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Endothelial cell senescence is the main risk factor contributing to vascular dysfunction and the progression of aging-related cardiovascular diseases. However, the relationship between endothelial cell metabolism and endothelial senescence remains unclear. The present study provides novel insight into fatty acid metabolism in the regulation of endothelial senescence. In the replicative senescence model and H2O2-induced premature senescence model of primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), fatty acid oxidation (FAO) was suppressed and fatty acid profile was disturbed, accompanied by downregulation of proteins associated with fatty acid uptake and mitochondrial entry, in particular the FAO rate-limiting enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A). Impairment of fatty acid metabolism by silencing CPT1A or CPT1A inhibitor etomoxir facilitated the development of endothelial senescence, as implied by the increase of p53, p21, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase, as well as the decrease of EdU-positive proliferating cells. In the contrary, rescue of FAO by overexpression of CPT1A or supplement of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate and propionate ameliorated endothelial senescence. In vivo, treatment of acetate for 4 weeks lowered the blood pressure and alleviated the senescence-related phenotypes in aortas of Ang II-infused mice. Mechanistically, fatty acid metabolism regulates endothelial senescence via acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), as implied by the observations that suppression of acetyl-CoA production using the inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase NDI-091143 accelerated senescence of HUVECs and that supplementation of acetyl-CoA prevented H2O2-induced endothelial senescence. Deficiency of acetyl-CoA resulted in alteration of acetylated protein profiles which are associated with cell metabolism and cell cycle. These findings thus suggest that improvement of fatty acid metabolism might ameliorate endothelial senescence-associated cardiovascular diseases.

1. A survey on the recent COVID-19 epidemic in China was conducted. 2. The epidemic likely made over 85% of people in China sick in December 2022. 3. The epidemic likely ended in early January 2023. 4. The epidemic had the features of spreading more rapidly and widely and having a higher symptomatic rate than previously thought. 5. The above features could lead to many severe cases and deaths due to the shortages of medical resources. 6. The above features greatly enhanced the population immunity in China, which will accelerate the end of the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the emergence of risky variants of SARS-CoV-2 in China.

Objective: To understand the cognition condition of the public and medical staff of COVID-19. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out by giving out online questionnaires. Results: The scores of medical staff and the public are 92.47 ± 5.76 and 89.53 ± 8.27, respectively, the differences between them are statistically significant (p = 0.000). The accuracies of medical staff and the public in etiological characteristics, clinical characteristics, disease definition, disease prevention and treatment and misunderstanding are 91.27 ± 11.60%, 86.73 ± 15.74%, 86.73 ± 15.74%, 98.63 ± 4.23%, 87.84 ± 13.53% and 87.52 ± 14.64%, 84.09 ± 17.49%, 93.63 ± 10.20%, 97.30 ± 8.10%, and 87.43 ± 13.51%, respectively. Residence, region and education background have significant impacts on the scores of medical staff, gender, residence, age, region and education background have significant effects on the scores of the public. Conclusions: The cognition of medical staff and the public of COVID-19 is favorable, and the former is better than the latter, both of them have good grasps of disease prevention and treatment, while have poor grasps of clinical characteristics and misunderstanding of the virus. The demographic characteristics have some effects on the cognition condition of the subjects.

To remove nitrate and phosphate from sewage efficiently, current ultrafiltration membranes need improved permselectivity, antifouling, and antibacterial properties. Herein, a new hybrid membrane mo...

Background: Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of long-term severe disability with neurological impairment worsening within hours after stroke onset and being especially involved with motor function. So far, there are no established and reliable biomarkers to prognose stroke. Early detection of biomarkers that can prognose stroke is of great importance for clinical intervention and prevention of clinical deterioration of stroke.Methods: TGSE119121 dataset was retrieved from the Gene Expression Integrated Database (Gene Expression Omnibus, GEO) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify the key modules that could regulate disease progression. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis was conducted to study the biological functions of the key module genes. The GSE16561 dataset was further analyzed by the Support Vector Machines coupled with Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE )algorithm to identify the top genes regulating disease progression. The hub genes revealed by WGCNA were associated with disease progression using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Subsequently, functional enrichment of the hub genes was performed by deploying gene set variation analysis (GSVA). The changes at gene level were transformed into the changes at pathway level to identify the biological function of each sample. Finally, the expression level of the hub gene in the rat infarction model of MCAO was measured using RT-qPCR for validation. Results: WGCNA analysis revealed four hub genes: DEGS1, HSDL2, ST8SIA4 and STK3. The result of GSVA showed that the hub genes were involved in stroke progression by regulating the p53 signal pathway, the PI3K signal pathway, and the inflammatory response pathway. The results of RT-qPCR indicated that the expression of the four HUB genes was increased significantly in the rat model of MCAO.Conclusion: Several genes, such as DEGS, HSDL2, ST8SIA4 and STK3, were identified and associated with the progression of the disease. Moreover, it was hypothesized that these genes may be involved in the progression stroke by regulating the P53 signal, the PI3K signal, and the inflammatory response pathway, respectively. These genes have potential prognostic value and may serve as biomarkers for predicting stroke progression. The early identification of the patients at risk of progression is essential to prevent clinical deterioration and provide a reference for future research.

Research on in vitro culture and gene editing of domestic spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is of considerable interest but remains a challenging issue in animal science. In recent years, some progress on the isolation, purification, and genetic manipulation of porcine SSCs has been reported. Here, we summarize the characteristics of porcine SSCs as well current advances in their in vitro culture, potential usage, and genetic manipulation. Furthermore, we discuss the current application of gene editing in pig cloning technology. Collectively, this commentary aims to summarize the progress made and obstacles encountered in porcine SSC research to better serve animal husbandry, improve livestock fecundity, and enhance potential clinical use.

Experiments show that high purity titanium (HP-Ti) samples have been successfully processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) using a 120 degree die and a relatively slow ram speed at cryogenic temperature when the HP-Ti rods were trapped with 6061 Al alloy tubes. Optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to investigate the deformed microstructure of the material. Typical microstructures of shear bands and deformation twinning were found in the deformed microstructure of ECAPed HP-Ti. Furthermore, the SAED pattern analysis of the twinning structures revealed that the deformation twinning occurred on {112} planes. Keywords: High purity titanium; ECAP; TEM; Deformation twinning; Cryogenic temperature.

Research on in vitro culture and gene editing of domestic spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is of considerable interest but remains a challenging issue in animal science. In recent years, some progress on the isolation, purification, and genetic manipulation of porcine SSCs has been reported. Here, we summarize the characteristics of porcine SSCs as well current advances in their in vitro culture, potential usage, and genetic manipulation. Furthermore, we discuss the current application of gene editing in pig cloning technology. Collectively, this commentary aims to summarize the progress made and obstacles encountered in porcine SSC research to better serve animal husbandry, improve livestock fecundity, and enhance potential clinical use.

Genes duplicated by whole genome duplication (WGD) and small-scale duplication (SSD) have played important roles in adaptive evolution of all flowering plants. However, it still remains underinvestigated how the distinct models of duplication events and their contending evolutionary patterns have shaped the genome and epigenomes of extant plant species. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the WGD- and SSD-derived duplicate genes to the genome evolution of one diploid and three closely related allotetraploid Panax species based on genome, methylome, and proteome data sets. Our genome-wide comparative analyses revealed that although the ginseng species complex was recently diverged, they have evolved distinct overall patterns of nucleotide variation, cytosine methylation, and protein-level expression. In particular, genetic and epigenetic asymmetries observed in the recent WGD-derived genes are largely consistent across the ginseng species complex. In addition, our results revealed that gene duplicates generated by ancient WGD and SSD mechanisms exhibited distinct evolutionary patterns. We found the ancient WGD-derived genes (i.e., ancient collinear gene) are genetically more conserved and hypomethylated at the cytosine sites. In contrast, some of the SSD-derived genes (i.e., dispersal duplicated gene) showed hypermethylation and high variance in nucleotide variation pattern. Functional enrichment analyses of the duplicated genes indicated that adaptation-related traits (i.e., photosynthesis) created during the distant ancient WGDs are further strengthened by both the more recent WGD and SSD. Together, our findings suggest that different types of duplicated genes may have played distinct but relaying evolutionary roles in the polyploidization and speciation processes in the ginseng species complex.

Chinese ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a highly cherished traditional Chinese medicine, with several confirmed medical effects and many more asserted health-boosting functions. Somatic chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of many types of human cancers and also related to other pathogenic conditions such as miscarriages and intellectual disabilities, hence, the study of this phenomenon is of wide scientific and translational medical significance. CIN also ubiquitously occurs in cultured plant cells, and is implicated as a major cause of the rapid decline/loss of totipotency with culture duration, which represents a major hindrance to the application of transgenic technologies in crop improvement. Here, we report two salient features of long-term cultured callus cells of ginseng, i.e., high chromosomal stability and virtually immortalized totipotency. Specifically, we document that our callus of ginseng, which has been subcultured for 12 consecutive years, remained highly stable at the chromosomal level and showed little decline in totipotency. We show that these remarkable features of cultured ginseng cells are likely relevant to the robust homeostasis of the transcriptional expression of specific genes (i.e., genes related to tissue totipotency and chromosomal stability) implicated in the manifestation of these two complex phenotypes. To our knowledge, these two properties of ginseng have not been observed in any animals (with respect to somatic chromosomal stability) and other plants. We posit that further exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying these unique properties of ginseng, especially somatic chromosomal stability in protracted culture duration, may provide novel clues to the mechanistic understanding of the occurrence of CIN in human disease.

The Olympic Game is the largest and largest sports event in the world, which is regarded as an important opportunity for host countries or host cities to display or reshape the image of the country. With the continuous improvement of China’s international status and the integration of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the hosting of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics is worth studying in how to build Beijing’s international image. This paper uses the STA model to compare and analyze the successful hosting of the 2008 Olympic Games and the 2022 Winter Olympics from the perspective of the Proximization theory proposed by foreign scholar professor Piotr Cap, and proposes corresponding measures for the construction and dissemination of Beijing’s international image.

Dissolved contaminants (nitrate nitrogen, etc.) in municipal sewage effluent and polluted water resources need to be further removed, but common advanced water treatment technologies usually have unsatisfactory performance and large process footprints. Magnetic seeding coagulation (MSC) has a rapid settling speed; however, it is less effective for removing dissolved contaminants and cannot recover effective components. Herein, a novel covalently bound magnetic hybrid coagulant (MHC) was synthesized and used to treat secondary biological effluent. MHC settling time was 2/3 shorter than traditional MSC and showed high removal efficiencies for conventional coagulation indicators and dissolved contaminants such as nitrate nitrogen and organic nitrogen. The nitrate nitrogen removal mechanisms included nitrate nitrogen capture through the electrostatic attraction and the collision efficiency enhancement. MHC integral structure can be bioregenerated for multiple cycles. Because of its effectiveness in removing dissolved contaminants rapidly, MHC has potential application in advanced water treatment, especially in land-scarce areas.

Understanding the evolution of the intra-industry trade of forest products between China and its main partner countries is a prerequisite for improving the flow of trade. The intra-industry trade status and the main influencing factors of Chinese forest products trade were measured and identified via use of bilateral forest product trade data between China and its 24 partners from 2000 to 2014, and use of static, marginal, and structural intra-industry trade indices. The results show that, firstly, intra-industry trade of the major Chinese forest products is exhibiting a low-level growth trend and has considerable growth potential. The top five countries with relatively high intra-industry trade levels are Italy, Germany, the United States, Vietnam, and Japan, and the bottom five are New Zealand, Chile, Brazil, Russia, and Spain. Secondly, the intra-industry trade among China and 13 countries, represented by South Korea, is low quality and vertical-type trade, the intra-industry trade among China and seven countries, represented by Thailand, is high quality and a vertical type of trade. Finally, the empirical analysis shows that trade openness and geographical distance are the key factors of intra-industry trade of forest products. The per capita gross domestic product gap, urbanization, foreign direct investment, forest area, and import and export value of forest products also have certain impacts on intra-industry trade.

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Seismic wave energy being absorbed strongly in thick loose loess stratum is a major problem that seismic exploration has to face. In the urban environment, this problem is particularly prominent due to the inability to use explosives, borehole explosion, and large-scale 3D observation methods to increase fold number. To solve this difficult problem, a series of seismic exploration effect tests were carried out in Shaoling Plateau, a southern suburb of Xi’an City. A large-tonnage vibroseis, 28-ton vibrator vehicle, was selected as seismic source. By comparing and analyzing the effects of various vibrating parameter of vibrator vehicle, cooperating with different model geophones acquisition, and using appropriate observation system, we had figured out the feasible parameters for the source excitation and data acquisition in the field working area. Based on the results of above test, a nearly 7 km long seismic survey line was completed with pretty good data acquisition, and the expected exploration aims were well achieved.

Seven yeast strains were isolated from the gut of insect larvae and decayed wood, which were collected from three localities near Nanyang, Henan Province, China. These strains were identified as two novel species through comparison of sequences in the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and other taxonomic characteristics. Pichia dushanensis sp. nov. was closely related to species in the Pichia clade and produced one to four spheroid ascospores in a deliquescent ascus. The D1/D2 sequence of P. dushanensis sp. nov. differed from its closest relative, Issatchenkia (Pichia) sp. NRRL Y-12824, by 3.6 % sequence divergence (16 substitutions and 4 gaps). The species also differed from its four closest known species, Candida rugopelliculosa, Pichia occidentalis, Pichia exigua and Candida phayaonensis, by 4.1–4.4 % sequence divergence (22–24 substitutions and 0–2 gaps) in the D1/D2 sequences. Hyphopichia paragotoi sp. nov. belonged to the Hyphopichia clade, and its nearest phylogenetic neighbours were Candida gotoi, Candida pseudorhagii, Candida rhagii and Hyphopichia heimii with 3.2–4.2 % sequence divergence (16–21substitutions and 1 gap) in the D1/D2 sequences. In comparison with previously established species, H. paragotoi sp. nov. formed one hat-shaped ascospore in a persistent ascus. The type strain of P. dushanensis sp. nov. is NYNU 14658T ( = CICC 33049T = CBS 13912T), and the type strain of H. paragotoi sp. nov. is NYNU 14666T ( = CICC 33048T = CBS 13913T).

Computer architecture is transiting from the multicore era into the heterogeneous era in which heterogeneous architectures use on-chip networks to access shared resources and how a network is configured will likely have a significant impact on overall performance and power consumption. Recently, heterogeneous network on chip (NoC) has been proposed not only to achieve performance comparable to that of the NoCs with buffered routers but also to reduce buffer cost and energy consumption. However, heterogeneous NoC design for heterogeneous GPU-CPU architectures has not been studied in depth. This paper first evaluates the performance and power consumption of a variety of static hot-potato based heterogeneous NoCs with different buffered and bufferless router placements, which is helpful to explore the design space for heterogeneous GPU-CPU interconnection. Then it proposes Unidirectional Flow Control (UFC), a simple credit-based flow control mechanism for heterogeneous NoC in GPU-CPU architectures to control network congestion. UFC can guarantee that there are always unoccupied entries in buffered routers to receive flits coming from adjacent bufferless routers. Our evaluations show that when compared to hot-potato routing, UFC improves performance by an average of 14.1% with energy increased by an average of 5.3% only.

In the field of mechanical installation and repairing, drawing devices are often used to disassemble or push up components of various types of axie and set. Differential thread usually consists of two sets of threads, which differ in the aspect of side pitch, the movement distance of differential thread when it runs a circle should be the deviation of the two spiral side pitches. Through the application of differential thread, it enables us to make changes in the transmission of these two screw pairs making relative movement. Based on this principle, when it is made into the application of manual drawing device, it optimized structure of drawing device, receiving a better result.

Tao, C.; Liu, S.; Tian, Y.; Gu X. and Cheng, B., 2019. Effects of China's OFDI on Exports: A Context Analysis with the “21st-Century Maritime Silk Road” Regions. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H. and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 903–907. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With the implementation of the Belt and Road initiative, China will invest more in countries in the “21st-Century Maritime Silk Road” Regions. Using the data of the 63 countries along “the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road” from 2004 to 2015, this paper empirically analyzes the effect of Chinese outward direct investment on export in “the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road” area. The results reveal that the relationship between Chinese OFDI and export towards the host country is changeable and demonstrates an inverted U shape. As a result, OFDI can make full use of the advantages of each country, realize optimal allocation of resources in the countries along “the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road”, and enable the transfer of China's spare capacity. And it should be adopted as China's long-term initiative.

As a kind of new renewable energy, wind power has been used in power systems more and more. Wind power has a installed capacity more than 10% of the power grid’s where the wind resources are abundant in our country. Because the wind power has the characteristics of randomness, intermittence, uncontrollability and so on, we can’t be sure about the continuity and stability. With the increase of the wind power installed capacity, the influence of wind power is expanding. By applying the PSCSD, this paper analyse the power gird’s stability of different wind power proportion and different access points.

Mucosal immunity is critical in preventing infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection. To deliver viral antigens to the mucosal immune system of chickens safely and effectively, we constructed a Lactococcus lactis strain carrying IBV multi-epitope gene EpiC fused with the gene of the cell-wall anchoring domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A. SDS-PAGE and Western blot results indicated that the fused peptide was located partially on the cell surface. Oral and nasal inoculation with the recombinant L. lactis of chickens elicited significantly high humoral and mucosal immune responses, especially in the nasally immunized group. Eighty percent chickens of the nasally immunized group with recombinant L. lactis did not show any clinical signs after a lethal dose challenge with IBV SAIBk strain, while all the non-recombinant L. lactis immunized chickens exhibited obvious and typical symptoms. These results indicate that needle-free recombinant lactococci anchoring the IBV antigen makes a promising vaccine candidate against the spread of IB.

Dark silicon leads the integration development of multi-core chip to a standstill, which is mainly due to on-chip power constraints. NoC power occupies a significant portion of system power. Therefore, reducing the NoC power can reduce the dark silicon degree and reduce the performance degradation caused by the dark silicon. In this paper, we firstly analyzed the NoC power variation on the dark silicon degree, which has not been done before, and proposed a heterogeneous NoC scheme to reduce the dark silicon degree. By evaluating the power of homogeneous NoCs and heterogeneous NoCs separately under different power budgets, we verified that when NoCs adopt this heterogeneous scheme, most of the workloads would get one more core power saving from the dark silicon. In other words, at least one more core could be lighted on and the dark silicon degree can be reduced.

A NoC is a critical shared resource among these concurrently-executing applications, significantly affecting system performance, and energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose B2L, a buffered and bufferless hybrid NoC design that can satisfy application's performance requirements, while the system's energy consumption is minimized. This can be achieved by designing a dedicated buffered and bufferless NoC separately, and dynamically control flits from different apps or within the same app to flow across the two networks according to application's requirement and network status.

The avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) multi-epitope based peptide EpiC was found to be effective in inducing strong humoral and cellular responses against IBV. In this study, the gene EpiC was introduced into Lactococcus lactis NZ3900, and three recombinant strains expressing EpiC in intracellular and extracellular forms were constructed. SDS-PAGE and Western blot results indicated that EpiC was successfully expressed and had good immunoreactivity with chicken anti-IBV serum. Fusion of the signal pepitide gene SPusp45 and the nine-peptide LEISSTCDA encoding oligonucleotide to EpiC increased the secretion of EpiC, but reduced the total yields of EpiC. Oral immunization to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with recombinant strains induced significantly higher levels of humoral immune responses, and provided protection against lethal dose challenge by the IBV SAIBk strain. These results indicate that it is feasible to use L. lactis as an antigen delivery vehicle in developing oral vaccines against IBV infection.

To determine the accuracy of resting energy expenditure (REE) calculated by using the Harris-Benedict (HB) equation, Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU) equations (FAO equations), Shizgal-Rosa (SR) equation and the LIU equation in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). In addition, to explore the relationship between measured REE and body weight, fat free mass, body cell mass, fat mass and fat mass percent.Fourty-one SBS patients including 30 male and 11 female, aged from 18 to 60 years admitted between January 2001 and October 2010 were enrolled in this study. All patients required long-term parenteral or enteral plus parenteral nutrition support. Their mean age and mean stature were (37 ± 16) years and (164.3 ± 9.0) cm, and the average body weight and residual small intestine was (47.4 ± 9.3) kg and (52 ± 45) cm. Measured REEs and calculated REEs of SBS patients were estimated respectively by indirect calorimetry and REE equations, and then defined the difference of them. And body mass were metered by body composition analyzer.A significant correlation was found between measured REEs (1218 ± 293) Kcal and calculated REEs from the HB equation (r = 0.588, P0.01), the SR equations (r = 0.591, P0.01), the FAO equations (r = 0.411, P0.01) and the LIU equation (r = 0.585, P0.01). In the total sample, the paired t test between measured REEs and REEs derived from the HB equation, SR equation and FAO equation showed no significant difference (P0.05). However, measured REEs were significantly higher than REEs calculated using the LIU equations by 14.17% (P0.01). There was also a significant correlation between measured REEs and body weight, fat free mass and body cell mass (r = 0.548, 0.641 and 0.581).Indirect calorimetry is preferred when an accurate REE estimate of SBS patients is necessary. However, if this machine is not available, SR equation is recommended to use and LIU equation must be avoided. Fat free mass may be more useful than body weight in REE calculation.

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) was developed successfully to carry out partial nitrification process. Temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were investigated as the factors which may affect the results. It has been proved that the optimal operational parameters were at 35 degrees C, ammonia loading 0.45 kg x (m3 x d)(-1) and0.5 mg/L, respectively, with the effluent NO3(-) -N concentration below 20 mg x L(-1) and rho(NO2(-) -N)/rho(NH4(+) -N) ratio being close to 1.0. It is not observed severe membrane fouling during all the experiment. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated that aerobic ammonium oxidizers were the dominant population, and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were inhibited. The microbiological community analysis further provided the necessary biological information for the realization of partial nitrification.

A carbon membrane-aerated biofilm reactor was developed to treat municipal wastewater, in which the carbon and nitrogen were removed simultaneously. The results showed that COD removal, NH4+-N removal and TN removal efficiency could reach 82.5%, 95.1% and 84.2%, respectively, under the conditions of intra-membrane pressure of 13.6 kPa, HRT of 14 h, influent COD and NH4+-N concentrations of 338 mg/L and 75 mg/L. However, in the last period during the operation of the reactor, the TN removal efficiency dramatically decreased because of the excessive growth of biomass on the nonwoven fiber, which also had serious negative effect on nitrification course. The microbiological community and spatial profiles were observed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and scanning electron microscopy. The anaerobic and anoxic bacteria were mainly located in the outer anaerobic region of the biofilm, while the aerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria were mainly located in the inner aerobic region of the biofilm. The co-existing and coupling effect of aerobic nitrifying bacteria and anaerobic denitrifying bacteria provided the large biological potential for the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the carbon membrane-aerated biofilm reactor.

A laboratory-scale membrane-aerated biofilm bioreactor (MABR) equipped with nonwoven fabrics support around the gas-permeable carbon tube was developed for single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidization. Initially, the reactor was inoculated with nitrifying biomass. By decreasing the air pressure in the lumen of carbon tube step by step, We can obtain stable nitrite accumulation. Subsequently, the reactor was reinoculated with Anammox biomass to construct a quite stable biofilm system for completely autotrophic N removal. After 120 d of operation, 88.7% of NH4(+) -N removal rate, 48.65 mg/L of average TN in the effluent, 83.77% of maximal TN removal efficiency was achieved under the following conditions: air pressure of 0.015 MPa, HRT of 6 h, and influent NH4(+) -N of 200 mg/L +/- 10 mg/L.

All extant core-eudicot plants share a common ancestral genome that has experienced cyclic polyploidizations and (re)diploidizations. Reshuffling of the ancestral core-eudicot genome generates abundant genomic diversity, but the role of this diversity in shaping the hierarchical genome architecture, such as chromatin topology and gene expression, remains poorly understood. Here, we assemble chromosome-level genomes of one diploid and three tetraploid Panax species and conduct in-depth comparative genomic and epigenomic analyses. We show that chromosomal interactions within each duplicated ancestral chromosome largely maintain in extant Panax species, albeit experiencing ca. 100-150 million years of evolution from a shared ancestor. Biased genetic fractionation and epigenetic regulation divergence during polyploidization/(re)diploidization processes generate remarkable biochemical diversity of secondary metabolites in the Panax genus. Our study provides a paleo-polyploidization perspective of how reshuffling of the ancestral core-eudicot genome leads to a highly dynamic genome and to the metabolic diversification of extant eudicot plants. The role of polyploidization generated genomic diversity in shaping the hierarchical genome architecture remains unclear. Here, the authors show that repatterning of the ancestral eudicot genome has resulted in multi-dimensional genome plasticity and secondary metabolite diversification via comparisons of Panax genomes.