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Background: The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Thasadeepakkini Chooranam. Five group of albino rats of either sex were selected. Group I served as control and received regular rat food and drinking water ad libitum. Group II, III and IV, V rats received phenylhydrazine 10 mg/kg for 8 days orally to induce anaemia in rats. Rats that developed anaemia with haemoglobin concentration lower than 13 g/dl were recruited for the study. Tween 20 a vehicle received by group II. Group III received standard haematinic drug Vitamin B12 (10 ml/kg). Group IV &V received Thasadeepakkini Chooranam (500 mg/kg-1000mg/kg) diluted in a vehicle tween 20. Haematinic activity of Thasadeepakkini Chooranam in Phenyl hydrazine induced Anaemia in Rat. Phenyl hydrazine caused significant decrease (P < 0.05) in Hb concentration, RBC count and haematocrit value in all rats indicating Anaemia. After the administration of test drug Thasadeepakkini Chooranam, the hematological parameters are significantly increased (P < 0.05). Thus the results obtained from this study reveal that the Siddha Formulation Thasadeepakkini choornam has hematinic activity. Therefore this formulation can be used as an alternative remedy for anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A siddha drug, linga chendhooram was prepared from cinnabar (lingam) and Citrullus colocynthis L. The transition of heavy metals concentration throughout the process were analysed to comprehend the significance of drug preparatory methods. In addition to that the main constituent cinnabar was purified from two different methods to comparatively analyse the significance of purification methods. Atomic absorption spectrometric studies were employed to obtain the concentration of class I heavy metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury) in all five samples – raw cinnabar (R), cinnabar purified (P1 and P2) from purification method 1 and 2, linga chendhooram (D1 and D2) prepared from P1 and P2. Based on the permissible limits given by The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, except cadmium the concentrations of all other three heavy metals were found to be above the limit in P1, P2, D1 and D2. According to the oral Permitted Daily Exposure values for elemental impurities given in ICH Q3D(R1) Guidelines, D1 was within the permissible limits for both single and double oral doses whereas D2 showed a slight increase in the concentration of lead in a single oral dose itself. The drug preparatory method showed a reduction of the heavy metals concentration and comparative analysis of the purification methods revealed a substantial reduction of heavy metals concentration in the end drug D1 when compared with D2 showing that the methods of purification and drug preparation in siddha system plays a vital role in reducing the concentrations of heavy metals accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Siddha system of medicine (SSM) is one of the Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM). In recent times, it has received adequate support from the Indian Ministry of Ayush. Like many such indigenous systems of medicine globally, the SSM is based on its own theoretical principles, philosophy, and methods of practice. Nevertheless, SSM conducts and needs basic and applied research using scientific methods. Such research is evidenced by research publications. In the absence of a review, we did a bibliometric analysis of research publications from SSM for the period of 1972–2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the term “Siddha” to retrieve the data from the PubMed database. We retrieved data from the National AYUSH research portal and homepages of institutions mandated to do research in SSM. We abstracted bibliometric information and used Epi info (Version 7.2) for analysis. We described the trends and key characteristics. Results: Of a total of 2009 retrieved articles, we included 1457 (73%) for analysis. Between 1972 and 2001, the median number of publications per year was three (range: 0–13). Beyond 2012, the publications increased exponentially with an annual growth of 23%. The maximum number of publications (n = 224) was in 2019. Among 43 countries that produced the papers, India topped it (88%). Of 1457, 1.7% (n = 25) of publications from Siddha institutions were indexed in PubMed. Conclusion: A bibliometric review of research output from SSM suggests that the publications have increased in the last two decades. The review recommends improving research output from SSM in terms of quantity and quality.

Abstract Introduction Low back and neck pain are common musculoskeletal disorders with multiple treatment options. India’s traditional medical systems, known as Ayush (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa and Homoeopathy) offer range of interventions and are widely used. In view of limited documentation of adverse events following Ayush interventions for lumbar and cervical spondylosis, we synthesized evidence and estimated proportion of studies reporting adverse events. Methods We systematically searched all published documents from biomedical and multidisciplinary abstract and citation databases and Ayush-specific repositories from their inception to April 2021. We selected studies as per inclusion criteria and extracted information, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. We systematically reviewed the qualitative evidence form the selected studies. Results Majority (94%) of the selected 113 studies were interventional studies and included 77 (68.1%) journal articles and 35 (31%) academic dissertations. Among the Ayush systems, considerable proportion was from Ayurveda (32.7%), followed by Siddha (24.8%), Yoga (22.1%), Unani (15.9%) and Homoeopathy (4.4%). Almost three-fourths of the studies were on lumbar spondylosis (65%; n = 74), followed by cervical spondylosis (31%; n = 35), and the remaining four included both. Thirteen percent of the 113 studies described adverse events [Yoga = 9.7%; Unani = 1.8% and Homoeopathy = 1.8%]. More adverse events were reported among the studies on lumbar (9.7%) than cervical spondylosis (2.7%). The nature of interventions were non-pharmacological (10.6%; n = 12), pharmacological (n = 2; 1.8%) or combined (n = 1; 0.9%). Conclusions Only one in eight studies reported any adverse event following Ayush interventions for cervical and lumbar spondylosis. There could be certain degree of underreporting of adverse events and requires further exploration. PROSPERO Registration ID CRD42020167433.

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor clinical outcomes. Hence cost-effective drugs with fewer side effects as a standard supportive therapy might yield substantial advantages in efficacy and safety. Kadukkai maathirai (KM) is being used as a supplement in hepatocellular carcinoma. We evaluated whether KM has any preventive action on cancer progression in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) - induced HCC in rats. Methods DEN was injected to produce HCC in rats, which was confirmed after 16 weeks. All the rats were orally administered KM for 4 weeks. Hepatoprotective potential (serum AST, ALT, ALP, Bilirubin) and anticancer efficacy (body weight, nodule count, tumor progression by histopathology, expression of GSTM1 by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and In-silico analysis of phytoconstituents against β catenin and LRP analysis were evaluated. Results KM prevented cancer progression against DEN-induced HCC by an increase in GSTM1, a phase II detoxifying enzyme. It significantly reversed altered nodule count, relative liver weight, body weight, and histopathological features of HCC. In silico analysis of phytoconstituents of KM showed that they modulate the intracellular transcription process by inhibiting the armadillo repeat region of β catenin. Conclusions Our results elucidate the potential of KM as a supplement in HCC by reducing nodule count, protecting the liver from further damage, GSTM1 expression, and inhibiting armadillo repeat region of β catenin.

Introduction: Low back and neck pain are common musculoskeletal disorders with multiple treatment options. India's traditional medical systems, known as Ayush (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa and Homoeopathy) offer range of interventions and are widely used. In view of limited documentation of adverse events following Ayush interventions for lumbar and cervical spondylosis, we synthesized evidence and estimated proportion of studies reporting adverse events. Methods: We systematically searched all published documents from biomedical and multidisciplinary abstract and citation databases and Ayush-specific repositories from their inception to April 2021. We selected studies as per inclusion criteria and extracted information, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. We systematically reviewed the qualitative evidence form the selected studies. Results: Majority (94%) of the selected 113 studies were interventional studies and included 77 (68.1%) journal articles and 35 (31%) academic dissertations. Among the Ayush systems, considerable proportion was from Ayurveda (32.7%), followed by Siddha (24.8%), Yoga (22.1%), Unani (15.9%) and Homoeopathy (4.4%). Almost three-fourths of the studies were on lumbar spondylosis (65%; n = 74), followed by cervical spondylosis (31%; n = 35), and the remaining four included both. Thirteen percent of the 113 studies described adverse events [Yoga = 9.7%; Unani = 1.8% and Homoeopathy = 1.8%]. More adverse events were reported among the studies on lumbar (9.7%) than cervical spondylosis (2.7%). The nature of interventions were non-pharmacological (10.6%; n = 12), pharmacological (n = 2; 1.8%) or combined (n = 1; 0.9%). Conclusions: Only one in eight studies reported any adverse event following Ayush interventions for cervical and lumbar spondylosis. There could be certain degree of underreporting of adverse events and requires further exploration. PROSPERO Registration ID CRD42020167433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siddha is considered to be oldest medicines with its own benefits. At many circumstances of illness, people prefer Siddha medicines to cure their disease. Siddha is preferred for its own specialties. This paper has attempted to reveal the preference towards Siddha medicines during COVID 19 taking 115 respondents as samples. The sampling technique used in this study is convenience sampling method. The results were analysed by using various statistical techniques used to percentage analysis, Chi-squareand factor analysis. The study revealed that people preferred siddha medicine as a precautionary step in preventing Covid to a great extent. Many of them took kabasurakudineer and Nilavembu powder as immunity booster. They also recommended their friends and relatives to choose siddha medicine as a best option in order to safeguard their health and their family from corona virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Food and Drug Administration has mandated that all pharmaceutical products should have an expiration date (or shelf life), mentioned directly on the container label since 1979. The notion of shelf life was introduced to Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medications in the year 2005. In view of this, a number of research works have been published regarding the shelf life assessment of varied Ayurvedic formulations and their modified dosage forms. However, lots of variations have been observed in the estimated shelf life of the same dosage form in the different studies undertaken. Owing to this, the presented article aims to compile and critically appraise both published and unpublished literature on shelf life, considering both classical and scientific concepts. An extensive search was performed in various online databases, websites as well as search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScopeMed, Dhara Online, etc., to screen the available published literature. The search criterion was using the words shelf life, Saveeryata avadhi, stability study, real-time stability study, and expiry date in relation to the Ayurvedic formulations. On reviewing the accessible literature, it was found that only 49 researches are there that reported the shelf life of Ayurvedic formulations, corresponding with the norms laid down in the recent version of the 2016 gazette notification while a majority of the studies do not comply. The calculated shelf life was found less in 54.68 % and more in 35.93 % and exact equal in only 4.68 % formulations in comparison to the prescribed values. Upon reviewing the available literature, the authors believe that determining shelf life for Ayurvedic formulations is a challenging task. Limiting shelf life to certain duration in absence of a range may be misleading. Although this current attempt is a preliminary one, more in-depth research is needed to determine the changes in stability periods and the underlying rationale for these changes due to different attributes. Moreover, there is a lack of indistinct specifications for the shelf life of many dosage forms. Hence, estimation, validation, and then incorporation of the shelf life of new dosage forms to gazette are also the need of the moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siddha medicine, one of the AYUSH systems of medicine was an ancient traditional system with its unique method of diagnosis called Envagai thervu (Eight methods of diagnosis). Among the eight tools Neikuri gained significant importance in diagnostic and prognostic purposes of disease elaborated by Siddhar Theraiyar. To validate the Siddha diagnostic tool, the Neikuri pattern, and to find the correlation with HbA1c levels among type 2 diabetic patients 104 diagnosed diabetic patients consisting of males (n = 56) and females (n = 48) who attended Siddha Clinic were taken for the study. Assessment of Siddha diagnostic tool, Neikuri, was done based on the standardization. HbA1c Blood test was done at our hospital The subject, mean age was 51.86±9.44 years. The pattern of spread on the surface of urine among diabetic patients indicating the derangement of humours in percentage was Vathakapham (44.23%), Pithakapham (19.23%), Kaphapitham (10%), Kaphavatham (8.65%), Kapham (7.69%), Pithavatham (6.73%), Vathapitham(1.92%), and Pithathilpitham (1.92%), We noticed a fast spread (77.88%), Non-circular (78.85%), and non-uniform (83.65%), patterns indicate the vitiation of humors. Different shapes of spread were noted which are indicators of the prevailing disease. Comparison of Neikuri analysis, with HbA1C (glycated haemoglobin) level shows that the subjects having kapham as muthanmai kuttram, the mean HbA1c level was 8.4% and Kapham as thunai kuttram it was 7.95%, whereas when kapham involvement was not present, it was 7.5 %. This shows that HbA1c levels are high when Kapham kuttram is involved, and p-value less than 0.05 when compared with muthanmai kuttram kapham with no kapham proves significance. This convenient, non-invasive, cost-effective technique may prove beneficial in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, showing instant results of the actual health condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Viral mediated diseases are continuously posing potent threat to human health. Nutraceuticals are being employed as novel therapeutics during viral outbreaks. MAM granules consist of Curcuma longa, Withania somnifera, and Piper nigrum, is one such patented Siddha nutraceutical supplement that has been proposed to be a therapeutic agent against viral diseases. Objective: We characterised MAM for their phytochemical and physicochemical properties and evaluated its cytotoxicity via in vivo acute toxicity studies using Wistar rats and by cell-based MTT assays. Materials and Methods: The antiviral properties of the aqueous extract of MAM were investigated against SARS-CoV-2 and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Further, using ABTS radical scavenging, SOD enzymatic assays and measurement of intracellular ROS, we investigated the antioxidant potential of MAM extract and its ingredients in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, production of inflammatory mediators was evaluated via NO release, PGE2 production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα). Results: The MAM granules and aqueous extracts demonstrated no significant toxicity and demonstrated potent antiviral activity during co-incubation assay with SARS-CoV-2 and CHIKV. Moreover, we observed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of MAM extract in a dose dependent manner. Further investigations on the individual ingredients with respect to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities showed that all ingredients contributed synergistically and Withania somnifera showed most potent anti-oxidant activity. Conclusion: The overall in vitro, and in vivo analysis demonstrated that MAM granules were non-toxic and possessed potent antiviral activity. Additionally, observed significant anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of MAM suggested the modulation of innate immune response in the host validating its use as an effective nutraceutical during viral outbreaks.

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor clinical outcomes. Hence cost-effective drugs with fewer side effects as a standard supportive therapy might yield substantial advantages in efficacy and safety. Kadukkai maathirai (KM) is being used as a supplement in hepatocellular carcinoma . We evaluated whether KM has any preventive action on cancer progression in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) - induced HCC in rats. Methods DEN was injected to produce HCC in rats, which was confirmed after 16 weeks. All the rats were orally administered KM for 4 weeks. Hepatoprotective potential (serum AST, ALT, ALP, Bilirubin) and anticancer efficacy (body weight, nodule count, tumor progression by histopathology, expression of GSTM1 by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and In-silico analysis of phytoconstituents against β catenin and LRP analysis were evaluated. Results KM prevented cancer progression against DEN-induced HCC by an increase in GSTM1, a phase II detoxifying enzyme. It significantly reversed altered nodule count, relative liver weight, body weight, and histopathological features of HCC. In silico analysis of phytoconstituents of KM showed that they modulate the intracellular transcription process by inhibiting the armadillo repeat region of β catenin. Conclusions Our results elucidate the potential of KM as a supplement in HCC by reducing nodule count, protecting the liver from further damage, GSTM1 expression, and inhibiting armadillo repeat region of β catenin.

Siddha system recommends a number of herbal and herbomineral ophthalmic formulations as both internal and external therapeutic measures. Muthu parpam (MPM) is one such therapeutic measure that has been indicated in several eye formulations as an ingredient. While Muthuchippi parpam (Calcined shell of pearl oyster)) has been previously evaluated for its antioxidant profile, till date no study has been performed on anticataract activity of Siddha formulation Muthu parpam (Calcined Pearl). In the present study, the Aldose reductase inhibitory activity of Muthu parpam (MPM) were studied along with their effect on sugar-induced cataractogenic changes in sheep lenses in vitro. Goat eye lenses were divided into 4 groups; Group I served as normal control, Group II as cataract control, Group III (100μg/ml of MPM) and Group IV(200 μg/ml of MPM). Group II, III and IV were incubated in 55 mM glucose in artificial aqueous humor to induce lens opacification. Freshly prepared aldoreductase enzyme was allowed to react with different volume of test drug at 100, 200,300, 400 and 500µg/and the formation of NADP was observed and the results were expressed as percentage inhibition and were calculated as follows. A dose dependent action of the drug was observed in two groups (III & IV) incubated with 100 μg and 200 μg of the test drug with a visibility scoring of 13.8 ± 3.34 and 22.2 ± 6.14 respectively. It was observed from the results of the present investigation that the Siddha formulation MPM shown significant inhibition of aldose reductase enzyme with the maximum inhibition of about 45.41± 1.761 % and the corresponding IC50 is 558.1 ± 29.79 μg /ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cancer is a global health challenge, demanding innovative approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Despite ongoing research efforts, finding a definitive cure for cancer remains a formidable challenge. In response to these challenges, the concept of integrative oncology has gained prominence, aiming to combine conventional treatments with evidence-based complementary therapies. Objective: This review explores the integration of Siddha medicine, an ancient South Indian system, with modern oncology to offer holistic cancer care. Siddha perspectives on cancer, its classifications, etiopathogenesis, diagnostic methodologies, and treatment modalities are thoroughly analysed in comparison with modern approach. Recent research on Siddha medicines demonstrating anti-cancer potential is also being reviewed through a systematic literature analysis. Methodology: Analyses of various Siddha texts is done to know the terminologies and categories of cancer. Siddha's etiopathogenesis, diagnostic methodologies and Siddha treatment modalities are discussed, emphasizing the balance of humours. Recent research on Siddha medicines for cancer treatment is compiled through a systematic literature review. Discussion: The manuscript decodes Siddha's conceptual framework underlying cancer hallmarks, aligning Vatham, Pitham, and Kabam with the eight hallmark capabilities. Siddha diagnostic methodologies, including pulse reading and urine examination, are compared with modern techniques. Siddha treatment modalities, rooted in herbal formulations, are presented. A comprehensive compilation of Siddha drugs with anti-cancer potential is provided, supported by in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical studies. Conclusion: The multifaceted nature of cancer necessitates a comprehensive approach, and Siddha medicine provides unique insights. While Siddha may not directly align with modern diagnostics, its holistic principles contribute valuably to cancer discussions. Integrating Siddha into mainstream oncology requires scientific rigor, with further research and clinical trials to validate safety and efficacy. The fusion of Siddha wisdom with modern oncology holds promise for a more holistic and patient-centric cancer care approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThis study focuses on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Kabasura Kudineer, a Siddha formulation renowned for its properties against cold and exclusively utilized during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. MethodsThe medication was obtained from a reputable Siddha vendor in Chennai, India, and subsequently extracted and subjected to GC-MS analysis. ResultsThe GC-MS profiling revealed the presence of several molecules, including benzoic acid, eugenol, alpha-ylangeneol, trans-2,4-dimethylthiane, S, S-dioxide, humulene, methyl 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoate, 17-octadecynoic acid, 1-hexadecyn-3-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl, sulfurous acid, butyl heptadecyl ester, chloroacetic acid, tetradecyl ester, n-propyl cinnamate, oleyl alcohol, trifluoroacetate, 1-heptatriacotanol, and fenretinide. These compounds exhibit expansive medicinal roles. ConclusionKabasura Kudineer emerges as a highly effective remedy for cold-related ailments, particularly owing to the presence of bioactive compounds such as eugenol and humulene. These constituents play pivotal roles in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations into the individual medicinal efficacy of each identified molecule are warranted to substantiate the therapeutic potential of Kabasura Kudineer, providing valuable insights for future applications.

The pandemic of coronavirus disease-19 involved various traditional medical formulations as therapeutics for treatment along with boosting the immunity to overcome the crisis. Thippili rasayanam was one among the medicines recommended by the Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy for coronavirus disease-19 in Siddha. In spite of the effectiveness, its role against the virus target was not clarified. As a consequence, the present docking study was performed to know its action against inhibition of the target enzyme ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase. The phytocomponents of the herbs present in the formulation were retrieved through literature survey and in silico docking analysis was performed through Auto dock tool. The lead molecules were identified with respect to the target protein and the best dock pose was selected based on the molecular interaction. The phytocomponents epicatechin, myrcene, hyoscyamide, piperic acid, piperine and zingiberene, of the formulation Thippili rasayanam revealed maximum 3 interactions while betulonic acid, eucalyptol, galangin, p-thymol and ellagic acid showed 2 interactions with the active binding site of the target enzyme ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase. Docking results suggest, the formulation Thippili rasayanam has potential inhibiting action against coronavirus disease-19 by reducing the viral replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mental health disorders contribute to significant healthcare expenses. Lifestyle approaches that empower and enable patients to participate in their recovery are needed with the increasing complexity of cardiac patients. Traditional Tamil medical practice of Siddha self-inquiry meditation targets holistic health through intuitive lifestyle transformation. We describe 4 complex cardiac patients who explored Siddha based Hunger Gratitude Experience (HUGE) mindful eating and reported elevated levels of optimism and deeper experience of life as outlined by the 5000-year-old secular Siddha medical tradition. We cannot exclude the role of suggestion and placebo effect in descriptive series. However, the simultaneous improvement in physical health and emotional wellbeing along with demonstrated resilience against unforeseen adversities suggests this is Uvagai, the true essence of Siddha higher consciousness. Uvagai is extreme happiness and may be accessible universally with little formal training and targets positive psychology to improve wellbeing. While flow and bliss states are transient transcendental experiences, Uvagai may be more profound and therapeutic in CVD despite age and comorbidities. Seeking Uvagai can potentially overcome health disparities, including rural, minority, and underprivileged populations for better health. HUGE allows CVD patients to safely engage in Uvagai, experience higher consciousness and intuitively sustain lifestyle transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Siddha system of medical has developed a rich and unique treasure of drug knowledge in which use of plants, metals and minerals is very much advocated, which plays an important role in medicinal properties for both preventive and curative. These medicinal values of plants are in some chemically active substance they produce a definite physiological action on the human body. Kanda aviltham is a classic siddha medicine used in the treatment of suram, mukkutranoigal, naavaratchi. Vaanthi, malapantham, malapokku, neerkatti, etc. Objective: 1. Anti-coagulant activity 2. Safety profile of kandha aviltham on mammalian cell A, Erythrocytes B, Fibroblasts Method: 1. Anti-coagulant activity •Platelet aggregration assay [Human] •Dose dependent assay/3hrs treatment 2. Safety profile •MTT assay on NIH3T3 fibroblast, dose dependent assay/24 hrs treatment •Hemolytic assay on human erythrocyte, dose dependent assay/1hrs treatment Conclusion: The Anti-coagulant study, Fibroblastic toxicity and hemolytic study for kanda aviltham shows the drug is non- cytotoxic and it contains anti-coagulant and hemolytic activity.This evidence based data provides valuable information is helful to standardization of kandha aviltham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer which causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system because there is no effective screening and most women are diagnosed at advanced stages. The probability of survival at 5 years is less than 30%, and the limitation is that it will not respond to chemotherapy protocol and surgery as well. Nandhi mezhugu is a Siddha herbo-mineral drug widely used to treat cancer. Hence, the present study was intended to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of Nandhi mezhugu on (PA-1) cell line through MTT assay. Materials and Methods: Stock solutions were prepared from the formulation at various concentrations with serial dilution. Compared with the control and Methotrexate, the extracts were tested using MTT assay at different concentrations. Results: This study substantiated that the percentage of cell viability of cell line viability decrease with increase in concentration of the test drug NM. Least viability of cell was observed at the concentration of 200µg/mL was 73.02 ± 4.584%, followed by this at 100 µg and 50 µg shows 82.36 ± 3.084%, 87.81 ± 2.657, similarly 10 µg/mL shows 95.89 ± 1.054% cell viability in MTT assay. Conclusion: Thus, the current study brings forth scientific evidence for the efficacy of Nandhi mezhugu against the ovarian cancer (PA1) cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 outbreak caused a huge loss of life, both for the victims and their families. It brought to a financial catastrophe that had unanticipatedly large proportions globally and ruined livelihoods. The Indian government has collaborated with the Ministry of Ayush to establish a number of policies and preventative actions to combat the COVID-19 epidemic. Patients have benefited from the use of these strategies in conquering the early stages of Corona virus infection. In light of COVID-19, the researcher is interested in learning how the general public in Tamil Nadu thinks about and favours Ayurvedic medicines. The researcher also wanted to know the respondents' preferences for the Ayurvedic medications they frequently used to treat different conditions. The results of the study were widely publicized throughout Tamil Nadu. The convenience sampling technique was used to gather the samples from the study area. The sample included 390 respondents. The research model was framed by the variables perception, usage, preference, and satisfaction. Four hypotheses were presented for this investigation. Primary data was acquired using a well-structured questionnaire. Variables pertaining to perception, usage, preference, and satisfaction were included in the questionnaire. This shows that consumption serves as a mediating variable in the relationship between consumer perception and desire for Ayurvedic medicines. Preference perception is significant at a level of 0.05. The research methodology and assumptions were tested and determined to be true, yet there is no significant relationship between utilisation and satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay aims to situate the emergence of Siddha medicine as a separate medical system in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of colonial India within a broader socio-economic context. Scholars who have worked on Siddha medicine have stressed more on political dimensions like nationalism and sub-nationalism with inadequate attention to the interplay of various (other) factors including contemporary global developments, changes in the attitude of the colonial State and especially to the new promises held by the greater deference shown to indigenous medical systems from the 1920s. If the construction of 'national medicine' based on the Sanskrit texts and the accompanying marginalisation of regional texts and practices were the only reasons for the emergence of Siddha medicine as presented by scholars, it leaves open the question as to why this emergence happened only during the third decade of the twentieth century, though the marginalisation processes started during the first decade itself. This paper seeks to find an answer by analysing the formation of Siddha medical identity beyond the frameworks of nationalism and sub-nationalism. Further, it explicates how material factors served as immediate cause along with the other, and more ideational factors related to the rise of the Dravidian political and cultural movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective drug delivery is the cornerstone of modern healthcare, ensuring therapeutic compounds reach their intended targets efficiently. This paper explores the potential of personalized and holistic healthcare, driven by the synergy between traditional and allopathic medicine systems, with a specific focus on the vast reservoir of medicinal compounds found in plants rooted in the historical legacy of traditional medicine. Motivated by the desire to unlock the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and bridge the gap between traditional and allopathic medicine, this survey delves into in-silico computational approaches for studying Drug–Target Interactions (DTI) within the contexts of allopathy and siddha medicine. The contributions of this survey are multifaceted: it offers a comprehensive overview of in-silico methods for DTI analysis in both systems, identifies common challenges in DTI studies, provides insights into future directions to advance DTI analysis, and includes a comparative analysis of DTI in allopathy and siddha medicine. The findings of this survey highlight the pivotal role of in-silico computational approaches in advancing drug research and development in both allopathy and siddha medicine, emphasizing the importance of integrating these methods to drive the future of personalized healthcare. • Extensively reviews in-silico methods for DTI analysis in both allopathy and siddha. • Elucidates methodologies, datasets, challenges, future trends to advance DTI research. • Comparative analysis of DTI studies in allopathy and siddha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Siddha Medicine system is one among the oldest traditional systems of medicines in India and has its entire literature in the Tamil language in the form of poems (padal in tamil). Even if the siddha poems are available in public domain, they are not known to other parts of the world because, researchers of other languages are not able to understand the contents of these poems and there exists a language barrier. Hence there is a need to develop a system to extract structured information from these texts to facilitate searching, comparing, analysis and implementing. Objective: This study aimed at creating a comprehensive digital database system that systematically stores information from classical Siddha poems and to develop a web portal to facilitate information retrieval for comparative and logical analysis of Siddha content. Methods: We developed an expert system for siddha (eSS) that can collect, annotate classical siddha text, and visualizes the pattern in siddha medical prescriptions (Siddha Formulations) that can be useful for exploration in this system using modern techniques like machine learning and artificial learning. eSS has the following three aspects: (1) extracting data from Siddha classical text (2) defining the annotation method and (3) visualizing the patterns in the medical prescriptions based on multiple factors mentioned in the Siddha system of medicine. The data from three books were extracted, annotated and integrated into the developed eSS database. The annotations were used for analyzing the pattern in the drug prescriptions as a pilot work. Results: Overall, 110 medicinal preparations from 2 Siddhars (Agathiyar and Theran) were extracted and annotated. The generated annotations were indexed into the data repository created in eSS. The system can compare and visualize individual and multiple prescriptions to generate a hypothesis for siddha practitioners and researchers. Conclusions: We propose an eSS framework using standard siddha terminologies created by WHO to have a standard expert system for siddha. This proof-of-concept work demonstrated that the database can effectively process and visualize data from siddha formulations which can help students, researchers from siddha and other various fields to expand their research in herbal medicines.

Ever since ancient times, flowers are have been an integral part of human beings. They are the sexual reproductive parts of the plants. In day-to-day life, they have been used for various purposes like religious purposes, as ornamental, decorations for vital events of humans, culinary preparations as edibles, essential oils and in beauty care. Apart from these domestic uses flowers play an important role in cultural medicine and have been used as single drugs or as an ingredient for compound formulation in various traditional medicine. Recently aroma therapy has been gaining significant importance to heal mind and body. The medicinal value of flowers is evaluated from the aspect of potential health benefits concerning mainly the influence of color, odour and flavour components in relation to antioxidant activity, scavenging activity of reactive oxygen radicals. The present article on therapeutic effects of traditional flowers is based on the leads from classical Siddha texts on the medicinal value of these flowers.In this review few of the selected traditional flowers such as Musa Paradisiaca, Punica granatum flower, Rosa centifolia flower, Leucas aspera flower, Nelumbo nucifera flower, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower, Crocus sativus L. flower, Moringa oleifera flower have been included and have been scientifically analysed for their therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Siddha system of medicine (SSM) is one of the Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM). In recent times, it has received adequate support from the Indian Ministry of Ayush. Like many such indigenous systems of medicine globally, the SSM is based on its own theoretical principles, philosophy, and methods of practice. Nevertheless, SSM conducts and needs basic and applied research using scientific methods. Such research is evidenced by research publications. In the absence of a review, we did a bibliometric analysis of research publications from SSM for the period of 1972-2019., Materials and Methods: We used the term "Siddha" to retrieve the data from the PubMed database. We retrieved data from the National AYUSH research portal and homepages of institutions mandated to do research in SSM. We abstracted bibliometric information and used Epi info (Version 7.2) for analysis. We described the trends and key characteristics., Results: Of a total of 2009 retrieved articles, we included 1457 (73%) for analysis. Between 1972 and 2001, the median number of publications per year was three (range: 0-13). Beyond 2012, the publications increased exponentially with an annual growth of 23%. The maximum number of publications ( n = 224) was in 2019. Among 43 countries that produced the papers, India topped it (88%). Of 1457, 1.7% ( n = 25) of publications from Siddha institutions were indexed in PubMed., Conclusion: A bibliometric review of research output from SSM suggests that the publications have increased in the last two decades. The review recommends improving research output from SSM in terms of quantity and quality., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

Background: Viral mediated diseases are continuously posing potent threat to human health. Nutraceuticals are being employed as novel therapeutics during viral outbreaks. MAM granules consist of Curcuma longa, Withania somnifera, and Piper nigrum, is one such patented Siddha nutraceutical supplement that has been proposed to be a therapeutic agent against viral diseases., Objective: We characterised MAM for their phytochemical and physicochemical properties and evaluated its cytotoxicity via in vivo acute toxicity studies using Wistar rats and by cell-based MTT assays., Materials and Methods: The antiviral properties of the aqueous extract of MAM were investigated against SARS-CoV-2 and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Further, using ABTS radical scavenging, SOD enzymatic assays and measurement of intracellular ROS, we investigated the antioxidant potential of MAM extract and its ingredients in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, production of inflammatory mediators was evaluated via NO release, PGE2 production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα)., Results: The MAM granules and aqueous extracts demonstrated no significant toxicity and demonstrated potent antiviral activity during co-incubation assay with SARS-CoV-2 and CHIKV. Moreover, we observed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of MAM extract in a dose dependent manner. Further investigations on the individual ingredients with respect to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities showed that all ingredients contributed synergistically and Withania somnifera showed most potent anti-oxidant activity., Conclusion: The overall in vitro, and in vivo analysis demonstrated that MAM granules were non-toxic and possessed potent antiviral activity. Additionally, observed significant anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of MAM suggested the modulation of innate immune response in the host validating its use as an effective nutraceutical during viral outbreaks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a dangerous infectious illness that has long been a concern for public health on a worldwide scale. According to calculation, over 170 million individuals are afflicted, with the highest infection rates in Africa and Asia. HCV is a major concern worldwide and eliminating it in its early phase to avoid liver cirrhosis and HCC has long been the aim for studies. To date, there is no verified vaccine available in the market and current approved therapy (standard of care). Siddha formulas have managed pathogenic infections for ages. Siddha practice strengthens the host's immunity and resilience to pathogens. Materials and Methods: The main aim of the present investigation is to screen the anti-viral potential of the siddha formulation Manjal noi Kudineer against Hepatitis C viral - RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) using in-silico docking technique. Results: Result of the study clearly emphasise that the lead cucurbitacin E ranks top with greatest binding free energy -8.96 kcal/mol, followed by Piperidine (-7.71), Curcumin (-7.45), Piperic acid (-6.77), Beta-Humulene (-6.40), Cinnamic acid (-5.89), Oleic acid (-5.59) and Piperine (-5.32). It was also evident that the therapeutics such as oleic acid and Cucurbitacin E revealing potential binding affinity in targeting the activation loop (Leu474, His475, Ser476 and Tyr477) of the viral polymerase enzyme. Followed by which other leads including Limonene, Beta-Pinene, Cinnamic acid, Anethole, Phyllanthin, Piperic acid, Curcumin and Piperine ranked second by offering prominent interactions with the residual bioactive amino acids (His475, Ser476 and Tyr477). Conclusion: From the data's of the present in-silico screening, it was concluded that the phytochemicals in the siddha formulation Manjal noi Kudineer display strong anti-viral property by blocking the target enzyme target enzyme (Hepatitis C viral polymerase) and thereby considered as a novel drug of choice for the clinical management of hepatitis C viral infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renaissance in acceptance of the Siddha system of medicine in all over India happened during the current scenario of coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID–19) pandemic. The classical texts of Siddha medicine contain descriptions of the symptoms of COVID–19 as a syndrome like definition that may be correlated with KabaSuram. A 49‑year‑old female residing at New Delhi who got COVID‑19 positive with comorbidity of hypothyroidism treated successfully using an integrative treatment plan (Siddha and Allopathic) as per Government‑mandated COVID–19 treatment guidelines. The patient developed symptoms such as fever, sore throat, cold, cough with expectoration, difficulty in breathing, chest congestion, and body ache. Initially the patient took Western Medicine (WM) for five days but the symptoms did not subside. After five days an integrated treatment including Siddha medicine (Internal and external medicines) initiated at In Patient ward, Safdarjung Hospital. The health of the patient improved within 3 days and all her symptoms got relieved within 10 days. After completion of treatment, she tested reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) and it was negative on 14th day. Another patient who was admitted with her got COVID–19 positive turned negative only after 30 days as she missed the integrative medicine by probability. The reported case had a prospective follow‑up for six months and found to be free of post‑COVID complications. Since, this case report based on a single case which shows a positive outcome is incapable of generalizing the conclusion. Further suitable clinical trials need to be conducted to assess its efficacy. The status of the summary is reported as per CAse REport (CARE) guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Indian Government issued various guidelines to the state government wherein introduced plan for setting up COVID care centres (CCC) to isolate and monitor asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients. The Government of Tamil Nadu, apart from CCC used the strength of traditional Siddha medicine, one of the Indian systems of medicine, by opening Siddha Covid Care Centres (SCCC) at various facilities like community hall, housing board homes, school and college hostels, across the state in 37 districts. Methods: As a cross-sectional study, we evaluated the clinical profile of the laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patient admitted in SCCC, Theni district, Tamil Nadu, India, which was opened on 8 May 2021. Results: During this month, 585 COVID-19 positive patients were admitted. Among them 60.9% were males, 39.1% were females. 40% of the admitted patients were in the age the group 31–50 years. 13% of the patient had at least one of the co-morbid condition and 80% were symptomatic with fever 40% and cough 36% as more common. Discussion: Patients were treated with the Siddha system of medicine adhering to the guidelines and were discharged after 10 days treatment. Nearly 4% who required further medical treatment observing their clinical condition and SpO2 levels were referred to the nearby medical college hospital. Conclusion: This study illustrated that SCCC offered appropriate clinical triaging and daily monitoring and hence it was considered as safe alternative to medical institutions during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional medical of India dates back to many thousand years back. They are still in vogue among the people that has everlasting capacity in curing diseases in a natural manner. The values of the medicines are still regarded as beneficial to the people who are in ailment. There are two main systems in the traditional medicine of India. One is Siddha and another is Ayurvedha. Both have many similarities and their applications are nearly same. They did not consider disease as a chronic one and treat them entirely by aiding strength to the total immune system and reduces the chance of getting any disease. In both of the medical methods, herbs, shrubs, plants, barks, roots, fruits and vegetables are used to treat diseases. The diet of the South Indian people is based on it especially in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu has many Siddha and Ayurvedha hospitals and they prove their efficiency. The eighteen Siddhars of Tamil Nadu are known for their medical treatises. They are used by the present Siddha and Ayurvedha practitioners and their developed models are also in vogue. They are the ancient Alchemists of our country. This article discusses on the medical and chemical compositions of traditional medicines.

Introduction: COVID 19 is a rapidly spreading disease with high mortality and morbidity all over the world which is caused by SARS-COV-2. Siddha system has various formulations with antiviral properties. The study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Siddha integrated with conventional medicine for effective management of COVID 19. Case summary: A 61 year old male patient diagnosed with COVID was brought in with the complaints of fever, cough, loss of smell, taste, tiredness and breathlessness after 7 days of infection. History revealed that he has not taken any treatment for the past 7 days and therefore presented with pneumonia at the time of consultation. Laboratory investigations showed Neutrophilia, Lymphocytopenia, raised NLR ratio, elevated CRP and D-Dimer. CT chest revealed CORADS-5 and severity score was 10/25. The patient was treated with Siddha medicine from 8 th Day. The patient had taken conventional treatment on 12 th day for 3 days only. Patient showed good improvement on 23 rd day and no adverse effect observed during the course of treatment. Conclusion: This case report demonstrates that moderate COVID 19 can be managed with integrative approach.

Background: Traditional Siddha Medicine advises using metal-based formulations to treat cancers. In the case of any toxicities during the therapy, Siddha physicians use Vernonia cinerea (VC) whole plant kashayam (crude aqueous extract-CAE) to reverse the toxic effects. Aim: To evaluate the nephroprotective activity of CAE and its fractions in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and to assess whether they compromise the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin. Materials and methods: Cisplatin-induced renal damage was induced in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice during mild phase of tumor growth. CAE and its butanol (BF) and aqueous (AF) fractions were administered orally from the 5th day for five days. Nephroprotective potential (serum urea, creatinine, renal histology) and effect of VC on cisplatin anticancer efficacy (tumor volume, viable tumor cells, percentage increase in life span (% ILS)) were calculated. Result: CAE and its fractions significantly reversed the cisplatin-induced renal damage. CAE and BF treated animals showed regeneration of 50%–75% of proximal tubular cells. Compared to EAC control mice, the % ILS of the cisplatin-treated group was 244% and it was further extended to 379% after CAE administration. The % ILS in the CAE treated group was 1.6 times higher than the cisplatin alone treated group. GC-MS study showed the presence of astaxanthin and betulin. Conclusion: CAE of VC reverses cisplatin-induced kidney damage as well as regenerates proximal tubular epithelial cells, without compromising the anticancer effect of cisplatin. When CAE was further fractionated, the nephroprotective activity was retained, but the beneficial anticancer effect of cisplatin was compromised.