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Rusların Türkistan’ı işgali ile başlayan süreçte en önemli hadiselerden birisi 1916’da meydana gelen isyanlardır. Türkistan’ın birçok şehrindeki olaylar Ruslar tarafından kanlı şekilde bastırılmış olup bu süreçte özellikle Kırgızların yaşadığı kıyım ve zorunlu göç “ürkün” adı ile tarihe geçmiştir. Bu dönem Kırgız milli uyanışının, uluslaşmasının simgesidir. Makaleye konu olan ve ürkünü anlatan mektup ise Osmanlı arşivlerinde yer almakta olup 1917 yılına aittir. Müellifi belli olmayan mektup “rapor” adı ile arşiv kayıtlarına alınmıştır. Yaklaşık yedi sayfalık Almanca mektup ve ekinde yer alan Fransızca çevirisi bu manada özgün bir metindir. Zira hadiselere ve Rusya Müslümanlarına dair Batı dünyası nezdinde kamuoyu yaratmayı amaçlayan yabancı dilde hazırlanmış bu rapor bildiğimiz kadarıyla bir ilk olma vasfını taşır. Bu makalede mektubun içeriğine değinilecek olup mektubu yazan kişilerin kimlikleri de dâhil olmak üzere neden Papa’ya gönderildiğine dair tahminlerimiz de yer almaktadır.

This study aims to determine the potential renal protective effects of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (OFI) fruits against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. The antioxidant activity of OFI methanol extract was calculated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays. Furthermore, the LC-mass spectroscopy (MS) analysis of the OFI fruit extract was carried out. Mice were treated with OFI extract (250 mg/kg) for 10 d and injected with a single dose of cisplatin (20 mg/kg) on the 7th day. The blood samples were collected to measure blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine level on the 10th day. Their kidneys were removed for histopathological examination. The renal morphological alterations were assessed through the mesangial matrix index and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The OFI fruit extract showed significant in vitro antioxidant activity. In further, it was revealed that the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice was ameliorated; this outcome was supported by both histological examination results and the depicted reduced levels of BUN and serum creatinine. The potent antioxidant compounds which were detected in the extract of OFI fruits such as myricetin, quercetin, luteolin might be responsible for the observed renoprotective effect. The results clarified that the OFI fruit extract could ameliorate cisplatin-induced renal toxicity in mice via including antioxidant and renoprotective compounds.

INTRODUCTION: Mesenteric ischaemia results from a lack of adequate blood flow to and oxygenation of the mesentery and intestines. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) on the healing process in intestinal mucosa of rats undergoing mesenteric ischaemia and reperfusion. METHODS: Thirty-two Wistar-Albino rats were divided into four groups of eight: 1) ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R); 2) sham operation; 3) I/R+HBOT started 6 hours after reperfusion; 4) I/R+HBOT started 12 hours after reperfusion. In the I/R groups, a vascular clamp was placed across the superior mesenteric artery to occlude arterial circulation for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion. A dose of HBOT consisted of 100% oxygen breathing for 90 minutes at 2.5 atmospheres absolute pressure. Thirteen doses of HBOT were administered after ischaemia. The rats were sacrificed on the eighth day, and their intestinal tissues were harvested for histopathologic analysis. The tissue levels of catalase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione were determined. RESULTS: The histopathological scores (HSCORE) were consistent with macroscopic examinations. The scores were significantly higher (worse) in Group 1 compared to Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4 (for all comparisons, P < 0.05). Group 4’s HSCORE was significantly higher than those of Group 2 and Group 3 (for both comparisons P < 0.05). Group 3’s HSCOREs were only marginally higher than Group 2. Group 3 exhibited higher glutathione levels than Group 1 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences across the groups with respect to malondialdehyde and catalase levels. CONCLUSION: A beneficial effect of HBOT was observed on oxidative stress and inflammation in acute mesenteric ischaemia-reperfusion.

Objective: Puromycine aminonucleosidenephrosis (PAN) is extensively used as an experimental model of proteinuriafollowing podocyte injury. In PAN animal models, nephrotic syndrome withminimal change disease and focal segmental sclerosis-like nephritis isdemonstrated to be similar to that in human; however, the real mechanism of PANis not yet elucidated. Evidence shows that transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) plays a key via stimulating matrix protein synthesis of bothglomerular epithelial and mesangial cells. In this study, we aimed to examinethe relationship between TGF-β expression and accumulation in mesangial matrix(MM) by the changes in renal function and ultrastructure alterations in renalglomeruli of the chronic PAN induced rats.Methods: Twelve male Wistar albino ratswere divided into two groups: control group (n=6), chronic group (n=6). Alldata was statistically analyzed by One-way ANOVA Test. Results: Proteinuria levels in the chronicnephrosis groups were greater than the control (p, Amaç: Puromisin aminonükleozid nefroz(PAN), proteinüri ile seyreden podosit yaralanması modeli olarak yaygın birşekilde kullanılmaktadır. Deneysel olarak uyarılmış PAN hayvan modellerinde,minimal değişikliklere sahip insan nefrotik sendromu ve fokal segmentalglomerulosklerozdakine benzer histolojik değişiklikler gösterilmiş, ancak etkimekanizması tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar, çoğu kronik böbrekhasarlarında, ekstrasellüler matriks (ESM) birikiminin görüldüğü ve bu süreçtetransforming büyüme faktörü-β1 (TGF-β1)’in anahtar bir rol oynadığı gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada biz, kronik PAN uyarılı sıçanböbrek glomerüllerinde, TGF-β1 ekspresyonu ve mezangial matriks (MM) birikimiarasındaki ilişkiyi, böbrek fonksiyonu ve ultrastrüktürel değişikliklerleincelemeyi amaçladık. Yöntemler: Bu çalışma için 12 erkek Wistaralbino sıçan iki gruba ayrıldı: kontrol grubu ve kronik grup (n=6). Bütünveriler istatistiksel olarak One-way ANOVA testi ile analiz edildi. Bulgular: Proteinüri seviyeleri kroniknefroz grubunda kontrolden yüksek (p

YÖK Tez No: 541934 Anovulatuvar infertilitenin en yaygın nedenlerinden biri olan polikistik over sendromu (PKOS), üreme çağındaki kadınlarda görülen kompleks bir endokrinopatidir ve çevresel faktörlerin bu hastalığın kökeni ve gelişiminde rol oynadığı bilinmektedir. Yapılan PKOS çalışmalarında, hücrenin proliferasyonu, büyümesi, metabolizması gibi süreçlerde rol oynayan bir serin/tironin kinaz olan mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) ile PKOS arasında bir ilişki olabileceği ortaya konulmuştur. Kodlama yapmayan küçük RNA molekülleri olan mikroRNA (miRNA)'lar da, hücre proliferasyonu, farklılaşması, apoptoz ve hormon biyosentezi gibi çeşitli hücresel, fizyolojik ve patolojik süreçlerin post transkripsiyonel düzenlenmesinden sorumludurlar. Ovaryumda eksprese edilen çok sayıda miRNA, ovaryan bozukluklardaki folikül büyümesi, atrezi, ovulasyon ve steroidogenezin düzenlenmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadırlar ve bunlardan en önemlilerinden biri miRNA-21 (miR-21)'dir. Biz de buradan yola çıkarak, farelerdeki deneysel PKOS modelinde, hücresel fonksiyonlara ortak yolaklar üzerinden etki eden mTOR ve miR-21 arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi hedefledik. Bunun için 42 adet 22-25 günlük dişi Balb/c fareyi 6 deney grubuna ayırdık: Kontrol grubu, PKOS Sham grubu, PKOS grubu, İnhibisyon grubu, PKOS +İnhibisyon grubu, İnhibisyon Sham grubu. Hayvanlarda PKOS oluşturmak için 20 gün boyunca 0,01 ml %95 etanol + 0,09 ml susam yağı (SY)'nda çözünmüş 6mg/100g dehidroepiandrosteron (DHEA) enjeksiyonu subkutan olarak; mTOR inhibisyonu yapmak için 0,1 ml, dimetilsülfoksit (DMSO) içerisinde çözünmüş 1 mg/100g KU-0063794 enjeksiyonu intraperitoneal olarak uygulandı. Deney sonunda hayvanlardan elde edilen serum örneklerinden ELISA (enzym-linked immunsorbent assay) yöntemi ile östrojen (E2) ve progesteron (P4) hormon seviyeleri ölçüldü. Hayvanların ovaryumlarından biri, histomorfolojik incelemeler için rutin doku takibinden geçirildi ve elde edilen kesitlere Hematoksilen-Eosin (H&E) ve Masson trikrom boyaları uygulandı. İmmunohistokimyasal incelemeler için mTOR, P-mTOR (Ser-2448), P-mTOR (Ser-2481), Proliferating Cell Nuclear Protein (PCNA) ve caspase-3 (Cas-3) primer antikorları uygulandı. RT-PCR (Real time-polymerase chain reaction) analizi için, hayvanların diğer ovaryumlarından total RNA (ribonükleik asit) izolasyonu yapıldı ve gen amplifikasyonu için mir-21 primeri kullanıldı. Çalışmadan elde edilen veriler One-Way ANOVA testi ile uygun istatistiksel metodlar kullanılarak değerlendirildi. PKOS grubundaki hayvanların vücut ağırlıkları, hormon E2 ve P4 seviyeleri, PCNA, Cas-3, mTOR, P-mTOR (Ser-2448) ve P-mTOR (Ser-2481) immünreaktiviteleri kontrol grubuna göre artmıştı. mTOR inhibisyonu yapılan PKOS+İNH grubunda, vücut ağırlıkları artış göstermezken, İNH grubunda azalmıştı. mTOR inhibisyonu, GH hücre proliferasyonu ve apoptozunu da azaltmıştı. Ancak hormon seviyelerinde, kontrole yakın bir iyileşme gözlenmedi. Ayrıca mTOR inhibisyonunun, morfolojik olarak PKOS'ta gördüğümüz dejeneratif bulguları iyileştirmediği gibi, sağlıklı bir ovaryumda da ciddi bozulmalara ve anovulasyona neden olması dikkat çekiciydi.PKOS grubundaki yüksek miR-21 seviyesine, inhibisyon gruplarındaki yüksek miR-21 seviyelerinin eşlik etmesi de, mTOR inhibisyonunu, PKOS tedavisinde kullanılabilecek bir alternatif olmaktan uzaklaştırıyordu. Elde ettiğimiz bu verilerin, ileri çalışmalar ile birlikte, PKOS (ön)tanı ve tedavisinde geliştirilecek yöntemler için ışık tutacağını öngörüyoruz. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which is one of the most common causes of anovulatory infertility is a complex endocrinopathy affecting women in the reproductive age group and it is known that environmental factors have a role in the origin and development of this disease. In the PCOS studies, it is revealed that there may be a relation between PCOS and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) which is a serine/threonine kinase having a role in processes such as proliferation, growth and metabolism of a cell. Also, microRNAs (miRNAs) which are noncoding small RNA molecules are responsible for post-transcriptional regulation of a variety of cellular, physiological and pathological processes such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and hormone biosynthesis. A large number of miRNAs expressed in ovary play a crucial role in regulation of follicular growth, atresia, ovulation and steroidogenesis in ovarian disorders and one of the most important ones is miRNA-21 (miR-21). Starting from this point, we aim at investigating the relation between miR-21 and mTOR which affect the cellular functions through common pathways in experimental PCOS model in mice. For this experiment, we divided 42 Balb/c female mice (22-25 weeks of age) into 6 experimental groups: Control group, PCOS Sham group, PCOS group, Inhibition group, PCOS+Inhibition group, Inhibition Sham group. For 20 days, the mice were subcutaneously injected with 6mg/100g of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) dissolved in 0.01 ml of 95% ethanol+0.09 ml of sesame oil (SO) in order to generate PCOS; and were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/100g of KU-0063794 dissolved in 0,1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in order to provide mTOR inhibition. At the end of the experiment, estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) hormone levels of the serum samples from the mice were measured via ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). One of the ovaries of the mice was subjected to a routine tissue processing for histomorphological investigation and Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome stains were applied onto the obtained section. For immunohistochemical investigations, mTOR, P-mTOR (Ser-2448), P-mTOR (Ser-2481), Proliferating Cell Nuclear Protein (PCNA) and caspase-3 (Cas-3) primer antibodies were applied. For RT-PCR (Real time-polymerase chain reaction) analysis, a total RNA (ribonucleic acid) isolation from the other ovary of the mice is performed and mir-21 primer was used for gene amplification. Data obtained from this study were evaluated via One-Way ANOVA test by using convenient statistical methods. The body weights, E2 and P4 hormone levels, PCNA, Cas-3, mTOR, P-mTOR (Ser-2448) and P-mTOR (Ser-2481) immunoreactivities of the mice in PCOS group increased compared to the control group. In the PCOS+INH group performed mTOR inhibition, the body weights did not show any increase, however there was a reduction in INH group. The mTOR inhibition also reduced the GH cellular proliferation and apoptosis. However, a near-control improvement was not observed in hormone levels. Moreover, it was remarkable that the mTOR inhibition did not improve the degenerative findings morphologically seen in PCOS and it caused serious degenerations and anovulation in a healthy ovary. Accompaniment of high levels of miR-21 in inhibition groups to the high level of miR-21 in PCOS group prevented mTOR inhibition from being an alternative to be used in PCOS treatment. We anticipate that these data will shed light on the methods to be developed for pre-diagnosis and treatment of PCOS along with further studies.

We investigated whether Notch signaling was increased in an experimental liver fibrosis model and examined the effects of resveratrol on Notch expression. Rats were divided into four groups: the control group, injected with physiological saline; the CCl₄ group; the CCl₄ plus resveratrol group; and the resveratrol group. After treatment, immunostaining was performed to detect Notch1, Notch3, Notch4, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and TUNEL assays were performed to evaluate apoptosis. Sirius red staining was used to detect fibrosis. Samples were also biochemically evaluated for glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation. GSH, GPx, and catalase activities were significantly decreased (p⟨0.001) in the CCl₄ group. Distinct collagen accumulation was detected around the central vein and portal areas, and numbers of Notch1-, Notch3-, and Notch4-positive cells were significantly increased (p⟨0.001) in fibrotic areas in the CCl₄ group. Increased expression of Notch proteins in fibrotic areas may support the role of Notch in mediating signaling associated with liver fibrosis through activation of hepatic stellate and progenitor cells. In contrast, resveratrol prevented liver fibrosis by decreasing lipid peroxidation and may be effective for inhibiting Notch signaling.

One of the most important hydrogeologic problems in and adjacent areas of evaporitic formations is severe quality degradation of groundwaters. These kinds of groundwaters contain high content of dissolved solids and generally have some limitations for use. Tatlicay basin (north-central Turkey) is an example to effects of the evaporites on groundwater quality in the adjacent alluvium aquifer. Gypsum and anhydrites in the two evaporite formations (Bayindir and Bozkir) effect of the groundwater quality in the alluvium adversely, by dissolution of the evaporites by surface drainage and infiltration into the alluvium aquifer (widespread effect) and by infiltration of low quality gypsum springs (local effect) into the aquifer. Evaporitic formations significantly increased EC, TDS, Ca and SO(4) parameters in the alluvium aquifer in the central and downstream regions. EC has increased roughly from 500-800 to 1,700-2,000 μS/cm, Ca has roughly increased from 3-4 to 10 meq/l, SO(4) has increased 0.5-1 to 11-12 meq/l. Consequently, three clusters were distinguished in the basin; (1) nonevaporitic waters in low TDS, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl and SO(4), (2) diluted waters in high TDS and relatively high Cl, moderate-relatively high Na, Ca, Mg, SO(4), (3) gypsum springs in highest TDS, Ca, SO(4), but moderate Mg and low Na, Cl.

Renomedullary interstitial cells (RMICs) are the most dominant cell type in inner renal medulla. Their most distinct characteristic is the presence of multiple lipid droplets in their cytoplasm. These lipid droplets are

Background In experimentally induced puromycine aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN) animal models, nephrotic syndrome with minimal change disease and focal and segmental sclerosis-like nephritis similar to that in human is demonstrated; however, the real mechanism of PAN is not yet elucidated. Platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), an endothelial mitogen protein, is believed to take part in microvessel formation and in stimulation of angiogenesis and its expression has not been totally demonstrated in PAN rats yet. In this study, we aimed to examine PD-ECGF expression in acute and chronic PAN induced in rats and find out the association between its expression and the stages of angiogenesis in kidney. Methods For the experiment, twenty-four Male Wistar Albino rats were used and divided into four groups; control group (n = 6), pre-proteinuria group (n = 6), acute group (n = 6) and chronic group (n = 6). We compared statistically all data by One-way ANOVA Test followed by Dunn Multiple Comparison Test. Results Proteinurea levels in control and pre-proteinuria groups were not statistically different; however, it was remarkably higher in the acute nephrosis group and significantly greater in the chronic nephrosis group than control group (p < 0.0025). In pre-proteinuria group, the serum albumin and creatinine clearances also did not significantly differ from the control group. On the other hand, in the acute and chronic nephrosis groups, serum albumin and creatinine clearances progressively decreased (p < 0.05). In our immunohistochemical studies, we showed elevated PD-ECGF expression in glomeruli of acute and chronic PAN rats. Microscopic and ultrastructural appearances of the glomeruli of acute and chronic PAN showed various sequential steps of angiogenesis, macrophages and immature capillaries with primitive lumens and apoptotic endothelial cells in the increased mesangial matrix. Conclusions It is reported that acute and chronic PAN progressively increase PD-ECGF expression and following induction of angiogenesis in the affected glomeruli.