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Abstract Background & aim: The knowledge of the biochemical composition of salivary stones (sialoliths) is necessary for their aetiology and formation mechanism. A small number of studies have investigated sialoliths' elemental composition and clinical symptoms, probably due to the unknowingness and uncertainties of their formation. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence, physicochemical characteristics and clinical symptoms of salivary stones (sialoliths). Methods: This is a semi-experimental study that was conducted in Shiraz medical centers in 2023. Sialoliths' physical properties (colour, size, weight and hardness) and elemental composition (using an SEM-EDS) after non-randomly collecting from available samples in Shiraz health centres in 2022 for 9 months were determined. The target population included male and female patients of different age ranges. Statistical tests of Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney were applied to identify the data normality and find significant differences between the distribution of elements and individual factors, respectively. Results: Salivary stones comprised white to light brown colours and a 1 to 40 mm size range, with a mean weight of 0.65 g and hardness of 2 to 4. Salivary stones dominantly constitute oxygen (O), carbon (C), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl), respectively (98%). No significant difference was found between the distribution of elements and the individual factors (gender and age). A strong positive correlation between Ca and P (r = 0.86) and a good positive correlation between Ca and P with sialoliths' physical parameters (35 < r < 0.60) reflected that Ca and P comprise biomineral phases similar to carbonated calcium phosphates. Conclusion: The results of the present study provided a good insight into sialoliths' elemental composition, physicochemical properties and clinical symptoms. The high weight percentage of O, C, Ca and P suggested phosphorated carbonate compounds. Ca and P were two important explanatory factors for the weight and size of salivary stones. Also, age and gender were not considered the main factors controlling elements in sialoliths.

Objectives: Salivary glands could be affected by a variety of diseases: local and systemic. The glands could also be infected by viral, bacterial, rarely fungal or its ductal obstruction which can cause painful swelling or obstruction, affecting their functions. Benign and malignant tumors are yet another important pathology of salivary glands. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and management of salivary gland pathologies such as mucoceles, ranula and sialoliths in our regional population. Materials and Methods: All the cases reported between the month of June 2023 to January 2024 for salivary gland pathology were chosen for this study. Data of 20 patients who were affected and treated for various obstructive and traumatic lesions of salivary gland disorders were analyzed, tabulated and were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: From the statistical analysis, it can be observed that of all the lesions considered, mucoceles were highly prevalent (50%) when compared to sialoliths (30%) and Ranula (20%). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the commonly observed lesion was mucocele especially in patients among the age group of 3 to 15 years and primarily encountered in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) enables the determination of the composition and structure of tiny calcified remains occasionally recovered during burial excavations. To deepen the practical application of this technique, we performed SEM/EDX analysis on three different tiny mineralized, roughly rounded structures with a diameter of less than 5 mm recovered from a pre‐Hispanic collective funerary cave from El Hierro (Canary Islands) and a mineral spherulite of similar size and outer aspect. After SEM imaging and spectroscopic analysis, we conclude that the three samples represent a sesamoid bone, a kidney stone, and a possible case of sialolithiasis. In contrast, the spherulite is a mineral formation composed of calcium carbonate. Our data confirm SEM analysis's usefulness in identifying small, mineralized remains recovered during burial excavations and its contribution to studying past populations. However, we are aware that taphonomic changes may alter, at least partially, the structure, and/or elemental composition of archaeological samples, obscuring differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sialolithiasis is a most common disease of salivary glands most commonly occurs in submandibular gland system. Simultaneous sialolithiasis in more than one salivary gland and multiple stone formations have been reported in only 5% and 3% of cases, respectively. In this article, a rare case of bilateral presence of various stones in different sizes and shapes in the submandibular glands and its duct in a 68-year-old man has been investigated. Stones on left side were removed through an intraoral incision and on the right side; the entire salivary gland was removed with extraoral access. Conclusion: After precise diagnosis of sialolithiasis through various diagnostic modalities, treatment plan should be tailored based on existing condition and the decision was made to remove a salivary gland with extraoral access on one side and remove the stones by intraoral incision on the other side while preserving the salivary gland.

Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Özet Sialolithiazis, “sialolit” olarak tanımlanan tükürük bezi taşlarının gelişimi ile oluşan bir rahatsızlıktır. Sialolitiazis %80 oranında submandibular tükürük bezinin içinde veya duktusunda görülmektedir. Tükürük bezi hastalıklarının tanısında farklı görüntüleme teknikleri kullanılabilir. Bu makalede iki farklı hastanın submandibular tükürük bezin duktusunda teşhis edilen sialolitlerin cerrahi eksizyonu rapor edilmektedir.

The Rationale: Sialoliths are calcified organic matter that form within the secretory system of the salivary glands. They rarely measure more than 1.5 cm. Giant sialoliths are rare and defined as a size of 3.5 cm or larger. Patient concerns: Patient complained of the pain and swelling in the right submandibular area for two years with increase in size during meals. Diagnosis: Based on the clinical and radiological investigations. Treatment: Sialolith measuring 39 mm and weighing 7.02 g, was removed in a minimally invasive manner through transoral sialolithotomy using diode 810 μm LASER unit under local anaesthesia. Outcomes: Patient was relieved of the preoperative symptoms and was on follow-up for one year. Take-Away Lessons: Various newer treatment modalities are effective alternatives to conventional surgical treatment of sialoliths. However, transoral sialolithotomy remains the mainstay of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Sialoliths (salivary gland stones) are calcified obstructions that occur in the salivary gland or duct. Sialolith is the most common disease of the salivary glands. Majority of the sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland and can be observed at almost any age. For the diagnosis of sialolith, conventional radiography, ultrasonography and computed-tomography can be used together with clinical examination. CASE REPORT: In the first case, radiopacities were seen under the right mandibular corpus and in the left mandibular angulus region on panoramic radiographs of a 66-year-old female patient. Ultrasonographic evaluation showed these radiopacities to be sialoliths. The patient had no other symptom and was, therefore, followed periodically. The second case was a 61-year-old male patient; in the intraoral examination, hard masses were detected in the left submandibular gland region and no salivary flow was observed in the left Wharton duct. Radiopacities were seen on panoramic and mandibular occlusal radiographs. On ultrasonography, these appeared to be sialoliths and were removed intraorally by excision. The third case was a 55-year-old female patient applied to our clinic with pain on the right cheek and ear while eating. In the intraoral examination, inflammation was detected in the right Stenon duct. On ultrasonography, sialolith and infected parotid gland with heterogeneous echogenicity were noticed. The sialolith was removed surgically under general anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Application of appropriate imaging techniques is important for the diagnosis of sialolith. The diagnosis and treatment of sialolith requires multidisciplinary clinical approach.

Sialoliths are calcified structures that develop into the salivary duct system, they have a round or oval shape and are usually asymptomatic. They result from the deposition of calcium salts around focal areas of organic matter and grow continuously, with the possibility of causing obstruction and reduced salivary flow. Commonly reported in humans, sialoliths may also affect, less frequently, the salivary glands of domestic and wild animals. This paper aimed to describe the histopathological characteristics of a sialolith affecting the excretory duct in the salivary gland of an adult male specimen of the tropical bat Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). This specimen was collected in the urban area of Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil. Histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and histochemical techniques with Schiff-periodic acid (PAS) and Alcian blue (pH 1.0 and 2.5) were applied for a better characterization and description of the sialolith. Although the formation of sialoliths is very common in the salivary glands of mammals, its occurrence in bats had not been reported before.

Sialolithiasis is a common disease of the major salivary glands, characterized by the obstruction of a salivary gland or its excretory duct due to the formation of calcareous concretions. Sialoliths usually measure from 1 mm to 15 mm have been reported in the literature. The submandibular gland and its duct appear to be the most susceptible sites for this disease. In this article, we report two unique cases, including a giant bilateral case, measuring 50 mm in length and 5 mm in width on the right side and one, 30 mm in length, and 5 mm in width on the left side; and another case, measuring 83 mm in length. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches consisted of transocclusal radiography with the conservative transoral surgical technique in both cases. The follow-up showed the normal function of the relevant salivary glands. To the best of our knowledge and belief, similar cases have not been reported in the literature.

Sialolithiasis is a multi-factorial pathology that accounts for more than 50% of salivary gland disease. However, the exact impact of salivary pH and calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO4 3-) on the sialoliths' formation still remains unknown. Materials and Methods: Seven removed sialoliths were put into flasks with artificial saliva solution that differed in concentrations of Ca2+ and PO4 3-. The changes in weights of sialoliths and alterations in pH had been measured for 13 weeks. Concentrations of Ca2+ and PO4 3- in the artificial saliva solution were estimated at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Results: Sialoliths' weight decrease was observed from the 2nd to 7th week. It occurred parallel with natural pH decrease (from 7 to 6.5 pH). Sialoliths' weights started increasing after pH was adjusted with NaOH. Analyzing the concentration changes of Ca2+ in every flask, it was determined that from natural or double Ca2+ concentration, it decreased till similar amount (7-14 times). Analyzing the concentration changes of PO4 3-, it was determined that from natural or double PO4 3- concentration it decreased 24 times. Conclusions: Sialoliths' weights decreased parallel with natural pH decrease and sialoliths grew when pH was adjusted. PO4 3- ions concentration decreased relatively more than Ca2+ ions concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Odontologica Turcica is the property of Acta Odontologica Turcica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sialolithiasis is a common disease of the major salivary glands, characterized by the obstruction of a salivary gland or its excretory duct due to the formation of calcareous concretions. Sialoliths usually measure from 1 mm to <10 mm. They rarely measure more than 15 mm, and infrequently giant salivary gland calculi >15 mm have been reported in the literature. The submandibular gland and its duct appear to be the most susceptible sites for this disease. In this article, we report two unique cases, including a giant bilateral case, measuring 50 mm in length and 5 mm in width on the right side and one, 30 mm in length, and 5 mm in width on the left side; and another case, measuring 83 mm in length. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches consisted of transocclusal radiography with the conservative transoral surgical technique in both cases. The follow-up showed the normal function of the relevant salivary glands. To the best of our knowledge and belief, similar cases have not been reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Sialolithiasis is a common disease caused by intraductal stones, formed by reduction in salivary flow, salivary stagnation, and metabolic events. We used computational fluid dynamics to investigate changes in salivary flow field around parotid stones of different shapes. Materials and Methods Three-dimensional configurations of the Stensen's duct were reconstructed from computed tomography sialographic images. Fluid dynamics modeling was used to analyze the salivary flow field around stones under unstimulated and stimulated conditions. Results The majority of sialoliths were oval-shaped (59/98), followed by irregular (24/98) and round (15/98). Salivary velocity was significantly higher around streamlined stones, compared with round ( P = 0.013) and oval ( P = 0.025) types. Changes in salivary flow field around sialoliths were found to affect the pattern of mineral deposition in saliva. The area of low velocity around the round stone was double the size observed around the streamlined stone during the unstimulated state, whereas in the stimulated state, local vortexes were formed on the downstream side of round and oval stones. Conclusions Salivary flow field around sialoliths plays an important role in the progression of multicentric stones, and analysis of the salivary dynamics during sialolithiasis may provide deeper understandings of the condition and aid in developing successful treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialolithiasis refers to pathological minerilazation in the salivary glands and ducts. Aiming to a better understanding of the formation phenomena, structural and morphological analysis of a relatively large ensemble of sialoliths extracted from 22 patients via sielendoscopy was performed. Characterization methods, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), showed that the large majority of 90% of sialoliths were composed of carbonate apatite as the inorganic phase, while SEM imaging revealed the presence of bacteria in 13 cases. Furthermore, carbonate apatite crystals in the form of parallel or randomly oriented sheets were observed and in some cases rhombohedral calcite-type nanocrystals were detected. The present findings may contribute to a better understanding of the formation mechanisms in vivo and and contribute to the treatment of sialolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To recognize recently appearing mineralization phenomena, one must study the external surface of the sialoliths, since it is not possible to study them in the central portions of sialoliths. The authors examined the external surface of a sialolith by scanning electron microscopy and analyzed its microstructures. The study revealed the presence of numerous microstructures of different shapes (nodular, laminar, reticular, microgranular, and multinodular) and variable size arranged in a haphazard fashion. The diverse microstructures encountered strongly suggest that different mechanisms of mineralization occur during growth and development of the sialoliths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of the components of the sialoliths is important both from the point of view of chances for a successful medical treatment of the patients and because the prevention of further re-occurrence of sialolithiasis depends upon the knowledge of the nature of the constituents of the concrements. Despite the fact that infrared spectroscopy is widely used for the determination of the composition of sialoliths, urinary calculi and bladder stones, we found no data for any chemometric method developed for such purposes. Here, a method is presented for quantitative determination of the content of salivary calculi composed of albumin and carbonate apatite (one of the most often found constituents in the analyzed calculi from the patients from Macedonia) using artificial neural networks (ANN). The results were checked on real samples using the standard addition method. The precision of the method was estimated using the relative standard deviation, which shows that it is suitable for routine analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Sialolithiasis is one of the most common diseases of the salivary gland. The submandibular gland and its duct appear to be the most susceptible. However, giant sialolith have rarely been reported in the literature. Clinical notes: This clinical report described management of 58-year-old and 25-years-old, female patient of sialoliths and giant sialoliths in the submandibular duct. A transoral removal of the stone was done under local anesthesia. Results: The giant stone was 24 mm long in later case. Follow-up showed asymptomatic and normal functioning glands. The etiology, pathogenesis and management of such giant sialoliths are discussed. Conclusion: It is interesting to note that both patients remained relatively asymptomatic in spite of such long-standing sialoliths. The glands also recovered normal function quickly following removal of stones, which is interesting as such longstanding stones usually produce irreversible functional damage to the gland. A conservative approach to the gland will spare the patient the morbidity associated with gland removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Majority of salivary gland stones (sialoliths) occur in the submandibular gland (Wharton's duct and parenchyma) accounting for 80% of cases. A Giant calculus of more than 3 cm is a rare encounter. We present a 45-year old male patient who undergone surgical removal of a giant submandibular gland calculus which was reported by the patient as a result of a hard mass beneath the tongue with occasional pain being experienced during intake of meals. Clinical assessment revealed a painless palpable hard mass beneath the tongue though with some dull pain being experienced during intake of meals. Local examination showed a hard mass at the sublingual region but not adhered to surrounding structures. The overlying intraoral mucosa appeared normal and not inflamed and with neither enlarged ipsilateral submandibular gland nor cervical lymph nodes. The patient was then prepared for surgical removal of the calculus under general anesthesia where a single giant calculus (measuring 4 cm) was extracted by marsupialization of Wharton's duct. A giant calculus of more than 3 cm is a rare encounter and they remain to be one of the causes of submandibular gland dysfunction. • Most of the salivary gland sialoliths (80%) involve the submandibular gland • A Giant calculus of more than 3 cm is rare • Flow of saliva against gravity, high calcium and mucin content and its more alkaline pH explains calculi formation. • Patients normally present with pain either before or during intake of meals and may have a history of recurrent swelling of the involved gland • Intraoral extraction of a calculus should be advocated aiming at gland preservation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialolithiasis is a disease that is characterized by the presence of sialolith in the different parts of the salivary gland. Sialoliths are hard structures of oval shape with different size. The color varies from white to brown and has a nodular surface. Sialoliths are usually composed of an intensely calcified organic core and is surrounded by an alternative layer of organic and inorganic substance. Sialoliths occurs with a frequency of 1.2%. The most common site is the submandibular gland. We present a case with the chief complain of pain, swelling and extraoral pus discharge at the left submandibular region. Based on the radiographic and clinical examination a diagnosis of sialolithiasis of the left submandibular gland was made. The sialolith was removed under general anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fraction of organic matter present affects the fragmentation behavior of sialoliths; thus, pretherapeutic information on the degree of mineralization is relevant for a correct selection of lithotripsy procedures. This work proposes a methodology for in vivo characterization of salivary calculi in the pretherapeutic context. Sialoliths were characterized in detail by X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) in combination with atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Correlative analysis of the same specimens was performed by in vivo and ex vivo helical computed tomography (HCT) and ex vivo μCT. The mineral matter in the sialoliths consisted essentially of apatite (89 vol%) and whitlockite (11 vol%) with average density of 1.8 g/cm3. In hydrated conditions, the mineral mass prevailed with 53 ± 13 wt%, whereas the organic matter, with a density of 1.2 g/cm3, occupied 65 ± 10% of the sialoliths' volume. A quantitative relation between sialoliths mineral density and X-ray attenuation is proposed for both HCT and μCT.

Lithotripsy methods show relatively low efficiency in the fragmentation of sialoliths compared with the success rates achieved in the destruction of renal calculi. However, the information available on the mechanical behavior of sialoliths is limited and their apparently tougher response is not fully understood. This work evaluates the hardness and Young's modulus of sialoliths at different scales and analyzes specific damage patterns induced in these calcified structures by ultrasonic vibrations, pneumoballistic impacts, shock waves, and laser ablation. A clear correlation between local mechanical properties and ultrastructure/chemistry has been established: sialoliths are composite materials consisting of hard and soft components of mineralized and organic nature, respectively. Ultrasonic and pneumoballistic reverberations damage preferentially highly mineralized regions, leaving relatively unaffected the surrounding organic matter. In contrast, shock waves leach the organic component and lead to erosion of the overall structure. Laser ablation destroys homogeneously the irradiated zones regardless of the mineralized/organic nature of the underlying ultrastructure; however, damage is less extensive than with mechanical methods. Overall, the present results show that composition and internal structure are key features behind sialoliths' comminution behavior and that the organic matter contributes to reduce the therapeutic efficiency of lithotripsy methods.

Sialolithiasis, the most common salivary gland pathology, is caused by calculi in the gland itself and its duct. While patients with small sialoliths can undergo conservative treatment, those with standard-size or larger sialoliths require sialolithotomy. In the present case study, we removed two sialoliths located beneath the mucosa in the posterior and anterior regions of Wharton's duct, respectively. For the posterior calculus, we performed sialolithotomy via an intra-oral approach; thereafter, the small anterior calculus near the duct orifice was removed by hydraulic power. This method has not previously been reported. There were no complications either during the operation or postoperatively, and the salivary function of the gland remained normal., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.