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Background: Siddha system of medicine is considered to be foremost among other systems of medicine. Many medicines are available in traditional systems for all kind of diseases. Most people show their interest towards Siddha medicine for non-communicable diseases especially for diabetes, hypertension, etc., Poly herbal formulations like Avarai kudineer has been authorized for prescription for Madhumegam. Madhumukthi Kudineer Chooranum (MKC) is one such medicine which has been found efficacious in Madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus). The current study is aimed at standardizing MKC employing pharmacognostic and chemical analyses with the aim of developing standards for quality control of this important medicine of Siddha. Materials and Methods: MKC was analyzed for pharmacognostic, physiochemical and HPTLC standards following standard procedures mentioned in Pharmacopoeias. Results: Macroscopy, powder microscopy was matched with the characters of these ingredients as reported in pharmacopoeias. The physicochemical standards were correlated with standards. TLC of MKC showed 10 spots under UV 254 nm, 13 spots under UV 366 nm and after spray with 5% vanillin sulphuric acid solution. Conclusion: The reported results will be supportive for standardization and future studies of MKC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siddha medicine, one of the AYUSH systems of medicine was an ancient traditional system with its unique method of diagnosis called Envagai thervu (Eight methods of diagnosis). Among the eight tools Neikuri gained significant importance in diagnostic and prognostic purposes of disease elaborated by Siddhar Theraiyar. To validate the Siddha diagnostic tool, the Neikuri pattern, and to find the correlation with HbA1c levels among type 2 diabetic patients 104 diagnosed diabetic patients consisting of males (n = 56) and females (n = 48) who attended Siddha Clinic were taken for the study. Assessment of Siddha diagnostic tool, Neikuri, was done based on the standardization. HbA1c Blood test was done at our hospital The subject, mean age was 51.86±9.44 years. The pattern of spread on the surface of urine among diabetic patients indicating the derangement of humours in percentage was Vathakapham (44.23%), Pithakapham (19.23%), Kaphapitham (10%), Kaphavatham (8.65%), Kapham (7.69%), Pithavatham (6.73%), Vathapitham(1.92%), and Pithathilpitham (1.92%), We noticed a fast spread (77.88%), Non-circular (78.85%), and non-uniform (83.65%), patterns indicate the vitiation of humors. Different shapes of spread were noted which are indicators of the prevailing disease. Comparison of Neikuri analysis, with HbA1C (glycated haemoglobin) level shows that the subjects having kapham as muthanmai kuttram, the mean HbA1c level was 8.4% and Kapham as thunai kuttram it was 7.95%, whereas when kapham involvement was not present, it was 7.5 %. This shows that HbA1c levels are high when Kapham kuttram is involved, and p-value less than 0.05 when compared with muthanmai kuttram kapham with no kapham proves significance. This convenient, non-invasive, cost-effective technique may prove beneficial in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, showing instant results of the actual health condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genus Ipomoea consists of many climbing herbs and weeds belonging to the family Convolvulceae which are distributed all over India and are extensively important in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha medicine. Objectives: Looking into its above important activity the present research studies were carried out to investigate the Ipomoea reniformis Choisy ethnomedicinal plant for its quality, purity, and identification with the help of Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, and Phytochemicals evaluation. Materials and Methods: The selected and authenticated medicinally important plant I. reniformis is belonging to the family Convolvulceae with the help of Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical characterization of powder and Phytochemicals evaluation of various extracts for its quality, purity, and identification. Results: Macroscopic studies of the plant part’s color, odor, size, taste, and arrangement of leaves, Petiole, and stem of I. reniformis were observed. Microscopy of leaves, petiole, and stem of the I. reniformis plant confirmed the presence of several significant sections. Physiochemical parameters such as % moisture content, % total solid content, total Ash values, water and alcohol soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, and Sulfated ash values (% w/w) are 1.15±0.02, 98.85±0.04, 4.91±0.14, 3.28±0.27, 4.02±0.22, 0.93±0.37, 1.31±0.35 respectively. Ethanol and methanol produced high extractive yields of 11.06% and 9.86% respectively. Phytochemical evaluation of the various herbal extracts found many significant phytochemical constituents in ethanol and methanol extracts. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic, physiochemical, and phytochemical studies were carried out for the identification and authentication of I. reniformis Choisy, and these studies will help in the differentiation of the medicinal plants from its various species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 422 million total Diabetic population worldwide and about 1.5 million death rates caused due to it. Diabetes Mellitus (Madhumegam) is a disease classified under Neerinai Perkukkal Noi (diseases causing excessive urination) caused due to increased kapam humour. Naaval Kottai Mathirai (NKM) is a unique herbal Siddha drug prepared from Aristolochia bracteolata which has bitter taste and Syzygium cumini which has astringent taste. The herbal formulation NKM neutralizes kapam and hence effective in Madhumegam. In vitro studies like alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assays were performed to prove the anti diabetic effect of the drug NKM. DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl) assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (H2O2) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay were done to evaluate its antioxidant potency. The results showed that minimum alpha amylase inhibitory activity ranged from 19.42±5.92 to 60.92±3.98%, with an IC50 value 70.9±12.37 μg/mL, when it is compared with standard drug acarbose, which showed inhibition ranged from 39.83±2.18 to 91.08±5.43 with an IC50 value 13.29±1.95 μg/mL in various concentration levels of NKM. The IC50 value of Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) was noted as 48.61±1.69 μg/mL and NKM as 67.19±7.81 μg/mL for the H2O2 scavenging antioxidant activity. In nitrogen scavenging antioxidant activity, it was observed that IC50 value of gallic acid was 23.02 μg/mL and NKM was 79.13 μg/mL. In DPPH scavenging activity, for ascorbic acid, the standard showed is IC50 value as 13.36 μg/mL and NKM as 53.39 μg/mL. The phytoconstituents present in NKM may enrich the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poorana Chandrothaya Chenthuram (PCC) is a gold-based Siddha drug, for treating diverse diseases. Rooted in centuries-old traditional use, Siddha texts categorize PCC as a kayakarpa entity that emphasizes holistic well-being. Aim: This study assesses the nootropic potential of Poorana Chandrothaya Chenthuram (PCC) in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, specifically focusing on the modulation of cholinergic system and anti-oxidant effects. Methods: Preliminary finger printing with FTIR was done. Scopolamine-induced memory impaired mice were administered PCC (15 or 30 mg/kg) for 28 days. Memory assessments were done using elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance tasks. RT-PCR gauged mRNA expression levels of AChE, MChR, BAX, and BCL2 in brain samples were also done. Results: FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups in PCC. In the EPM test, pre-treatment with PCC (15 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced the time taken (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively), comparable to the reference control, piracetam. The PAT revealed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the time taken to step down from the escape platform which demonstrates that significant efficacy in reversing scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Gene expression studies reported a significant up-regulation (p < 0.01) in AChE, MChR, and BAX mRNA expressions, along with a down-regulation in BCL2 expression compared to normal mice. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the anti-amnesic activity of the Siddha drug PCC, elucidating its mechanism involving a reduction in AChE levels and an augmentation of antioxidant levels in which implicates modulation of cholinergic and apoptotic pathways. In-depth exploration of PCC's neuroprotective properties may unveil novel avenues for combating memory and cognitive decline.

Background: Commiphora caudata is commonly called hill mango, an incredibly available species of Commiphora, and belongs to Burseraceae. Commiphora caudata is commonly used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicines. Different parts of the plant have many pharmacological activities like antiviral, antispasmodic, cytotoxic, hypothermic activity, antiacne, hepatoprotective, febrifuge, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and Methods: Extracts were prepared by successive solvent extraction, In vitro studies like, MTT assay, scratch assay, Estimation of Inflammatory Marker IL-6 by Enzyme-Linked Immuno sorbent Assay (ELISA test), determination of hydroxyproline, estimation of total protein, in vivo excision wound model and diabetic model were done. Results: In all the chloroform extract of Commiphora caudata has shown a good wound-healing property. Conclusion: Based on the ethnic medical uses and proven biological activities, the gum blended in with water is utilized as a mouthwash to cure mouth ulcers and is utilized for wound healing and rheumatoid arthritis., current work focused on proving wound healing potential of plant Commiphora caudata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siddha system of medicine is one of the most traditional medicines and has many unique preparations of higher order internal medicines, external therapies for various diseases. But still the validation of the reliable diagnostic tools has not yet been documented. Covid-19 which was a massive epidemic in 2019, and the world is still in search of medicines and diagnostic parameters. The Siddha's Eight-fold diagnostic tool, Neerkuri and neikuri are very sensitive and exclusively Siddha methods of diagnostic urine examination propounded by Sage Theraiyar. This is an efficient method in elucidating the prognosis of the given disease. This Observational study, evaluates the Eight-fold Diagnostic tools and Neerkuri, Neikuri among the COVID Patients. COVID patients were selected based on their CORADS score and studied with the eight-fold diagnostic tools and exclusively with Neerkuri and Neikuri using the guidelines mentioned as per the Siddha Literature. Based on the observation of the pattern of spread of oil drop in the urine of subjects, and by recording the changes of the En vagai thervu the results were recorded and tabulated. From the obtained results it may be concluded that 70% of the neikkuri findings were in pearl shape indicating kabam. In future, clinical studies will be conducted to standardize this Siddha Diagnostic tools in other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Palash and hibiscus are used in Siddha medicine, a traditional system from India and the Southeast Asian countries of Nepal, Indonesia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. These plants have natural health benefits that can help to cure diseases naturally. Food color from natural dyes is emerging globally as an eco-friendly colorant. This study is innovative in investigating various Solvents for using color extraction and subsequently conducting a comparative analysis of Different solvents concerning their outcomes. The color, antioxidant activity, and Phytochemicals are also thoroughly examined. There are a total of six samples prepared, and These samples of solutions were respectively 5% Citric Acid 24h (S1), 5% Citric acid 48h (S2), 5% NaOH solution 24h (S3), Glycerin with water (1:3) a time of 24h (S4), Glycerin with Water (1:3) a time of 48h (S5) and pure glycerin solution (S6). Phenolic content was high in The S7 sample in both flowers, and these values were 825.5 mg and 1778.75 mg, respectively, in 100 gm. Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) was high in the S2 sample in both flowers; these values were 77.41% and 79.16%, respectively. Color parameters, i.e., L*, a*, b*, help to detect the lightness index, redness, and yellowness index. Principle component analysis justifies the correlation of characterization parameters of palash and jaba flower petals. On an overall basis, it was found from the study that 5% citric acid solvent and pure glycerin solvent were considered the most effective and the highest concentration of readily accessible antioxidants and higher antioxidant Activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The discipline of Siddha medicine, particularly herbal formulations, can benefit greatly from the use of molecular docking because it enables the molecular interactions of the formulation's lead molecules with receptors to be understood, as well as the inference of the formulation's basic biochemical targets. Aim: The goal of this study is to carry out an In-silico computational analysis of the phytochemicals found in Kuruver Kudineer (KK), a traditional Siddha remedy that is used for managing behavioral deficit in Parkinsons disease. Methodology: The ligand structures were developed and optimized using Auto Dock Tools (Morris, Goodsell et al., 1998). Using Auto dock Vina, the compounds were all docked. The function of the target protein Monoamine Oxidase -A (PDB 2Z5X), which is involved in the breakdown of the neurotransmitters by MAO-A, will be inhibited by the creation of a hydrogen bond between phytocomponents and the target's core amino acids (Tyr 69, Ile 335, Tyr 407, and Tyr 444). In order to control the dopamine level, phytocomponents that inhibit the target enzyme MAO-A may be used as potential targets. Results: The compounds present in Kuruver Kudineer (KK) like Gingerenone-A, Betulinic acid, Zingiberene, Rutin, Geniposide and β-sitosterol showed maximum interactions with MAO -A when compared to that of Clorgyline. According to the outcomes of the computational investigation, the bio-active substances present in the Siddha formulation Kuruver Kudineer (KK) have significant affinity to the target MAO-A (PDB 2Z5X). Conclusions: From the results of the present study, it was concluded that the MAO - A reveal significant effect to managing the behavioral deficit and thereby considered an excellent drug choice for the clinical management of Parkinson's disease (Nadukku vatham). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sida cordata is a perennial, spreading herb that is well-known for its ethnomedicinal uses in India, Sri Lanka and other Asian countries. It is one of the most important plants in the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine and is known as Raajabalaa and Bhumibalaa in Sanskrit. The present study aims to develop a profile of bioactive compounds using GC-MS analysis and evaluate their anticancer and antioxidant potential. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 18 compounds in the petroleum ether extract, 14 compounds in the acetone extract, 12 compounds in the ethanol extract and 6 compounds in the chloroform extract. Gamma-sitosterol is the most abundant compound found in the petroleum ether (18.48%), acetone (34.25%) and ethanol (25.17%) extracts. In the chloroform extract, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid is the most abundant compound, comprising 74.77% of the extract. The chloroform extract demonstrated significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 cell line, as determined by the MTT assay, with an IC50 value of 47.53 µg/mL. In vitro antioxidant potential was studied using DPPH and ABTS assays. However, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 46.48 µg/mL and 94.17 µg/mL against their respective standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonmetallic and mild toxic Sulphur is abundantly available in the world. Kanthakam is the name for Sulphur in Siddha Medicine. Sulphur is one of the unavoidable substances for medicine preparations with deferent purification methods. According to Siddha concept of Purification (Shuddhi) of drug not only a process of purification or detoxification, but also process to enhance potency and efficacy of the medicine. Methods: The Unpurified Sulphur (S1) and Purified Sulphur Method I (S2), Method II (S3), Method III (S4) and Method IV(S5) Samples were employed for Comparative analysis of organoleptic character, Solubility profile, loss on drying, total and acid insoluble ash, alcohol and water soluble extractive, pH, Sulphur concentration, Microbial test, Aflatoxin assay by TLC, Test for basic and acid radicles, FTIR, and SEM. Results: finding gave considerable changes between unpurified Sulphur (S1) and purified samples. The purity percentage of Sulphur, were found increased from 8.97% w/w to 59.04% w/w and the particle size were reduces from 1247 d.nm to 468.0 d.nm in the S5 sample. FTIR show the functional group changes from C=C-alkene and C-I - Alkyl & Aryl Halides in to O-H-Alcohol, N-H- amine salt, C-H- alkane, C=C- alkene and C=O Esters & d-lactone. Purified Sulphur samples show changes in Sulphur content, Particle size, functional group and solubility were within the safety limits as FDA permissible quantity. Heavy metals were not found in any samples. Conclusion: According to comparative analysis, it is vital to select purifying methods for preparing medicines in accordance with the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral hepatitis is a common cause of acute liver injury that can lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Viral hepatitis shares similarities with kamalai in Siddha medicine and is managed in accordance with Siddha treatment. Present case is of a 14-year-old male patient who presented with symptoms of fever, fatigue, malaise, and jaundice. Laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound features, and clinical findings indicated positive viral hepatitis. The patient was started on Siddha management to suppress Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) replication and prevent progression to chronic hepatitis B infection. The patient's symptoms gradually improved over the next few weeks, and follow-up blood tests showed a significant reduction in the values of elevated liver enzymes, indicating a good response to Siddha medicine treatment. The unique aspect of this case study was that it demonstrates a successful management of viral hepatitis B infection with the Siddha system of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naga Parpam (NP), a zinc containing drug is prescribed in Siddha medicine to treat piles, fistula, dysentery, diarrhoea and tuberculosis. In this investigation, NP’s effect on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and tissues of liver in Wistar rats has been studied. The drug was administered orally in doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight for 28 days to the experimental animals. On day 29, they were sacrificed and the liver was removed. From the liver homogenate, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were analyzed. Dose dependent decrease in LPO and increase in the above enzymes revealed its potential antioxidant activity. There were no significant changes in the liver tissue architecture in histology that further confirmed the pro-active role of NP in treating diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This photo essay explores the intricate practices of Siddha pharmacology in Tamil Nadu, India, as documented during field research conducted at the Puttu Maharishi Ashram in Vellore. The essay also examines the role of photography as a research tool, one that is used here to capture moments and processes in Siddha medicine that extend beyond the reach of textual description. The focus is directed toward two significant practices: Pudam, a detailed calcination process integral to medicine making, and Velvi, a full moon fire ritual symbolizing the spiritual dimension of Siddha practice. These practices serve as vital components in the construction and expression of the Siddha medical tradition, highlighting the unique interplay between material and spiritual elements. The photo essay serves as a window into the world of Siddha pharmacology, allowing for an immersive experience of its aesthetic and transformative aspects. Photography is employed not merely as a documentary tool but as a medium for intersubjectivity, inviting readers to engage with the subtle intricacies of this ancient healing tradition. The essay aims to render the invisible spiritual dimensions of Siddha medicine visible.

Background: Siddha system of medical has developed a rich and unique treasure of drug knowledge in which use of plants, metals and minerals is very much advocated, which plays an important role in medicinal properties for both preventive and curative. These medicinal values of plants are in some chemically active substance they produce a definite physiological action on the human body. Kanda aviltham is a classic siddha medicine used in the treatment of suram, mukkutranoigal, naavaratchi. Vaanthi, malapantham, malapokku, neerkatti, etc. Objective: 1. Anti-coagulant activity 2. Safety profile of kandha aviltham on mammalian cell A, Erythrocytes B, Fibroblasts Method: 1. Anti-coagulant activity •Platelet aggregration assay [Human] •Dose dependent assay/3hrs treatment 2. Safety profile •MTT assay on NIH3T3 fibroblast, dose dependent assay/24 hrs treatment •Hemolytic assay on human erythrocyte, dose dependent assay/1hrs treatment Conclusion: The Anti-coagulant study, Fibroblastic toxicity and hemolytic study for kanda aviltham shows the drug is non- cytotoxic and it contains anti-coagulant and hemolytic activity.This evidence based data provides valuable information is helful to standardization of kandha aviltham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Santha Chandrodaya Mathirai (SSM) [Cāntacantirōtaya māttirai] is a classical tablet formulation in Siddha medicine used in various types of fevers. Because of limited research validation in terms of the product compactness, quality and safety, the present study focuses on the formulation, characterization and standardization of the tablet dosage. The objective of the study is to prepare SSM as per Standard operating Procedures (SoPs) mentioned in classical text and to characterize it chemically using modern analytical techniques. Materials and Methods: The tablet dosage was prepared from the In-house R&D GMP Pharmacy facility of Siddha central research Institute and validated through analytical measures like pre-compression, post-compression parameters, physiochemical analysis, analytical studies like High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Special Edition Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDAX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV Absorption Spectroscopy (UV-AS). Results: As per the reference standards, the mean flow property of the Tablet granules (31°) was fair enough, the mean compressibility index (17.3%) and Hausner's ratio (1.452) indicates its good flow character. The tablet passed the USP standards of weight variation in %. The friability test reported the maximum weight loss to be 0.06 %, a good acceptable value. The highest disintegration time was observed at 60 min. The samples were devoid of Heavy metals, microbial and aflatoxin contamination. At short UV of 254 nm, long UV of 366 nm, and post derivatized plate in white light there were observation of 6 spots, 8 spots and 12 spots respectively in TLC photo documentation. EDAX reported the presence of Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium, and Niobium molecules in the sample with no traces of heavy metals. FTIR spectra showed three high peak areas at the range of band 2917.08, 2849.10, and at 1717.08 that corresponds to carboxylic acid, alkane bond, and a, ß-unsaturated ester. Conclusion: The In-house samples of SSM reported standard values in terms of quality and safety. Further clinical trials are warranted to validate its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amirdha Gandhi Kukkil Vallathy (AGKV) is a herbo mineral Siddha formulation which has Sulphur, Kukkil, Seendhil and Serankottai as major ingredients and it is indicated for 80 types of Vatham diseases. Uthiravatha suronitham is one among the vatham diseases and it's clinical symptoms are correlated with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since AGKV is a promising drug for RA, the safety of this drug has been validated by performing the acute and 28 days repeated oral dose toxicity study following the OECD guidelines 423 and 407. The acute toxicity study has been performed by administering orally with a single dose of 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight in rat models and the animals were observed for 14 consecutive days. Gross pathology was observed and animals were sacrificed at the end of the study. In 28 days repeated oral toxicity study, limit test has been carried out with a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight. No significant abnormality has been observed in the body weight, organ weight, biochemical parameters and histopathology studies. It has been revealed that this drug is safe upto 2000 mg/kg body weight in single dose study and 1,000 mg is a safer dose in the 28 days repeated oral toxicity study. The results of acute and 28 days repeated oral toxicity studies revealed no adverse effects in animals and hence this drug AGKV is safe and can be administered in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), infection has strong association with development of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. Though there exist unclear and complex treatment modalities for H.Pylori infection, recent step-up in herbal medicines can be a way out for these intricate research arena. Several efforts have been taken off late to transform traditional medicine into a modern industry in order to deliver healthcare to the common people. The present study was aimed at identifying potential lead phytochemicals from traditional anti-ulcer Siddha medicine ElathyChooranam that can inhibit H. pylori and possibly serve as adjuvant treatments. Here, in silico molecular docking was performed using auto dock tools to identify potential inhibitors that favour the binding with the core amino acids (LYS-445 and VAL-473, TYR-475) which inturn would hinder the function of the enzyme H pylori Urease.Based on the results of the computational analysis it was concluded that the bio-active compound's like β-sitosterol, Kaempferol, Piperine, Abiesin, Gingerenone-A and Nerolidol present in the Siddha formulation ElathyChooranampossess significant binding against the target H pylori urease Thereby it can be concluded that these compounds may exert promising anti-ulcer activity by inhibiting the enzyme H pylori urease which is regarded as the predominant virulence determinant of H pylori that catalyze the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia in the pathogenesis of ulcer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, complementary and alternative therapies have been widely utilised. In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in the usage of herbal treatments all around the world. Various natural chemicals, such as those produced from plants, have been investigated as potential therapies for a myriad of ailments. The essence of this review was to methodically describe everything we know about Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, a mysterious holistic Vedic herb belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, a well-known nootropic and effective memory enhancer, which has recently emerged as one of the most important medical herbs, widely used therapeutically in the Orient and growing in popularity around the world. Literature was gathered from sources such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, and reviewed using the Prisma quality metacritic paradigm. It is now plainly obvious that current therapies fall short of meeting the demands of the vast majority of individuals with health problems, and traditional medicines are gaining appeal as a result of their reduced toxicity. Bacopa is a traditional herb used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat brain and nerve weariness, as well as in Siddha medicine to treat impaired memory. It's also used to cure brain and nerve exhaustion in Unani medicine. We improved Brahmi micropropagation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis by compiling pharmacobotanical and pharmacognostical descriptions, as well as ethnoarchaeological data and nanotechnology domination. This critique also highlights our contemporary information of pharmacological activity, preclinical and clinical investigations, significant bioactives, reported mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness, safety, and the potential for herb-drug interactions. At the same time, the current incarnation of research at the plant is reviewed, as well as future research possibilities. Brahmi offers a lot of potential for treating a range of illnesses, including neuro-pharmacological, depression, inflammation, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and others. According to the presumptions of this review, further clinical trials and research are needed. While the impact of Brahmi as an anxiolytic and antidepressant has to be explored further, its potential as an anti-epileptic therapy and a treatment for antiepileptic drugs side effects is also being researched. Furthermore, Brahmi's antioxidant ability may explain, at least in part, the antistress, immunomodulatory, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging benefits documented in experimental animals and clinical circumstances, necessitating further study into its other therapeutic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Padikara Parpam (PP), is one among the highly regarded Siddha medicine that is been traditionally claimed for its anti-proliferating and anti-carcinogenic properties. Objectives: In the present work, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of PP in a cellular model of Human leukemia (Human monocytic cell lines (THP-1). Materials and Methods: Determination of cell viability was assessed by the 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and by using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). Fluorescence-activated single cell sorting (FACS), and 2'-7'-Dichloro-Dihydro-Fluorescein Diacetate (DCFH-DA) mediated intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) measurements were also carried out to understand the effect of PP on THP-1 cells. Results: PP induced cytotoxic effects against THP-1 in a concentration-dependent manner (6.02%–92.7%), with the highest cytotoxicity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration of PP. The IC50 values of PP in THP-1 cell lines were 0.115 mg/mL. The result from the MTT assay was further confirmed by CLSM reports. The images of Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide stained THP-1 cells treated with PP (IC50 concentration) indicated red fluorescence compared to the control cells which showed only green fluorescence. The images indicated the induction of apoptosis by the study drug. FACS and DCFH-DA based intracellular ROS measurements indicated the ability of PP to increase intracellular ROS levels in a concentration dependent manner. Thereby indicating at a possible ROS mediated apoptotic mechanism of action. Conclusion: These results suggest that with further clinical studies, PP could be used as an economic and effective anti-leukemic drug in patients suffering from leukemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siddha medicine is a traditional system of healing that originated in South India and is regarded to be one of India's oldest medical systems. Siddha System of Medicine played an important role in the health care scenario of the people in Tamil Nadu. The government sector contributes significantly to the development of the system throughout the country and still the number of users is less. The objective of this study is to understand the demographic profile of the respondents, the awareness and preference for siddha treatment in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu. Data were collected from 252 respondents and the results show the lack of knowledge about the treatment available for various ailments in siddha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 outbreak caused a huge loss of life, both for the victims and their families. It brought to a financial catastrophe that had unanticipatedly large proportions globally and ruined livelihoods. The Indian government has collaborated with the Ministry of Ayush to establish a number of policies and preventative actions to combat the COVID-19 epidemic. Patients have benefited from the use of these strategies in conquering the early stages of Corona virus infection. In light of COVID-19, the researcher is interested in learning how the general public in Tamil Nadu thinks about and favours Ayurvedic medicines. The researcher also wanted to know the respondents' preferences for the Ayurvedic medications they frequently used to treat different conditions. The results of the study were widely publicized throughout Tamil Nadu. The convenience sampling technique was used to gather the samples from the study area. The sample included 390 respondents. The research model was framed by the variables perception, usage, preference, and satisfaction. Four hypotheses were presented for this investigation. Primary data was acquired using a well-structured questionnaire. Variables pertaining to perception, usage, preference, and satisfaction were included in the questionnaire. This shows that consumption serves as a mediating variable in the relationship between consumer perception and desire for Ayurvedic medicines. Preference perception is significant at a level of 0.05. The research methodology and assumptions were tested and determined to be true, yet there is no significant relationship between utilisation and satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious diseases are considered to be the most significant threat to human health due to the fact that they are responsible for one-half of all deaths in tropical countries. The majority of the currently available antibiotics have significant drawbacks in terms of antimicrobial spectrum and side effects. Over usage of such antibiotics has contributed to the development of clinical resistance in formerly sensitive microorganisms. Siddha system of medicine offers interesting possibilities to combat drug-resistant pathogens. Medicinal herbs constitute an essential component of Siddha preparations are known for its diverse range of biological activity. One such potential formulation that exists in the Siddha system is Pancha Karpa Chooranam (PKC) which comprises a unique blend of five (pancha) potential herbal ingredients. Materials and Methods: The main objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the anti-microbial efficacy of the formulation PKC using the disc diffusion method. Results: Results of the study clearly emphasise that the drug PKC exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against all the tested organisms. Potency was measured in terms of zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (15-23 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (13-19 mm), B. subtilis (12-19 mm), Salmonella typhi (16-23 mm), and Candida albicans (17-21 mm). It was concluded from the results of the present investigation that the Siddha formulation PKC reveals broad spectral anti-bacterial activity against both gramme-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi) pathogens. Conclusion: Further, it was evident that the formulation advocates potential anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans represented by the maximal zone of inhibition which attributes to the existence of structurally diverse phytochemicals present in the preparation. Hence traditional formulations like PKC shall be recommended for clinical management of drug-resistant pathogens in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nymphaea nouchali (Syn. Nymphaea stellata Willd.) from family Nymphaeaceae, is a species of perennial aquatic flowering plant with huge round floating leaves and rhizomes. It is well-known and prominent herb in Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicines with multiple medicinal properties. It comes from southern and eastern regions of Asia, and is a national blossom of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Scientific investigation has revealed that it exhibits vast range of pharmacological actions, namely antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory activities etc. Polyphenols, flavonoids, sterols, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, protein, nymphasterol, nymphayol have been recognized as important factors in the medicinal effects of N. nouchali. The present review focuses on pharmacological and phytochemical investigation of N. nouchali. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetic nanotechnology pertains to the fundamental elements of living systems and the translation of their properties into human applications. The underlying functionalities of biological materials, structures and processes are primarily rooted in the nanoscale domain, serving as a source of inspiration for materials science, medicine, physics, sensor technologies, smart materials science and other interdisciplinary fields. The Biomimetics Special Issues Biomimetic Nanotechnology Vols. 1–3 feature a collection of research and review articles contributed by experts in the field, delving into significant realms of biomimetic nanotechnology. This publication, Vol. 3, comprises four research articles and one review article, which offer valuable insights and inspiration for innovative approaches inspired by Nature's living systems. The spectrum of the articles is wide and deep and ranges from genetics, traditional medicine, origami, fungi and quartz to green synthesis of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate biological activity and the phytochemical analysis of kadarpassi chooranam. Seaweeds are the marine macro algae, species belonging to Protista kingdom that has no true system, internal vascular systems, seeds and flowers. It has a lot of biological activity and has been proven to have a lot of medicinal benefits. Since time immemorial, their usage in traditional medicine has been recognized. Halimeda gracilis has been standardized as per siddha pharmacopoeia standard protocol guidelines and prepared kadarpassi Chooranam curtained for Phytochemical analysis (qualitative and quantitative) and carried out various pharmacological activity. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer actions of kadarpassi Chooranam have been associated to alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, and diterpenes. The Siddha medicine, kadarpassi chooranam has various phytochemical bioactive compounds, and because of its pharmacological activity can be a potential drug candidate for human use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) had a multidimensional impact on human life. It affects the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) which is a perceived measure of physical and mental health. We estimated the EuroQol utility value for COVID-19 and the associated factors for those managed at Siddha COVID care centres in Tamil Nadu. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by a telephonic interview of 2000 randomly selected COVID-19 adults tested positive during June 2020 to Jan 2021. We collected sociodemographic, clinical and EQ-5D-5L profile. Mean EQ-5D-5L summary utility values and EQ-VAS scores were estimated. Multivariate regression was used to examine the factors associated with EQ-5D-5L. Study protocol was approved by the Institutional ethics committee of Government Siddha Medical College, Chennai (GSMC–CH–3401/ME-2/050/2021). The committee waived the written informed consent considering the pandemic situation of emerging infectious diseases. Results: We interviewed 1047 participants. Of the total 68% were males with the median age (IQR) of 38 (29–51) years. The mean EQ-5D-5L utility score and EQ-VAS scores are 0.98 ± 0.05 and 92.14 ± 0.39 respectively. COVID-19 asymptomatic group reported a mean utility score of 0.99 ± 0.03 which is relatively more than the symptomatic group (0.97 ± 0.06),. EQ-VAS score was also reported high among the asymptomatic (95.45 ± 5.95) than the symptomatic (91.40 ± 8.69COVID-19. Conclusion: The severity of illness and the comorbidity are significantly associated with a low HRQoL of COVID-19 patients.

This essay aims to situate the emergence of Siddha medicine as a separate medical system in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of colonial India within a broader socio-economic context. Scholars who have worked on Siddha medicine have stressed more on political dimensions like nationalism and sub-nationalism with inadequate attention to the interplay of various (other) factors including contemporary global developments, changes in the attitude of the colonial State and especially to the new promises held by the greater deference shown to indigenous medical systems from the 1920s. If the construction of 'national medicine' based on the Sanskrit texts and the accompanying marginalisation of regional texts and practices were the only reasons for the emergence of Siddha medicine as presented by scholars, it leaves open the question as to why this emergence happened only during the third decade of the twentieth century, though the marginalisation processes started during the first decade itself. This paper seeks to find an answer by analysing the formation of Siddha medical identity beyond the frameworks of nationalism and sub-nationalism. Further, it explicates how material factors served as immediate cause along with the other, and more ideational factors related to the rise of the Dravidian political and cultural movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the traditional plants used in Siddha medicine is Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. It is said to possess antiaging, life-strengthening, and disease-preventing activities that have an enormous influence on health care. It has significant therapeutic potential and ethnobotanical significance. The aim of this study is to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. The antidiabetic potential of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam was determined in vitro using established methods such as alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activity. We used one-way ANOVA to see the statistical difference among the groups. The significance thresholds were considered at the P < 0.05 level. In comparison with the healthy group, the extract showed a significant antidiabetic effect. The proportion of inhibition increased as the concentrations increased. Previous studies established the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antiasthmatic, immunomodulatory, and antipyretic effects of Kabasura Kudineer or Choornam. The current findings demonstrated that the Chooranam has good antidiabetic action at a significant concentration. Plant-based products have recently proven to be effective and economical antidiabetic items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of purification process is unique since it deals with various physical and chemical changes in the inherent toxic properties during the process and it renders a strong support in the art of medicine preparation in Siddha system of medicine. Semecarpus anacardium L. is listed under Schedule e (1) drugs and purification is mandatory before its administration in medicine preparation. The bioactive compounds present in the plant like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids enhance the medical efficacy and defense mechanisms of the plant. Hence an attempt has been made to reveal the chemical change, occurring during the purification process in Siddha system of medicine by evaluating the phytochemicals and anacardic acid which is responsible for forming blisters and dermatitis. Five common methods were used to purify the Semecarpus anacardium nuts as per the Siddha classical texts. The quantification of phytochemicals and anacardic acid has been done in unpurified, intermediate and purified samples. Significant changes were observed in phytochemicals and anacardic acid quantity in unpurified and purified samples. The major reduction of anacardic acid from 5.62 % in S1 to below detectable limit (BDL) in S2, S3, S4, 0.24% in S5 and 3.32% in S6. There is mild to moderate change in the phytochemicals which will support the efficacy of the drug. With the results of phytochemicals, though all the purification methods have been evidenced to reduce the toxic nature, among the above five, the process II may be recommended for further research and medicine preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mathan tailam (MT) and Mahamegarajanga tailam (MMRT) significantly enhanced wound healing in Wistar albino rats, achieving over 90% closure by day 12 compared to day 17 for controls. • Treated wounds showed improved re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and granulation tissue formation. • Immunohistochemistry indicated upregulated α-SMA, VEGF, and IL-10, reflecting active tissue repair. • MT and MMRT promoted healing through IL-10, VEGF, and TNF-α pathways, with increased mRNA expression of IL-10, TGF-β, and TNF-α. • The study underscores the potential of MT and MMRT as affordable and effective wound healing formulations. • Our findings warrant further clinical research to explore their applications in various wound types and skin conditions, potentially benefiting a wider patient population. The Siddha system of medicine (SSM) is the oldest medical science practised in the ancient period of the southern part of India and Sri Lanka. Many formulations were described for wound healing in the SSM, with specific diagnostic differentiation in the Siddha literature. Most preparations for wound healing were available in the form of oil-based formulations, especially for external usage. Mathan tailam (MT) and Mahamegarajanga tailam (MMRT) have been used by Siddha physicians and traditional practitioners to treat wounds. Mathan tailam is a popular regimen for skin lacerations, burns, skin infections, diabetic wounds, and dermatitis. Mahamegarajanga tailam has long been used by traditional vaidyars to treat cuts and burns. Both MT and MMRT are clinically well-appreciated drugs for wound healing and need to be studied for their mechanisms of action for scientific documentation. In an in vivo study on albino rats -excisional wound model, the histopathological changes, histo-immune response, biomarker analysis, and mRNA expression were studied and analysed. Wounds treated with MT and MMRT healed faster (p < 0.05) than the untreated group (CNT). Histological investigation showed rapid re-epithelialization, dense collagen deposition, increased enzymatic antioxidant activities and decreased lipid peroxidation in the MT and MMRT groups. mRNA expression reveals MT and MMRT-treated tissues able to induce convergent cell motility in wound space. Our study for the first time provides strong in vivo experimental evidence that Mathan tailam and Mahamegarajanga tailam play a crucial role in promoting skin tissue wound healing through IL-6/VEGF/TNF-α mediated mechanisms. Traditional practices continue to teach us valuable lessons, as seen by their continuous use in their locality for years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Despite several ongoing efforts in biomedicine and traditional medicine, there are no drugs or vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as of May 2020; Kabasura Kudineer (KSK), a polyherbal formulation from India’s Siddha system of medicine, has been traditionally used for clinical presentations similar to that of COVID-19. We explored the efficacy of KSK in reducing viral load and preventing the disease progression in asymptomatic, COVID-19 cases. Methods A prospective, single-center, open-labeled, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in a COVID Care Centre in Chennai, India. We recruited reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 of 18 to 55 years of age, without clinical symptoms and co-morbidities. They were randomized (1:1 ratio) to KSK (60 mL twice daily for 7 days) or standard of care (7 days supplementation of vitamin C 60,000 IU morning daily and zinc 100 mg evening daily) groups. The primary outcomes were reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 load [as measured by cyclic threshold (CT) value of RT-PCR], prevention of progression of asymptomatic to symptomatic state, and changes in the immunity markers including interleukins (IL-6, IL-10, IL-2), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF α). Siddha clinical assessment and the occurrence of adverse effects were documented as secondary outcomes. Paired t-test was used in statistical analysis. Results Viral load in terms of the CT value (RdRp: 95% CI = 1.89 to 5.74) declined significantly on the seventh day in the KSK group and that of the control group, more pronounced in the study group. None progressed to the symptomatic state. There was no significant difference in the biochemical parameters. We did not observe any changes in the Siddha-based clinical examination and adverse events in both groups. Conclusion KSK significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load among asymptomatic COVID-19 cases and did not record any adverse effect, indicating the use of KSK in the strategy against COVID-19. Larger, multi-centric trials can strengthen the current findings. Trial registration Clinical Trial Registry of India CTRI2020/05/025215 . Registered on 16 May 2020

Beneficiation of white-powdery mineral, from selective grain size (63–200 µm) sand fractions and its characterization as trona, a non-marine evaporite, exudates as efflorescent crust, originated from the semi-arid region soil sediments, occurring at Siddhamalli, Tamil Nadu, India is described, by a five-stage process. Aqueous extraction of selective sand fractions, in CO2-enhanced medium, resulted in white crystalline powder, is chemically characterized as sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate, [Na3H(CO3)2.2H2O]. The % yield of trona is directly proportional to the % fine and very fine sand fractions and inversely proportional to the % coarse fractions (0.5–1.0 mm), as revealed by grain-size analysis. CO2-enhanced medium significantly increases the yield, additionally by 20 %. PXRD data revealed the presence of trona with traces of nahcolite and natrite phases. FT-Raman spectrum revealed the characteristic bands correspond to carbonate group. The hydroxyl stretching of water is observed at 3400 cm−1 inferred from FT-IR spectral studies. The content of sodium and trace elements analysed by ICP-OES and water of hydration by TGA, are found to be good agreement with the calculated values of Na (30.58 %) and dihydrate (15.97 %) respectively. SEM images revealed the less agglomerated particles of sizes ranging from 0.093–0.44 µM. Geologically, soil sediments fall in tractive current, from talus of Bouldery sandstone and shale of Talchir formation, Lower Gondwana of Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian Age. Trona is popularly known as "Pōneeru" in Indian traditional Siddha system of medicine finds its application in most of the drug formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renaissance in acceptance of the Siddha system of medicine in all over India happened during the current scenario of coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID–19) pandemic. The classical texts of Siddha medicine contain descriptions of the symptoms of COVID–19 as a syndrome like definition that may be correlated with KabaSuram. A 49‑year‑old female residing at New Delhi who got COVID‑19 positive with comorbidity of hypothyroidism treated successfully using an integrative treatment plan (Siddha and Allopathic) as per Government‑mandated COVID–19 treatment guidelines. The patient developed symptoms such as fever, sore throat, cold, cough with expectoration, difficulty in breathing, chest congestion, and body ache. Initially the patient took Western Medicine (WM) for five days but the symptoms did not subside. After five days an integrated treatment including Siddha medicine (Internal and external medicines) initiated at In Patient ward, Safdarjung Hospital. The health of the patient improved within 3 days and all her symptoms got relieved within 10 days. After completion of treatment, she tested reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) and it was negative on 14th day. Another patient who was admitted with her got COVID–19 positive turned negative only after 30 days as she missed the integrative medicine by probability. The reported case had a prospective follow‑up for six months and found to be free of post‑COVID complications. Since, this case report based on a single case which shows a positive outcome is incapable of generalizing the conclusion. Further suitable clinical trials need to be conducted to assess its efficacy. The status of the summary is reported as per CAse REport (CARE) guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Indian Government issued various guidelines to the state government wherein introduced plan for setting up COVID care centres (CCC) to isolate and monitor asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients. The Government of Tamil Nadu, apart from CCC used the strength of traditional Siddha medicine, one of the Indian systems of medicine, by opening Siddha Covid Care Centres (SCCC) at various facilities like community hall, housing board homes, school and college hostels, across the state in 37 districts. Methods: As a cross-sectional study, we evaluated the clinical profile of the laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patient admitted in SCCC, Theni district, Tamil Nadu, India, which was opened on 8 May 2021. Results: During this month, 585 COVID-19 positive patients were admitted. Among them 60.9% were males, 39.1% were females. 40% of the admitted patients were in the age the group 31–50 years. 13% of the patient had at least one of the co-morbid condition and 80% were symptomatic with fever 40% and cough 36% as more common. Discussion: Patients were treated with the Siddha system of medicine adhering to the guidelines and were discharged after 10 days treatment. Nearly 4% who required further medical treatment observing their clinical condition and SpO2 levels were referred to the nearby medical college hospital. Conclusion: This study illustrated that SCCC offered appropriate clinical triaging and daily monitoring and hence it was considered as safe alternative to medical institutions during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) is widely used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha systems of medicines due to its therapeutic application in numerous ailments. Traditionally, the medications prepared from the plant employ only its roots and based on the currently available scientific literature, their efficacy and safety is well established. Apart from the roots, the aerial parts also contain bioactive components and correspondingly certain marketed preparations also employ the leaves of the plant. Accordingly, Ministry of Ayush, Government of India has lately issued an advisory emphasizing the need for extensive efficacy and safety profiling of leaf-based products. Consequently, we have conducted the present GLP-driven study, in which the non-clinical safety of a hydromethanolic extract of the whole plant of Withania somnifera (WSWPE) has been assessed according to OECD guideline 407. In this study Sprague Dawley rats of either sex were orally administered with WSWPE for 28-consecutive days at the doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day. The study also included a satellite group of animals that received WSWPE for 28-days followed by a 14-days recovery period. Withania somnifera Whole Plant Extract was found to be safe up to the dose level of 1000 mg/kg/day as no toxicologically relevant findings could be detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]