PCOS-related genes, 108 hyperandrogenism-related genes, and 377 oligomenorrhea-related genes, and we finally shortlisted 5 common genes in PCOS, hyperandrogenism, and “oligomenorrhea”: NR3C1, PPARG, FOS, CYP17A1, and H6PD. Our results reveal favorable binding affinities with PPARG (-8.34 Kcal/mol) and H6PD (-8.70 Kcal/mol) and interaction patterns, suggesting the potential of piperine to modulate these targets. Moreover, the reliability of the piperine-target interactions was revealed by molecular simulations studies. These findings support further experimental investigations to validate the therapeutic efficacy of piperine in PCOS management. The integration of computational approaches with experimental studies has the potential to lay the groundwork for the creation of new therapies specifically targeting PCOS and related endocrine disorders.

Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the antiemetic activity of abietic acid (AA) using in vivo and in silico studies. To assess the effect, doses of 50 mg/kg b.w. copper sulfate (CuSO4⋅5H2O) were given orally to 2-day-old chicks. The test compound (AA) was given orally at two doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg b.w. On the other hand, aprepitant (16 mg/kg), domperidone (6 mg/kg), diphenhydramine (10 mg/kg), hyoscine (21 mg/kg), and ondansetron (5 mg/kg) were administered orally as positive controls (PCs). The vehicle was used as a control group. Combination therapies with the referral drugs were also given to three separate groups of animals to see the synergistic and antagonizing activity of the test compound. Molecular docking and visualization of ligand-receptor interaction were performed using different computational tools against various emesis-inducing receptors (D2, D3, 5HT3, H1, and M1–M5). Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics and toxicity properties of the selected ligands were predicted by using the SwissADME and Protox-II online servers. Findings indicated that AA dose-dependently enhances the latency of emetic retching and reduces the number of retching compared to the vehicle group. Among the different treatments, animals treated with AA (40 mg/kg) exhibited the highest latency (98 ± 2.44 s) and reduced the number of retching (11.66 ± 2.52 times) compared to the control groups. Additionally, the molecular docking study indicated that AA exhibits the highest binding affinity (− 10.2 kcal/mol) toward the M4 receptors and an elevated binding affinity toward the receptors 5HT3 (− 8.1 kcal/mol), M1 (− 7.7 kcal/mol), M2 (− 8.7 kcal/mol), and H1 (− 8.5 kcal/mol) than the referral ligands. Taken together, our study suggests that AA has potent antiemetic effects by interacting with the 5TH3 and muscarinic receptor interaction pathways. However, additional extensive pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of AA.

The diterpenoid phytol is evidently acting against anemia in experimental animals. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this issue are yet to be discovered. This study aimed to evaluate phytol's effect on methotrexate-induced folate-deficient animals through in vivo and in silico studies. For this, a total of thirty adult male Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into six different groups, namely the normal control (vehicle), the negative control (folate deficiency inducer, methotrexate 3 ​mg/kg), the standard (folic acid 1.5 ​mg/kg), two test groups comprising phytol 25 and 50 ​mg/kg, and a combined group composed of the standard and highest test doses of phytol. Except for the vehicle, all groups were treated with methotrexate for the first 3 days (once/day) to induce folate deficiency. Then followed by the respective treatment once a day for 3 days. Hemoglobin (Hb) level was measured from the peripheral blood (by tail cutting) on days 1st (before treatment), 4th (after methotrexate treatment), and 7th (after treatment). On the other hand, the computational studies were performed by PyMol, PyRex, Discovery Studio, and other complementary tools. Findings suggest that phytol significantly (p ​

Thymol (THY), as the natural monoterpene phenol, acts against oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and possible molecular mechanisms of THY via formalin-induced mouse and egg albumin-induced chick models alongside molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. THY (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) was investigated, compared to celecoxib and ketoprofen (42 mg/kg), as anti-inflammatory standards. THY dose-dependently and significantly (p < 0.05) decreased paw-licking and edema diameter parameters in formalin (phases I and II) and egg albumin-induced models. Moreover, THY (15 mg/kg) exerted better anti-inflammatory effects in combination with the standard drug ketoprofen than alone and with celecoxib. In silico studies demonstrated elevated binding affinities of THY with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) than the COX-1 enzyme, and the ligand binds at a similar location where ketoprofen and celecoxib interact. The results of MD simulations confirmed the stability of the test ligand. THY exerted anti-inflammatory effects on Swiss mice and young chicks, possibly by interacting with COX-2. As a conclusion, THY might be a hopeful drug candidate for the management of inflammatory disorders.

The induced voltage pulsation in DC winding can generate various issues in five phase wound field flux switching (WFFS) machine such as DC current ripples, unsteady field excitation, deteriorates the DC power source and challenges for control performance of machine. In this paper, the simplest five phase WFFS machine having the 5 stator slots with 7, 6, 4 and 3 rotor poles are analyzed and investigated for open circuit DC winding induced voltage. The phenomena of the DC winding induced voltage is briefly analyzed and explained. Three reduction techniques i.e., rotor pole chamfering, rotor pole arc optimization and rotor pole axial pairing, are investigated and optimized to reduce the open circuit DC winding induced voltage and cogging torque for WFFS machine while the average electromagnetic torque is kept greater than 90% of its initial value. The Finite Element (FE) results show that the reduction achieved in peak-to-peak value of open circuit DC winding induced voltage is 70.84%, 73.65%, 70.13%, and 63.42% as compared to its initial values by performing the rotor pole chamfering for the five phase WFFS machine having the 7, 6, 4, and 3 pole rotors, respectively. For rotor pole arc optimization, DC winding induced voltage peak to peak value is effectively reduced to 60.18%, 74.91%, 64.74%, and 64.10% for the 7, 6, 4, and 3 rotor-poles machines, respectively, while its reduction for axially paired rotors is 42.70%, 68.05%, 68.64%, and 56.09%, respectively. The 5-stator-pole/6-rotor-pole five phase non-overlapped WFFS machine with the initial rotor, chamfered rotor, optimized rotor, and axially paired rotor are prototyped to validate the FE results.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of a Zephyranthes rosea in an ovalbumin-induced asthma model. Methods: Allergic asthma was induced in mice via intraperitoneal injection, followed by intranasal ovalbumin challenge. Methanolic extract of Z. rosea bulb was orally administered to asthmatic mice for 14 days. Hematological parameters for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood were analyzed. The mRNA expression levels of interleukins and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) in lung tissues were determined using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Network pharmacology analysis was used to find possible Z. rosea targets. After building a protein–protein interaction network to find hub genes, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were carried out to determine the potential mechanism. In silico analysis was performed by Molecular Operating Environment. Results: GC-MS analysis of Z. rosea extract detected major classes of phytochemicals. Hematological parameters in blood and BALF from Z. rosea extract-treated animals were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent fashion. Histopathology revealed that Z. rosea bulb had an ameliorative effect on lung tissues. Moreover, treatment with Z. rosea bulb extract significantly restored the normal levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β1 in allergic asthmatic mice compared to the diseased group. In silico analysis, particularly of the binding affinities of Z. rosea bulb phytoconstituents for IL6, AKT1, and Src, supported in vivo results. Conclusions: These findings indicated that Z. rosea bulb extract significantly ameliorates cellular and molecular biomarkers of bronchial inflammation and could be a potential candidate for treating allergic asthma.

Eucalyptus essential oil is widely valued for its therapeutic properties and extensive commercial applications, with its chemical composition significantly influenced by species variety, geographical origin, and environmental conditions. This study aims to develop a reliable method for identifying the geographical origin and variety of eucalyptus oil samples through the application of advanced analytical techniques combined with chemometric methods. Essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis were analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detection (GC–FID) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Chemometric analyses, including Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (O2PLS-DA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), were utilized to classify the oils based on their volatile compound profiles. Notably, O2PLS-DA was applied directly to the raw FTIR data without additional spectral processing, showcasing its robustness in handling unprocessed data. For geographical origin determination, the GC–FID model achieved a Correct Classification Rate (CCR) of 100%, with 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity for both calibration and validation sets. FTIR spectroscopy achieved a CCR of 100%, specificity of 100%, and sensitivity of 100% for the calibration set, while the validation set yielded a CCR of 95.83%, specificity of 99.02%, and sensitivity of 94.44%. In contrast, the analysis based on species variety demonstrated 100% accuracy across all metrics CCR, specificity, and sensitivity—for both calibration and validation using both techniques. These findings underscore the effectiveness of volatile and infrared spectroscopy profiling for quality control and authentication, providing robust tools for ensuring the consistency and reliability of eucalyptus essential oils in various industrial and therapeutic applications.

A fast and sample cleanup approach for fluoxetine in human plasma was developed using protein precipitation coupled with LC–MS-MS. Samples were treated with methanol prior to LC–MS-MS analysis. Chromatographic separation was performed on a reverse phase column with an isocratic mobile phase of methanol and 10 mM ammonium formate pH acidified with formic acid (80:20, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The run time was 4 min. Mass parameters were optimized to monitor transitions at m/z [M + H]+ 310 > > 148 for fluoxetine and m/z [M + H]+ 315.1 > > 153 for fluoxetine-d5 as an internal standard. The lower limit of quantification and the dynamic range were 0.25 and 0.25–50 ng/mL, respectively. Linearity was good for intra-day and inter-day validations (R2 = 0.999). The matrix effect was acceptable with CV% < 15 and accuracy% < 15. The hemolytic effect was negligible. Fluoxetine was stable in human plasma for 48 h at room temperature (25 °C), for 12 months frozen at −25 °C, for 48 h in an auto-sampler at 6 °C, and for three freeze/thaw cycles. The validated method was applied in a pharmacokinetic study to determine the concentration of fluoxetine in plasma samples. The study provides a fast and simple bioanalytical method for routine analysis and may be particularly useful for bioequivalence studies. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of fixed-dose fluoxetine in nine healthy volunteers.

Diabetes, a multifactorial metabolic disorder, demands the discovery of multi-targeting drugs with minimal side effects. This study investigated the multi-targeting antidiabetic potential of quercetin and kaempferol. The druggability and binding affinities of both compounds towards multiple antidiabetic targets were explored using pharmacokinetic and docking software (AutoDock Vina 1.1.2). Our findings showed that quercetin and kaempferol obey Lipinski’s rule of five and exhibit desirable ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism excretion, and toxicity) profiles. Both compounds showed higher binding affinities towards C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1 (IL-1), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-IV), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), and sodium–glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT-1) compared to metformin (the positive control). Both quercetin and kaempferol inhibited α-amylase activity (in vitro) up to 20.30 ± 0.49 and 37.43 ± 0.42%, respectively. Their oral supplementation significantly reduced blood glucose levels (p < 0.001), improved lipid profile (p < 0.001), and enhanced total antioxidant status (p < 0.01) in streptozotocin–nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic mice. Additionally, both compounds significantly inhibited the proliferation of Huh-7 and HepG2 (cancer cells) (p < 0.0001) with no effect on the viability of Vero cell line (non-cancer). In conclusion, quercetin and kaempferol demonstrated higher binding affinities towards multiple targets than metformin. In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic potential along with the anticancer activities of both compounds suggest promise for further development in diabetes management. The combination of both drugs did not show a synergistic effect, possibly due to their same target on the receptors.

Growing Vigna mungo in soils contaminated with lead (Pb) is a major concern due to its negative impact on plant growth and development. When lead enters through food in the human body, it can be accumulated in bones, liver, and kidneys. In severe cases, lead poisoning can cause cancer, seizures, coma, and even death. To address this issue in plants, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) have been identified as a potential solution to enhance plant growth and mitigate the harmful effects of heavy metal toxicity. However, the effectiveness of PSB can be improved by isolating and characterizing new strains over time, which will aid in developing sustainable management strategies for Pb-contaminated soils. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the impact of Pb contamination on V. mungo growth and the potential use of newly isolated microbial strains to enhance V. mungo growth and immobilize Pb. Three levels of Pb contamination were used: control (no Pb toxicity), 125Pb (125 mg Pb/kg soil), and 250Pb (250 mg Pb/kg soil). Six different microbial strains, RP01, RP02, RP03, RP04, RP05, and RP06, were used to inoculate V. mungo seeds. The results of the experiment demonstrated that RP02 was the most effective strain in improving various growth parameters such as shoot length, root length, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. While RP03 also showed significant improvement in these growth parameters, its effectiveness was not as high as RP02 in some respects. The efficacy of RP02 in alleviating Pb toxicity was further confirmed by a significant decrease in Pb concentration in the seedling, which was attributed to the production of siderophore. Therefore, it can be concluded that RP02 has the potential to improve V. mungo growth under Pb contamination. However, further field investigations are needed to confirm RP02 as the best strain for enhancing V. mungo production under Pb toxicity.

MERS-CoV belongs to the coronavirus group. Recent years have seen a rash of coronavirus epidemics. In June 2012, MERS-CoV was discovered in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with 2,591 MERSA cases confirmed by lab tests by the end of August 2022 and 894 deaths at a case-fatality ratio (CFR) of 34.5% documented worldwide. Saudi Arabia reported the majority of these cases, with 2,184 cases and 813 deaths (CFR: 37.2%), necessitating a thorough understanding of the molecular machinery of MERS-CoV. To develop antiviral medicines, illustrative investigation of the protein in coronavirus subunits are required to increase our understanding of the subject. In this study, recombinant expression and purification of MERS-CoV (PLpro), a primary goal for the development of 22 new inhibitors, were completed using a high throughput screening methodology that employed fragment-based libraries in conjunction with structure-based virtual screening. Compounds 2, 7, and 20, showed significant biological activity. Moreover, a docking analysis revealed that the three compounds had favorable binding mood and binding free energy. Molecular dynamic simulation demonstrated the stability of compound 2 (2-((Benzimidazol-2-yl) thio)-1-arylethan-1-ones) the strongest inhibitory activity against the PLpro enzyme. In addition, disubstitutions at the meta and para locations are the only substitutions that may boost the inhibitory action against PLpro. Compound 2 was chosen as a MERS-CoV PLpro inhibitor after passing absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies; however, further investigations are required.

Background: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections have become an emerging health concern around the world. Antibiotics resistance among S. pneumoniae strains increased recently contributing to increase in incidence of pneumococcal infection. This necessitates the discovery of novel antipnemococcal such as compound C3-005 which target the interaction between RNA polymerase and σ factors. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) exhibited antibacterial activity including S. pneumonia. Therefore, the aims of the current investigation were to formulate CNPs loaded with C3-005 and characteristic their antimicrobial properties against S. pneumonia. Methods: The CNPs and C3-005 loaded CNPs were produced utilizing ionic gelation method, and their physicochemical characteristics including particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and in vitro release profile were studied. Both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for chemical characterization. The synthesized NPs' minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using killing assay and broth dilution method, and their impact on bacteria induced hemolysis were also studied. Results: The NPs encapsulating C3-005 were successfully prepared with particle size of 343.5 nm ± 1.3, zeta potential of 29.8 ± 0.37, and PDI of 0.20 ± 0.03. 70 % of C3-005 were encapsulated in CNPs and sustained release pattern of C3-005 from CNPs was revealed by an in vitro release study. CNPs containing C3-005 exhibited higher antipnomcoccal activity with MIC50 of 30 µg/ml when compared with C3-005 and empty CNPs alone. The prepared C3-CNPs showed a reduction of bacterial hemolysis in a concentration-related (dependent) manner and was higher than C3-005 alone. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed the potential for using C3-005 loaded CNPs to treat pneumococcal infection.

Abstract A Linear Oscillating Actuator (LOA) generates bi‐directional electromagnetic (EM) force between two extreme points. A new topology of moving magnet LOA with axial magnetised PMs and a C‐shaped stator core is proposed. On each side of the mover, two chamfered tubular‐shaped core material parts are attached. All the design parameters, such as mover mass and EM force of the LOA, are optimised using parametric analysis via parametric sweep, and the optimum values of the parameters are chosen based on design and performance parameters. The LOA's performance is examined for various input loading values and at different oscillation region positions. For various values of time‐dependent supply, the EM force's oscillating nature is analysed. The effect of resonance analysis on input current, stroke to current ratio, and efficiency are discussed. The proposed LOA is compared to current LOA topologies in terms of design structure and performance parameters. The FEM results are validated using a special experimental setup. The proposed LOA produces feasible results for the compressor in a refrigeration system.

Combination therapy and multitarget drugs have recently attracted much attention as promising tools to fight against many challenging diseases and, thus, represent a new research focus area. The aim of the current project was to screen multitarget compounds and to study their individual and combined effects on acetaminophen-induced liver injury. In this study, 2 of the best hepatoprotective multitargeting compounds were selected from a pool of 40 major compounds present in Curcuma longa and Cinnamomum zeylanicum by using molecular docking, ADMET profiling, and Pfizer’s rule of five. The two selected compounds, quercetin and curcumin, showed a high binding affinity for the CYP2E1 enzyme, MAPK, and TLR4 receptors that contribute to liver injury. The candidates caused the decreased viability of cancer cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7) but showed no effect on a normal cell line (Vero). Examination of biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin) showed the hepatoprotective effect of the candidate drugs in comparison with the control group, which was confirmed by histological findings. Taken together, quercetin and curcumin not only satisfied the drug-like assessment criterion and proved to be multitargeting by preventing liver damage but also showed anticancer activities.

Recently, the focus has been shifting toward Quorum sensing inhibitors which reduce Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors, alleviating infections. In this work, me-ta-bromo-thiolactone (mBTL), a potent quorum and virulence inhibitor for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, were formulated in calcium alginate nanoparticles (CANPs). Alginate is used as nutrients and as backbone virulence aspect for Pseudomonas and therefore was chosen. mBTL-loaded-CANPs were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology visualized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and drug release profile. Chemical and physical analysis of formulated mBTL-loaded-CANPs were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Physical stability of mBTL-loaded-CANPs assessed at various temperature 25 ± 1 °C, 4 ± 0.5 °C and −30° ± 1 °C over a period of 4 and 9 months. Synthesized CANPs showed nano-size particles ranging from 140 to 200 nm with spherical particles for plain CANPS and irregular shape for mBTL-loaded-CANPs with a sustainable release profile over 48hrs. FTIR showed stable structure of loaded-mBTL and DSC displayed no interaction between mBTL and polymer. State of released mBTL from CANPs kept at 25 °C, 4 °C and −30 °C over 4 and 9 months showed stable formula at room temperature which kept as a goal of nanoparticles storage. The findings of this study revealed successful preparation of mBTL-loaded-CANPs.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the moisturizing efficacy of quince fruit, used in folk medicine. For this purpose, the phytoconstituents of Cydonia oblonga fruit extract, like phenolics and flavonoids, were determined. A stable cosmetic emulgel containing 4% Cydonia oblonga fresh fruit extract was formulated and subjected to in vivo evaluation compared with a control. Materials and Methods: Cydonia oblonga fresh fruit extract was evaluated for tyrosinase activity and phenolic and flavonoid content. A stable emulgel containing 4% Cydonia oblonga fresh fruit extract was formulated and tested in a skin irritation test. After this, in vivo tests of erythema, moisture, sebum, and skin elasticity were conducted. The in vivo evaluation was a randomized and single-blind study. Thirteen healthy female volunteers were selected for a three-month study period. Results: Cydonia oblonga fruit extract showed good phenolic and flavonoid content, which was associated with its good antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibiting activity. Cydonia oblonga containing the emulgel showed a reduction in sebum and erythema, while the elasticity and moisture content showed increments in their levels after the three-month application of the formulation. The fruit contains chlorogenic acid and many sugars, which might account for its anti-inflammatory and sebum reduction effects; it is also capable of enhancing the skin’s hydration level and decreasing skin sagging by enhancing its elasticity. Conclusion: The emulgel loaded with Cydonia oblonga fresh fruit extract is verified regarding its folklore status as a moisturizing agent that enhances the facial skin cells’ resilience potential.

Background: Health-related quality of life is rapidly becoming recognized as an important indicator of how a disease affects patient lives and for evaluating the quality of care, especially for chronic conditions such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objectives: This study is an attempt to assess the quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease at MMIMSR and also identify characteristics that may be associated with their worsening quality of life. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional investigation was conducted at the in-patient department (IPD) of the MMIMSR hospital. This study included 105 CKD patients and used a systematic random sampling method for quantitative analysis. This study utilized a 36-item short-form SF-36 (v1.3) questionnaire to assess HRQoL in CKD patients. Descriptive statistics were employed at the baseline. Chi square and ANOVA were used to draw comparisons between two groups or more than two groups, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify the potential QoL determinants. A p value of 0.05 or lower was used to determine statistical significance. Results: Among a total of 105 participants, the mean (±standard deviation) age was found to be 54.53 ± 13.47 years; 48 were male patients, and 57 were female patients. Diabetes Mellitus (61.9%), hypertension (56.2%), chronic glomerulonephritis (7.6%), chronic pyelonephritis (6.7%), and polycystic kidney disease (5.7%) were identified to be the most frequent disorders associated with CKD. The current study also demonstrated that the HRQoL score domains such as symptom problem list, the effect of kidney disease, and the burden of kidney disease decline significantly and progressively as the patient advances into higher stages of CKD (p = 0.005). A similar pattern was observed in work status, sleep, and general health (p < 0.005). Additionally, a statistically significant difference was noted for cognitive function, quality of social interaction, overall health, dialysis staff encouragement, patient satisfaction, social support, physical functioning, role of physical health, pain, emotional well-being, role of emotional health, social functioning, and energy fatigue (p < 0.005). The mean difference for PCS and MCS based on CKD stages was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.005). The PCS and MCS showed a positive correlation with GFR (r = 0.521), and Hb (r = 0.378), GFR (r = 0.836), and Hb (r = 0.488), respectively. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrated that a significant decrease in HRQoL was observed among CKD patients, with a progressive deterioration of HRQoL dimensions as the patient advances to end-stage renal disease. This study also revealed that CKD imposes various restrictions on patients’ day-to-day lives, particularly in terms of their physical and mental functioning, even in the initial stages of the disease.

Addressing obesity is a critical health concern of the century, necessitating urgent attention. L-carnitine (LC), an essential water-soluble compound, plays a pivotal role in lipid breakdown via β-oxidation and facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes. However, LC’s high hydrophilicity poses challenges to its diffusion through bilayers, resulting in limited bioavailability, a short half-life, and a lack of storage within the body, mandating frequent dosing. In our research, we developed LC-loaded nanoparticle lipid carriers (LC-NLCs) using economically viable and tissue-localized nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to address these limitations. Employing the central composite design model, we optimized the formulation, employing the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method and incorporating Poloxamer® 407 (surfactant), Compritol® 888 ATO (solid lipid), and oleic acid (liquid oil). A comprehensive assessment of nanoparticle physical attributes was performed, and an open-field test (OFT) was conducted on rats. We employed immunofluorescence assays targeting CRP and PPAR-γ, along with an in vivo rat study utilizing an isolated fat cell line to assess adipogenesis. The optimal formulation, with an average size of 76.4 ± 3.4 nm, was selected due to its significant efficacy in activating the PPAR-γ pathway. Our findings from the OFT revealed noteworthy impacts of LC-NLC formulations (0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) on adipocyte cells, surpassing regular L-carnitine formulations’ effects (0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) by 169.26% and 156.63%, respectively (p < 0.05).

Background: Dermatitis is skin disorder that is complicated by recurrent infections of skin by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Spilanthol is an active constituent of Spilanthes acmella, which possess strong anti-bacterial properties. The purpose of this study was to develop a herbal emulgel for the treatment of dermal bacterial infections, as microscopic organisms have created solid resistance against anti-microbials. Methods: Emulgels were prepared and characterized for parameters such as physical examination, rheological studies, spreading coefficient, bio-adhesive strength measurement, extrudability study, antibacterial activity, FTIR analysis, in vitro drug dissolution, and ex vivo permeation studies. Result: With a statistically significant p-value = 0.024, 100% antibacterial activity was observed by F4 against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli (mean ± S.D) (25.33 ± 0.28, 27.33 ± 0.5, and 27 ± 0.5). However, maximum antibacterial effect 100% formulations produced zones of inhibitions against E. colip-value = 0.001. The mean zone of inhibition produced by F4 was greatest among all at 26.44 ± 0.37 mm (mean ± S.D). The F4 formulation produced a maximum percentage dissolution, permeation, and flux of 86.35 ± 0.576, 55.29 ± 0.127%, and 0.5532 ug/cm2/min, respectively. Conclusions: The present study therefore, suggests the use of S. acmella extract and olive oil containing emulgel for treating bacterial skin infections.

Due to its superior performance, rapid development, and environmental friendliness, the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), in all of its various design forms, is becoming a crucial component in electric vehicle (EV) applications. This research article shows the numerical implementation and design of a potential vector control for PMSM, intended for electric vehicle application and implemented analytically to achieve maximum efficiency at the lowest possible costs. Additionally, this paper contains crucial machine features, operation assumptions, and simulation validations that are used to actualize machine design. It is shown, via intensive analytical expression and discussion, that step-up changes account for 90% of the rated value, whereas step-down changes account for 10% of the rated value. By implementing advanced measures, the present research endeavors to augment the control effectiveness, operational efficiency, and dependability of PMSMs in EVs.

Numerous previous studies reported that ferulic acid exerts anxiolytic activity. However, the mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. The current study aimed to investigate the anxiolytic effect of trans-ferulic acid (TFA), a stereoisomer of ferulic acid, and evaluated its underlying mechanism using in vivo and computational studies. For this, different experimental doses of TFA (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg) were administered orally to Swiss albino mice, and various behavioral methods of open field, hole board, swing box, and light–dark tests were carried out. Diazepam (DZP), a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, was employed as a positive control at a dose of 2 mg/kg, and distilled water served as a vehicle. Additionally, molecular docking was performed to estimate the binding affinities of the TFA and DZP toward the GABAA receptor subunits of α2 and α3, which are associated with the anxiolytic effect; visualizations of the ligand-receptor interaction were carried out using various computational tools. Our findings indicate that TFA dose-dependently reduces the locomotor activity of the animals in comparison with the controls, calming their behaviors. In addition, TFA exerted the highest binding affinity (−5.8 kcal/mol) to the α2 subunit of the GABAA receptor by forming several hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. Taken together, our findings suggest that TFA exerts a similar effect to DZP, and the compound exerts moderate anxiolytic activity through the GABAergic interaction pathway. We suggest further clinical studies to develop TFA as a reliable anxiolytic agent.

Electrical machines are prone to various faults and require constant monitoring to ensure safe and dependable functioning. A potential fault in electrical machinery results in unscheduled downtime, necessitating the prompt assessment of any abnormal circumstances in rotating electrical machines. This paper provides an in-depth analysis as well as the most recent trends in the application of condition monitoring and fault detection techniques in the disciplines of electrical machinery. It first investigates the evolution of traditional monitoring techniques, followed by signal-based techniques such as spectrum, vibration, and temperature analysis, and the most recent trends in its signal processing techniques for assessing faults. Then, it investigates and details the implementation and evolution of modern approaches that employ intelligence-based techniques such as neural networks and support vector machines. All these applicable and state-of-art techniques in condition monitoring and fault diagnosis aid in predictive maintenance and identification and have the highly reliable operation of a motor drive system. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the possible transformational impact of electrical machine condition monitoring by thoroughly analyzing each of the monitoring techniques, their corresponding pros and cons, their approaches, and their applicability. It offers strong and useful insights into proactive maintenance measures, improved operating efficiency, and specific recommendations for future applications in the field of diagnostics.

Switched Flux Permanent Magnet Machine (SFPMM) encompass unique features of conventional direct current machine, permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machine and switch reluctance machine therefore, applicable for high-speed applications. However, conventional SFPMM exhibits demerits of high PM volume $(V_{PM})$ , high torque ripples $(T_{rip})$ , higher cogging torque $(T_{cog})$ , lower torque density $(T_{den})$ and significant stator flux leakage. In this paper, a new topology of consequent pole (CP) SFPMM (CPSFPMM) is proposed having partitioned PM that improved flux modulation phenomena utilizing flux barriers. Moreover, due to non-linear behaviour of PM and complex stator structure alternate analytical sub-domain model is utilizes for initial design. However, initial design offers lower open-circuit phase flux linkage $(\Phi)$ , average mechanical torque $(T_{avg})$ and $T_{den}$ . Aforementioned electromagnetic key performance indicator with $T_{cog}$ , $T_{rip}$ , total harmonics distortion in $\Phi $ ( $\Phi _{THD}$ ), average power $(P_{avg})$ and power density $(P_{den})$ are refined utilizing Geometric-Based Deterministic Optimization (GBDO). Analysis reveals that proposed new topology of CPSFPMM with flux barriers reduces $T_{cog}$ by 34.90%, $T_{rip}$ by 20.27%, $\Phi _{THD}$ by 28.08% whereas it enhanced $P_{avg}$ by 17.79%, $T_{den}$ and $P_{den}$ by 34.38%.

This paper proposes a new modular hybrid excited flux switching motor (MHEFSM) with flux gaps, adding the fault-tolerant capability to the proposed motor. The proposed motor uses an E-Shaped stator, as the middle teeth of E-core produce fault-tolerant capability, and in C-core, this capability is eradicated. The no-load flux linkage is calculated by the magnetic network model (MNM) to reduce time and disk storage. The drawback of the constant flux linkage of PM motors is overcome by employing field excitation (FE). The FE helps in regulation flux at higher speeds. The motor leading geometry variables are optimized by using Genetic Global Optimization (GGO). The GGO helped in refining the structure of the motor and has improved the flux linkage by 68.17%, average torque and torque density by 62.39% each, reduced torque ripples by 20.69%, and cogging torque by 18.48%. The volume of permanent magnet (PM) in the proposed MHEFSM is reduced by 36.24%, and 48.49% higher average torque and torque density is obtained compared to the state of art motor proposed in the literature. Furthermore, a 3D analysis of the proposed MHEFSM is done to further evaluate the electromagnetic performance.

Permanent Magnet Linear Flux Switching Machines (PMLFSMs) are potential candidates when higher thrust force ( $\boldsymbol {T}_{ \boldsymbol {F}}$ ) and low cost are the primal requirements. However, conventional PMLFSMs shows flux leakages and utilizes high Permanent Magnet (PM) volume ( $\boldsymbol {V}_{ \boldsymbol {PM}}$ ) that increase overall expense. Therefore, this paper proposed novel Segmented PM Consequent Pole Linear Flux Switching Machine (SPMCPLFSM) with flux bridges. In comparison with PMLFSM, the proposed SPMCPLFSM diminish detent force by $\boldsymbol {20.41\%}$ , suppress thrust force ripples by 27.68%, reduces ripple ratio by 1.77 times, improve $\boldsymbol {T}_{ \boldsymbol {F}}$ to 2 times and boost $\boldsymbol {T}_{ \boldsymbol {F}}$ density to 2.64 times utilizing 75% PM volume and reducing PM cost by 24.16%. Moreover, to overcome computational complexity and computation time, analytical model uniting Lumped Parametric Magnetic Equivalent Circuits, vector potential and Maxwell Stress Tensor method are utilized for open circuit flux linkages, magnetic flux density, detent force and thrust force. Finally, analytical model is validated with finite element analysis (FEA) that show good agreement with FEA. Thus, authors are assured to suggest analytical techniques for early design purpose and proposed SPMCPLFSM for roller coaster application.

In this paper a novel Inset Permanent Magnet Consequent Pole Synchronous Machine (IPMCPSM) with H-type modular stator core for higher average torque ( $T_{a}$ ), torque density ( $T_{d}$ ), power density ( $P_{d}$ ) and efficiency ( $\eta$ ) with features of reduced torque ripple ratio ( $T_{r}$ ) and harmonics content in back-EMF ( ${\mathrm {EMF}}_{THD}$ ) are proposed. Detailed static analysis of the proposed IPMCPSM under variable flux gaps at all and alternate stator teeth is investigated. Performance analyses disclose that with variable flux gaps in proposed IPMCPSM, beside improved flux weakening capability due to flux focusing effects, electromagnetic performance is greatly improved. Additionally, due to physical isolation of the adjacent phase modules with modular topology, mutual flux influence is de-coupled that improve phase self-inductance to mitigate the short-circuited current under fault condition whereas mutual flux decoupling mitigates mutual inductance that ultimately improves overall machine fault-tolerant capability. Furthermore, effectiveness of the proposed IPMCPSM with H-type modular stator is elaborated with comparative study of conventional E-core and C-core topologies. Detailed comparative analysis reveals that proposed IPMCPSM suppresses ${EMF}_{THD}$ , improve $\eta $ by 18.9%, diminish $T_{r}$ up to 55% and boost $T_{a}$ and $P_{d}$ maximum up to 2.66, 2.59 times, respectively with enhanced flux focusing effects and fault tolerant capability.

Introduction: The area of “Green Synthesis of Nano-medicine,” as compared to its synthetic counterparts, is a relatively safer research technology for various biomedical applications, including identification, therapeutic application, and prevention of pathological conditions, pain control, safety, and development of human wellness. The present study explored the synthesis and characterization of AgNPs using the ethanolic extract of Piper cubeba fruit as a reducing and stabilizing agent and its potential as an enzyme inhibitory agent. Urease inhibitors are helpful against many severe diseases, including gastric ulcers induced by Helicobacter pylori.Method: The fruits of the Piper cubeba plant were taken and ground to a fine powder. Plant material was added to 500 ml ethanol, and the mixture was filtered. The solvent of the filtrate was evaporated, and a thick, gummy extract was obtained and stored at 4°C in the refrigerator. AgNPs were green synthesized from solutions of AgNO3 using the P. cubeba extract, which was indicated by a change in the color from light brown to deep brown. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized via Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results and Discussion: Analysis showed the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 at room temperature (25°C), and the average particle size of AgNPs was in the range of 40–80 nm. Consequently, the synthesized AgNPs were evaluated for their anti-urease activity. The maximum urease inhibition of the Piper cubeba ethanolic extract was 88.5% at 5 mg conc., and of derived nanoparticles was 78.6% at 0.05 mg conc. The results were nearly similar to the control drug, i.e., thiourea (0.5 and 0.6 mM conc., respectively).Conclusion: The study concluded that the P. cubeba extract, as well as its green-derived AgNPs, might prove to be a better and safer substitute for their enzyme inhibitory potential in emerging medicine and novel drug delivery techniques to improve and maintain human health.

The deposition in Haripur basin not only provides a contemporary insight into old fluvial depositional sequences of the Himalayan foreland but also sheds light on the important continental depositions in a monsoon controlled foreland system. The present study emphasizes the evaluation of the paleo-depositional architecture for sustainable groundwater availability by utilizing a total of four field-based geological observations, eleven boreholes, and fifty-nine vertical electrical sounding (VES) datasets. The acquired surface geological data well correlate with resistivity and borehole data. The derived results of the lithostratigraphic cross-sections and spatial distribution maps reveal three-sided closure depositional. These depositional directions indicate thick successions of coarser sediments near the foothills and interbedded mixture of coarser and finer sediments toward the central and southern parts of the basin. The former conditions provide maximum groundwater yielding capacity for sustainable groundwater supply in the north-eastern and north-western parts of the basin. On the contrary, in the central and southern parts of the basin, the groundwater yielding capacities have drastically decreased due to deposition of finer sediments.

Due to their efficiency and control capabilities, induction motors fed with inverters have become prevalent in various industrial applications. However, ensuring the reliable operation of the motor and diagnosing faults on time are crucial for preventing unexpected failures and minimizing downtime. This paper systematically analyzes condition monitoring and practical diagnostic techniques for inverter-fed motor drive systems. This study encompasses a thorough evaluation of different methods used for condition monitoring and diagnostics of induction motors, with the most crucial faults in their stator, rotor, bearings, eccentricity, shaft currents, and partial discharges. It also includes an assessment of their applicability. The presented analysis includes a focus on the challenges associated with inverter-fed systems, such as high-frequency harmonics, common-mode voltages causing the bearing currents, and high voltage gradients (dv/dt) due to fast switching frequency, which can impact the motor operation, as well as its faults analysis. Furthermore, this research explores the usefulness and efficiency of various available diagnostic methods, such as motor current signature analysis and other useful analyses using advanced signal processing techniques. This study aims to present findings that provide valuable insights for developing comprehensive condition monitoring strategies, and practical diagnostic techniques that enable proactive maintenance, enhanced system performance, and improved operational reliability of inverter-fed motor drive systems.

The objective of this research work is to demonstrate the ecologically friendly fabrication of gold nanoparticles (OL-Au NAPs) using the biomolecules of Olea europaea leaf extract. Several spectroscopic approaches were utilized to analyze green fabricated OL-Au NAPs efficiently. OL-Au NAPs were investigated against two different bacteriological strains for antibacterial and biofilm inhibition efficacy. The MTT technique was used to determine the cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cancerous cells, which was expressed as a percentage of viable cells. The biocompatibility of the synthesized NAPs was evaluated further by incubating them for 24 h with hMSC and 293T cell lines. The results indicated that synthesized OL-Au NAPs effectively suppressed proliferation and biofilm formation in all tested bacteria. Their antibacterial activity was statistically equivalent to that of standard antibiotics (p > 0.05). In silico molecular docking studies confirmed that OL-Au NAPs can also bind and inhibit important S. aureus proteins involved in the cell wall and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, they outperformed plant leaf extract and CH-Au NAPs in terms of cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cancerous cells. Green fabricated OL-Au NAPs seemed more biocompatible with 293T and hMSC cells than CH-Au NAPs. The promising biological properties of the OL-Au NAPs may be a result of the NAPs' properties interacting with the adsorbed bioactive molecules from plant leaf extract. As a consequence of this study, synthesized OL-Au NAPs may be a potential choice for their numerous pharmacological and nutritional properties. This discovery will also open the road for the creation of nontoxic nanomaterials with extra biologic properties obtained from plants.

Introduction The present work describes the green synthesis and characterization and cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-human lung cancer activities of silver nanoparticles containing Curcumae kwangsiensis folium leaf aqueous extract. Material and methods Ag nanoparticles were produced by mixing the AgNO3 solution with aqueous C. kwangsiensis folium leaf extract. Characterization of Ag nanoparticles was done by FE-SEM, FT-IR, TEM, and UV-Vis. FE-SEM and TEM images revealed an average diameter of 15-21 nm for the nanoparticles. MTT assay was used on common human lung cancer cell lines, i.e., lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma (HLC-1), lung moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (LC-2/ad), and lung poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (PC-14) cell lines, to survey the cytotoxicity and anti-human lung cancer effects of Ag nanoparticles. Results They had very low cell viability and high anti-human lung cancer activities dose-dependently against HLC-1, LC-2/ad, and PC-14 cell lines without any cytotoxicity towards the normal cell line (HUVEC). The IC50 values of Ag nanoparticles were 249, 187, and 152 µg/ml against HLC-1, LC-2/ad, and PC-14 cell lines, respectively. The best results of cytotoxicity and anti-human lung cancer properties were seen at the concentration of 1000 µg/ml. Ag nanoparticles inhibited half of the DPPH molecules in the concentration of 135 µg/ml. Maybe significant anti-human lung cancer potentials of Ag nanoparticles synthesized by C. kwangsiensis folium leaf aqueous extract against common human lung cancer cell lines are linked to their antioxidant activities. Conclusions After confirming the above results in the clinical trial research, this formulation can be administered to treat human lung cancers in humans.

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are promising targets in chemotherapy. In this study, we report a series of 2-anilinopyrimidine derivatives with CDK inhibitory activity. Twenty-one compounds were synthesized and their CDK inhibitory and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. The representative compounds demonstrate potent antiproliferative activities toward different solid cancer cell lines and provide a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Compound 5f was the most potent CDK7 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.479 µM), compound 5d was the most potent CDK8 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.716 µM), and compound 5b was the most potent CDK9 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.059 µM). All the compounds satisfied the Lipinski’s rule of five (molecular weight < 500 Da, number of hydrogen bond acceptors 5j is a good candidate for lead optimization because it has a non-hydrogen atom (N) of 23, an acceptable ligand efficiency value of 0.38673, and an acceptable ligand lipophilic efficiency value of 5.5526. The synthesized anilinopyrimidine derivatives have potential as anticancer agents.

In this research study, the authors successfully synthesized potent new anticancer agents derived from indazol-pyrimidine. All the prepared compounds were tested for in vitro cell line inhibitory activity against three different cancerous cell lines. Results demonstrated that five of the novel compounds—4f, 4i, 4a, 4g, and 4d—possessed significant cytotoxic inhibitory activity against the MCF-7 cell line, with IC50 values of 1.629, 1.841, 2.958, 4.680, and 4.798 μM, respectively, compared to the reference drug with an IC50 value of 8.029 μM, thus demonstrating promising suppression power. Compounds 4i, 4g, 4e, 4d, and 4a showed effective cytotoxic activity stronger than the standard against Caco2 cells. Moreover, compounds 4a and 4i exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against the A549 cell line that was stronger than the reference drug. The most active products, 4f and 4i, werr e further examined for their mechanism of action. It turns out that they were capable of activating caspase-3/7 and, therefore, inducing apoptosis. However, produced a higher safety profile than the reference drug, towards the normal cells (MCF10a). Furthermore, the dynamic nature, binding interaction, and protein–ligand stability were explored through a Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation study. Various analysis parameters (RMSD, RMSF, RoG, and SASA) from the MD simulation trajectory have suggested the stability of the compounds during the 20 ns MD simulation study. In silico ADMET results revealed that the synthesized compounds had low toxicity, good solubility, and an absorption profile since they met Lipinski’s rule of five and Veber’s rule. The present research highlights the potential of derivatives with indazole scaffolds bearing pyrimidine as a lead compound for designing anticancer agents.

Molecular hybridisation of four bioactive fragments piperazine, substituted-benzofuran, amino acids, and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide as single molecular architecture was designed. A series of new hybrids were synthesised and subjected to evaluation for their inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. 4d–f and 4o found to exhibit MIC as 1.56 µg/mL, equally active as ethambutol whereas 4a, 4c, 4j displayed MIC 0.78 µg/mL were superior to ethambutol. Tested compounds demonstrated an excellent safety profile with very low toxicity, good selectivity index, and antioxidant properties. All the newly synthesised compounds were thoroughly characterised by analytical methods. The result was further supported by molecular modelling studies on the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl reductase.

In this study, zinc oxide nanostructures (ZnO NS) were synthesized using Pyrus pyrifolia fruit extract. Biophysical characterization results confirmed that the synthesized materials are crystalline wurtzite ZnO structures. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that the ZnO NS are cubical, and the sizes range 20–80 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XRD results revealed a crystal lattice spacing of 0.23 nm and (101) the crystalline plane on ZnO NS. UV-Visible spectrophotometer results showed an absorbance peak at 373 nm. The ZnO NS demonstrated significant antibacterial activity analyzed by metabolic activity analysis and disc diffusion assay against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. FESEM analysis confirmed the bacterial membrane disruption and the release of cytoplasmic contents was studied by electron microscopy analysis. Further, ZnO NS achieved good photocatalytic activity of decolorizing 88% of methylene blue (MB) in 60 min. The dielectric constant and loss of ZnO were found to be 3.19 and 2.80 at 1 kHz, respectively. The research findings from this study could offer new insights for developing potential antibacterial and photocatalytic materials.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) plays a critical role in transcriptional elongation, through which short-lived antiapoptotic proteins are overexpressed and make cancer cells resistant to apoptosis. Therefore, CDK9 inhibition depletes antiapoptotic proteins, which in turn leads to the reinstatement of apoptosis in cancer cells. Twenty-seven compounds were synthesized, and their CDK9 inhibitory and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. Compounds 7, 9, and 25 were the most potent CDK9 inhibitors, with IC50 values of 0.115, 0.131, and 0.142 μM, respectively. The binding modes of these molecules were studied via molecular docking, which shows that they occupy the adenosine triphosphate binding site of CDK9. Of these three molecules, compound 25 shows good drug-like properties, as it does not violate Lipinski’s rule of five. In addition, this molecule shows promising ligand and lipophilic efficiency values and is an ideal candidate for further optimization.

Slotting effect in electric machines reduces flux per pole that effect magnetic flux density distribution in the air gap which induces harmonics in magnetic flux density causing flux pulsation, that in turn generates dominant torque pulsation in the form of cogging torque and torque ripples. To overcome the abovesaid demerits, a novel outer rotor field-excited flux-switching machine (OR-FSFSM) with a combined semi-closed and open slots stator is proposed in this study. The developed OR-FEFSM offers a high-power factor, due to the utilization of the semi-closed slot for armature coils. The open slot stator structure was chosen for the field excitation coil, which effectively suppresses leakage reluctance that causes flux pulsation. Thus, the influence of torque ripples is reduced, and the average torque is improved. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed OR-FEFSM, a detailed study of stator slot and rotor pole combinations are performed. Based on simplified mathematical formulation, 12S/7P (stator slot/rotor poles), 12S/11P, 12S/13P, and 12S/17P are the most feasible combinations. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based on comprehensive electromagnetic performance is performed on each combination, and found that 12S/13P offers the highest average torque of 4.62 Nm, whereas 3.72 Nm, 2.72Nm, and 1.68 Nm average torque is offered by 12S/17P, 12S/7P, and 12S/11P, respectively. Based on the initial analysis, 12S/13P was considered for further analysis and optimized using JMAG built-in Genetic Algorithm (GA). Moreover, thermal analysis was performed, and the proposed design was compared with the conventional design.

Traditionally, plants of the genus Calotropis have been used to cure various common diseases. The present research work explores the chemical and biological characterization of one of the most common species of this genus, i.e., Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand (syn. Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.), having multiple folklore applications. The ethanolic extract of leaves of Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand was analyzed for the phytochemical composition by determining the total bioactive (total phenolic and total flavonoid) contents and UHPLC-MS secondary metabolites analysis. For phytopharmacological evaluation, in vitro antioxidant (including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation antioxidant assays) activities, enzyme inhibition potential (against AChE, BChE, α-amylase, and tyrosinase enzymes), and in vivo wound healing potential were determined. The tested extract has been shown to contain considerable flavonoid (46.75 mg RE/g extract) and phenolic (33.71 mg GAE/g extract) contents. The plant extract presented considerable antioxidant potential, being the most active for CUPRAC assays. Secondary metabolite UHPLC-MS characterization, in both the positive and negative ionization modes, indicated the tentative presence of 17 different phytocompounds, mostly derivatives of sesquiterpene, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Similarly, the tested extract exhibited considerable inhibitory effects on tyrosinase (81.72 mg KAE/g extract), whereas it showed weak inhibition ability against other tested enzymes. Moreover, in the case of in vivo wound healing assays, significant improvement in wound healing was observed in both the tested models at the doses of 0.5 percent w/w (p < 0.001) and 2.0 percent w/w (p < 0.01) on the 16th day. The outcomes of the present research work suggested that C. gigantea (L.) Dryand plant extract could be appraised as a potential origin of bioactive molecules having multifunctional medicinal uses.