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Universal access to health information is a human right and essential to achieving universal health coverage and the other health-related targets of the sustainable development goals. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the importance of trustworthy sources of health information that are accessible to all people, easily understood and acted on. WHO has developedYour life, your health: Tips and information for health and wellbeing, as a new digital resource for the general public which makes trustworthy health information understandable, accessible and actionable. It provides basic information on important topics, skills and rights related to health and well-being. For those who want to learn more, in-depth information can be accessed through links to WHO videos, infographics and fact sheets. Towards ensuring access to universal health information, this resource was developed using a structured method to: (1) synthesise evidence-based guidance, prioritising public-oriented content, including related rights and skills; (2) develop messages and graphics to be accessible, understandable and actionable for all people based on health literacy principles; (3) engage with experts and other stakeholders to refine messages and message delivery; (4) build a digital resource and test content to obtain feedback from a range of potential users and (5) adapt and co-develop the resource based on feedback and new evidence going forward. As with all WHO global information resources,Your life, your healthcan be adapted to different contexts. We invite feedback on how the resource can be used, refined and further co-developed to meet people’s health information needs.

Background The success of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is predicated on multisectoral collaboration (MSC), and the COVID-19 pandemic makes it more urgent to learn how this can be done better. Complex challenges facing countries, such as COVID-19, cut across health, education, environment, financial and other sectors. Addressing these challenges requires the range of responsible sectors and intersecting services – across health, education, social and financial protection, economic development, law enforcement, among others – transform the way they work together towards shared goals. While the necessity of MSC is recognized, research is needed to understand how sectors collaborate, inform how to do so more efficiently, effectively and equitably, and ascertain similarities and differences across contexts. To answer these questions and inform practice, research to strengthen the evidence-base on MSC is critical. Methods This paper draws on a 12-country study series on MSC for health and sustainable development, in the context of the health and rights of women, children and adolescents. It is written by core members of the research coordination and country teams. Issues were analyzed during the study period through ‘real-time’ discussions and structured reporting, as well as through literature reviews and retrospective feedback and analysis at the end of the study. Results We identify four considerations that are unique to MSC research which will be of interest to other researchers, in the context of COVID-19 and beyond: 1) use theoretical frameworks to frame research questions as relevant to all sectors and to facilitate theoretical generalizability and evolution; 2) specifically incorporate sectoral analysis into MSC research methods; 3) develop a core set of research questions, using mixed methods and contextual adaptations as needed, with agreement on criteria for research rigor; and 4) identify shared indicators of success and failure across sectors to assess MSCs. Conclusion In responding to COVID-19 it is evident that effective MSC is an urgent priority. It enables partners from diverse sectors to effectively convene to do more together than alone. Our findings have practical relevance for achieving this objective and contribute to the growing literature on partnerships and collaboration. We must seize the opportunity here to identify remaining knowledge gaps on how diverse sectors can work together efficiently and effectively in different settings to accelerate progress towards achieving shared goals.

A life-course approach to health encompasses strategies across individuals' lives that optimize their functional ability (taking into account the interdependence of individual, social, environmental, temporal and intergenerational factors), thereby enabling well-being and the realization of rights. The approach is a perfect fit with efforts to achieve universal health coverage and meet the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Properly applied, a life-course approach can increase the effectiveness of the former and help realize the vision of the latter, especially in ensuring health and well-being for all at all ages. Its implementation requires a shared understanding by individuals and societies of how health is shaped by multiple factors throughout life and across generations. Most studies have focused on noncommunicable disease and ageing populations in high-income countries and on epidemiological, theoretical and clinical issues. The aim of this article is to show how the life-course approach to health can be extended to all age groups, health topics and countries by building on a synthesis of existing scientific evidence, experience in different countries and advances in health strategies and programmes. A conceptual framework for the approach is presented along with implications for implementation in the areas of: (i) policy and investment; (ii) health services and systems; (iii) local, multisectoral and multistakeholder action; and (iv) measurement, monitoring and research. The SDGs provide a unique context for applying a holistic, multisectoral approach to achieving transformative outcomes for people, prosperity and the environment. A life-course approach can reinforce these efforts, particularly given its emphasis on rights and equity.Une approche sanitaire fondée sur le parcours de vie englobe des stratégies tout au long de la vie des individus qui optimisent leur capacité fonctionnelle (en prenant en compte l'interdépendance de facteurs individuels, sociaux, environnementaux, temporels et intergénérationnels), assurant ainsi le bien-être et l'exercice des droits. Cette approche s'inscrit parfaitement dans les efforts déployés pour parvenir à une couverture sanitaire universelle et atteindre les objectifs de développement durable (ODD). Lorsqu'elle est correctement appliquée, une approche fondée sur le parcours de vie peut accroître l'efficacité de la première et aider à concrétiser l'ambition des seconds, en assurant notamment la santé et le bien-être pour tous à tous les âges. Sa mise en œuvre exige une compréhension commune par les individus et les sociétés de la manière dont la santé est façonnée par de multiples facteurs tout au long de la vie et d'une génération à l'autre. La plupart des études réalisées ont porté sur des maladies non transmissibles et le vieillissement des populations dans les pays à revenu élevé, ainsi que sur des aspects épidémiologiques, théoriques et cliniques. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer que l'approche sanitaire fondée sur le parcours de vie peut être élargie à toutes les tranches d'âge, toutes les questions de santé et tous les pays en s'appuyant sur une synthèse des données scientifiques existantes, les expériences de différents pays et l'avancement des stratégies et programmes en matière de santé. Un cadre conceptuel de l'approche est présenté ainsi que les conséquences de sa mise en œuvre sur: (i) la politique et l'investissement; (ii) les services et systèmes de santé; (iii) les actions locales, multisectorielles et multipartites; et (iv) les mesures, la surveillance et la recherche. Les ODD fournissent un contexte unique pour l'application d'une approche globale et multisectorielle en vue d'obtenir des résultats porteurs de transformation pour les individus, la prospérité et l'environnement. Une approche fondée sur le parcours de vie peut renforcer ces efforts, notamment parce qu'elle met l'accent sur les droits et l'équité.Un enfoque basado en la salud para toda la vida engloba estrategias durante la vida de las personas, que optimizan su capacidad funcional (teniendo en cuenta la interdependencia de los factores individuales, sociales, ambientales, temporales e intergeneracionales), permitiendo así el bienestar y la realización de los derechos. El enfoque encaja perfectamente con los esfuerzos por lograr una cobertura sanitaria universal y cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS). Si se aplica correctamente, un enfoque para toda la vida puede aumentar la eficacia del primero y ayudar a alcanzar la visión de este último, especialmente para garantizar la salud y el bienestar en todas las edades. Su aplicación requiere una comprensión compartida entre individuos y sociedades sobre cómo la salud depende de múltiples factores presentes a lo largo de la vida y entre generaciones. La mayoría de los estudios se han centrado en las enfermedades no contagiosas, en el envejecimiento de la población en los países con ingresos altos y en cuestiones epidemiológicas, teóricas y clínicas. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo el enfoque basado en la salud para toda la vida se puede extender a todos los grupos de edades, temas de salud y países, mediante la creación de una síntesis de las pruebas científicas existentes, la experiencia en diferentes países y los avances en estrategias y programas de salud. Se presenta un marco conceptual del enfoque junto con las implicaciones para la aplicación en los siguientes campos: (i) política e inversión; (ii) servicios y sistemas de salud; (iii) acción local, multisectorial y de varias partes interesadas; y (iv) medición, supervisión e investigación. Los ODS proporcionan un contexto único para aplicar un enfoque holístico y multisectorial a fin de alcanzar unos resultados transformadores para las personas, la prosperidad y el medio ambiente. Un enfoque para toda la vida puede intensificar estos esfuerzos, sobre todo por su énfasis en los derechos y la equidad.يتضمن نهج مسار الحياة للتمتع بالصحة مجموعة من الاستراتيجيات على مدار حياة الأفراد وهي تعمل على تحسين قدرتهم الوظيفية (مع مراعاة الترابط بين العوامل الفردية، والاجتماعية، والبيئية، والزمانية، وبين الأجيال المختلفة)، وهو الأمر الذي يتيح التمتع بالصحة والعافية وإعمال الحقوق. ويعد هذا النهج مناسبًا تمامًا للجهود الرامية إلى تحقيق تغطية صحية شاملة وتلبية أهداف التنمية المستدامة (SDG). يمكن أن ينتج عن تطبيق نهج مسار الحياة بشكلٍ صحيح، زيادة فعالية الخدمة الأولى والمساعدة على تحقيق رؤية الأهداف الأخيرة المذكورة، وخصوصًا في ضمان التمتع بالصحة والعافية لجميع الأشخاص بكافة الأعمار. ويتطلب تنفيذه وجود تفاهم مشترك بين الأفراد والمجتمعات حول كيفية تكوين مبادئ الصحة من خلال العديد من العوامل على مدار الحياة وعبر مختلف الأجيال. لقد ركزت معظم الدراسات على الأمراض غير المعدية، وعلى السكان المسنين في البلدان مرتفعة الدخل، وعلى المشكلات الوبائية والنظرية والسريرية. إن الهدف من هذه المقالة هو توضيح كيف يمكن تمديد نطاق نهج مسار الحياة للتمتع بالصحة ليشمل جميع الفئات العمرية، والموضوعات الصحية، والبلدان من خلال البناء على توليفة من الأدلة العلمية المثبتة بالفعل، والخبرة في مختلف البلدان، وأوجه التقدم المحرز في الاستراتيجيات والبرامج الصحية. يتم تقديم إطارًا مفاهيميًا لهذا النهج إلى جانب ذكر الآثار المترتبة على تنفيذه في المجالات التالية: (1) السياسة والاستثمار؛ (2) والخدمات والنظم الصحية؛ (3) والإجراءات التي يتم اتخاذها على المستوى المحلي والقطاعات المتعددة والجهات المعنية المتعددة؛ (4) والقياس والرصد والبحث. توفر أهداف التنمية المستدامة سياقًا فريدًا من نوعه لتطبيق نهج شامل عبر العديد من القطاعات لتحقيق النتائج التحويلية للأشخاص والرخاء والبيئة. ويمكن لنهج مسار الحياة أن يعزز هذه الجهود، لا سيما بالنظر إلى تركيزه على الحقوق والمساواة.种健康的生活方式，包括优化机能水平的个人生活策略（考虑到个人、社会、环境、时间和代际因素之间的相互依赖性），从而实现福祉和权利。该方式完全符合实现全民健康保障和可持续发展目标。适当采用这种生活方式可以提高前者的有效性，并有助于实现后者的愿景，特别是在确保所有年龄段人民的健康和幸福方面。它的实施需要个人和社会共同理解：在整个生命和几代人中，健康是如何受到多种因素影响的。大多数研究都集中在高收入国家的非传染性疾病和老龄化人群以及流行病学、理论和临床问题上。本文旨在展示如何通过综合现有的科学实证、不同国家的经验以及卫生策略和方案的进展，将该健康的生活方式推广到所有年龄段、健康主题和国家。展示该方式的概念框架以及实施对下列领域产生的影响：(i) 政策和投资；(ii) 卫生服务和系统；(iii) 地方、多部门和多方利益相关者的行动；(iv) 测量、监测和研究。可持续发展目标为采用全面、多部门的方法实现人民、繁荣和环境的变革成果提供了独特的环境。一种生活方式可以加强这些努力，特别是考虑到对权利和公平的重视。.Подход к здоровью, рассчитанный на всю продолжительность жизни человека, включает в себя применяемые на протяжении всей жизни людей стратегии, которые оптимизируют их функциональные способности (с учетом взаимозависимости индивидуальных, социальных, экологических, временных и межпоколенческих факторов), тем самым обеспечивая благополучие и реализацию прав. Этот подход идеально сочетается с усилиями по достижению всеобщего охвата медико-санитарным обслуживанием и целей в области устойчивого развития (ЦУР). Правильно применяемый подход на протяжении всей жизни может повысить эффективность первого и помочь реализовать концепцию последних, особенно в обеспечении здоровья и благополучия для всех людей любого возраста. Его реализация требует общего понимания отдельными людьми и обществом того, как под воздействием нескольких факторов формируется здоровье в течение всей жизни и из поколения в поколение. В большинстве исследований основное внимание уделялось неинфекционным болезням и пожилой группе населения в странах с высоким уровнем доходов, а также эпидемиологическим, теоретическим и клиническим вопросам. Цель этой статьи — показать, как подход к здоровью, рассчитанный на всю продолжительность жизни, может быть распространен на все возрастные группы, вопросы относительно здравоохранения и страны, опираясь на обобщение существующих научных данных, опыта в разных странах и достижений в стратегиях и программах здравоохранения. Представлены концептуальные схемы подхода, а также последствия для реализации в следующих областях: (i) политика и инвестиции; (ii) медико-санитарное обслуживание и система здравоохранения; (iii) местная, многосекторальная деятельность с участием многих заинтересованных сторон и (iv) измерения, мониторинг и исследования. ЦУР представляют собой уникальный фон для применения целостного многосекторального подхода к достижению таких результатов, которые оказывают преобразующее воздействие на людей, их благосостояние и окружающую среду. Данный подход может подкреплять эти усилия, особенно с учетом его акцента на правах и справедливости.

Reflecting on Storeng and Béhague ("Lives in the balance": the politics of integration in the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health. Health Policy and Planning Storeng and Béhague (2016).) historical ethnography of the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH), this commentary provides a more current account of PMNCH's trajectory since its inception in 2005. It highlights PMNCH's distinct characteristics and how it is positioned to play an instrumental role in the current global health landscape.

To identify how 10 low- and middle-income countries achieved accelerated progress, ahead of comparable countries, towards meeting millennium development goals 4 and 5A to reduce child and maternal mortality.We synthesized findings from multistakeholder dialogues and country policy reports conducted previously for the Success Factors studies in 10 countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Nepal, Peru, Rwanda and Viet Nam. A framework approach was used to analyse and synthesize the data from the country reports, resulting in descriptive or explanatory conclusions by theme.Successful policy and programme approaches were categorized in four strategic areas: leadership and multistakeholder partnerships; health sector; sectors outside health; and accountability for resources and results. Consistent and coordinated inputs across sectors, based on high-impact interventions, were assessed. Within the health sector, key policy and programme strategies included defining standards, collecting and using data, improving financial protection, and improving the availability and quality of services. Outside the health sector, strategies included investing in girls' education, water, sanitation and hygiene, poverty reduction, nutrition and food security, and infrastructure development. Countries improved accountability by strengthening and using data systems for planning and evaluating progress.Reducing maternal and child mortality in the 10 fast-track countries can be linked to consistent and coordinated policy and programme inputs across health and other sectors. The approaches used by successful countries have relevance to other countries looking to scale-up or accelerate progress towards the sustainable development goals.Déterminer comment dix pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire ont réussi à accomplir des progrès accélérés, vis-à-vis de pays comparables, en vue d'atteindre les objectifs 4 et 5A du Millénaire pour le développement visant à réduire la mortalité infantile et maternelle.Nous avons synthétisé les conclusions de dialogues multipartites et de rapports d'orientation nationaux précédemment établis pour étudier les facteurs de succès dans les dix pays concernés: le Bangladesh, le Cambodge, la Chine, l'Égypte, l'Éthiopie, le Népal, le Pérou, la République démocratique populaire lao, le Rwanda et le Viet Nam. Une approche de cadre a été utilisée pour analyser et synthétiser les données tirées des rapports nationaux, ce qui a donné lieu à des conclusions descriptives ou explicatives en fonction de différents thèmes.Les approches politiques et de programme réussies ont été classées dans quatre domaines stratégiques: leadership et partenariats multipartites; secteur de la santé; secteurs autres que celui de la santé; et responsabilisation en matière de ressources et de résultats. Les contributions cohérentes et coordonnées dans les différents secteurs, basées sur des interventions à fort impact, ont été évaluées. Dans le secteur de la santé, les principales stratégies politiques et de programme incluaient la définition de normes, la collecte et l'utilisation de données, l'amélioration de la protection financière et l'amélioration de l'accessibilité et de la qualité des services. En dehors du secteur de la santé, les stratégies impliquaient des investissements dans l'éducation des filles, l'eau, l'assainissement et l'hygiène, la réduction de la pauvreté, la nutrition et la sécurité alimentaire et le développement des infrastructures. Les pays ont amélioré leur responsabilisation grâce au renforcement et à l'utilisation de systèmes de données permettant de planifier et d'évaluer les progrès.La réduction accélérée de la mortalité maternelle et infantile dans les dix pays peut être liée à l'élaboration de politiques et de programmes cohérents et coordonnés au sein du secteur de la santé et des autres secteurs. Les approches utilisées par les pays qui enregistrent des succès présentent un intérêt pour d'autres pays cherchant à augmenter ou à accélérer les progrès en vue des objectifs de développement durable.Identificar el modo en que diez países con ingresos bajos y medios han logrado un progreso acelerado, por delante de países comparables, camino de cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio 4 y 5A para reducir la mortalidad infantil y materna.Se sintetizaron los resultados de diálogos entre varias partes y los informes de políticas de países redactados anteriormente en relación con los estudios de los factores de éxito en los diez países: Bangladesh, Camboya, China, Egipto, Etiopía, Nepal, Perú, República Democrática Popular Lao, Rwanda y Viet Nam. Se utilizó un enfoque de marco para analizar y sintetizar los datos de los informes de países, lo que dio lugar a conclusiones descriptivas o explicativas por tema.Se categorizaron los enfoques de programas y políticas que tuvieron éxito en cuatro áreas estratégicas: alianzas de liderazgo y de diversas partes interesadas; sector sanitario; sectores no sanitarios; y contabilidad de recursos y resultados. Se evaluaron las contribuciones coherentes y coordinadas en todos los sectores, en base a las intervenciones con gran impacto. Dentro del sector sanitario, las estrategias fundamentales de programas y políticas incluyeron la definición de estándares, la recopilación y el uso de datos, la mejora de la protección financiera y la mejora de la disponibilidad y calidad de los servicios. Fuera del sector sanitario, las estrategias incluyeron la inversión en la educación de niñas, agua, saneamiento e higiene, reducción de la pobreza, nutrición y seguridad alimentaria, y desarrollo de infraestructuras. Los países mejoraron su contabilidad consolidando y utilizando sistemas de datos para el progreso de planificación y evaluación.La reducción de la mortalidad materna e infantil en los diez países de vía rápida puede estar relacionada con las contribuciones coherentes y coordinadas de programas y políticas, tanto en el sector sanitario como en otros. Los enfoques utilizados por los países que han tenido éxito son relevantes para otros países que buscan aumentar y acelerar el progreso hacia los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible.تحديد كيفية تفوق 10 من البلدان منخفضة الدخل والبلدان متوسطة الدخل على الدول النظيرة لها في تحقيق التقدم الحثيث نحو تنفيذ الأهداف 4 و5أ من الأهداف الإنمائية لهذه الألفية من أجل الحد من وفيات الأمهات والأطفال.عملنا على توليف النتائج التي أسفرت عنها الحوارات التي تشمل العديد من الجهات المعنية وكذلك التقارير التي سبق إعدادها بشأن السياسة التي تنتهجها الدول للخروج بدراسات تتناول عوامل النجاح في تلك الدول العشرة: بنغلاديش، وكمبوديا، والصين، ومصر، وإثيوبيا، وجمهورية لاو الديمقراطية الشعبية، ونيبال، وبيرو، ورواندا، وفييت نام. وتم استخدام نهج إطاري لتحليل وتوليف البيانات المستمدة من التقارير التي تتناول البلدان، مما أثمر عن استنتاجات وصفية أو توضيحية مصنفة حسب الموضوع.تم تصنيف الأساليب المتبعة لتطبيق السياسات والبرامج الناجحة إلى أربعة مجالات استراتيجية: شراكات بين القيادات والجهات المعنية؛ وقطاع الصحة؛ والقطاعات خارج نطاق الصحة؛ وتحمل المسؤولية عن الموارد والنتائج. وتم تقييم مدخلات تتسم بالاتساق والتنسيق فيما بين العديد من القطاعات بناءً على التدخلات بالغة الأثر. وتضمنت الاستراتيجيات الرئيسة للسياسات والبرامج التي يشملها قطاع الصحة تحديد المعايير، وجمع البيانات واستخدامها، وتعزيز الحماية المالية، وتحسين مدى توفر الخدمات وجودتها. وفيما يتعلق بالقطاع خارج نطاق الصحة تضمنت الاستراتيجيات الاستثمار في مجال تعليم الفتيات، والمياه، والنظافة والعادات الصحية، والحد من الفقر، والتغذية والأمن الغذائي، وتطوير البنية التحتية. ورفعت الدول من مستوى تحمل المسؤولية عن طريق تعزيز نظم البيانات وتفعيلها للتخطيط وتقييم مدى إحراز التقدم.إن الحد من وفيات الأمهات والأطفال في الدول العشرة سريعة التقدم على ذلك الطريق يمكن ربطه باتباع سياسة تتسم بالاتساق والتنسيق وكذلك مدخلات البرامج عبر العديد من القطاعات التي تشمل قطاع الصحة وغيره من القطاعات. وتتصل الأساليب التي تتبعها الدول الناجحة بدول أخرى تتطلع إلى التقدم بمعدل أعلى أو وتيرة أسرع نحو تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة.为了确定 10 个低收入和中等收入国家如何取得加速进展，领先于同等水平的国家，实现千年发展目标 4 和 5A，以及降低儿童死亡率和产妇死亡率。.我们综合了之前在10 个国家的成功要素研究中开展的多方利益相关者对话以及国家政策报告中的研究结果： 这 10 个国家是：埃及、埃塞俄比亚、柬埔寨、老挝人民民主共和国、卢旺达、孟加拉国、秘鲁、尼泊尔、越南和中国。 采用框架法来分析和综合来自国家报告的数据，依照主题生成描述性或解释性结论。.成功的政策和计划方法分为四个战略领域： 领导阶层和多方利益相关者的伙伴关系；卫生部门；卫生以外的部门以及资源和成果问责制。 基于极具影响力的干预措施，对各部门的一致性和协调性投入进行了评估。 在卫生部门，主要政策和计划策略包括定义标准、收集和使用数据、提高财务保障以及提高服务的可获得性和质量。 在卫生部门以外，战略包括女童教育投资、供水、环境卫生和个人卫生、减少贫困、营养和食品安全以及基础设施发展。国家通过加强和使用数据系统进行规划和评估进展以改善问责制。.在 10 个快速发展国家，可以将降低产妇死亡率和儿童死亡率与卫生部门和其他部门的一致性和协调性政策和计划投入相结合。 成功国家采用的方法可以与其他国家相关联，以寻求按比例增加或加速实现可持续发展目标的进展。.Определить, как 10 странам с низким и средним уровнем доходов удалось продемонстрировать ускоренный по сравнению с сопоставимыми странами прогресс в плане достижения целей тысячелетия 4 и 5A в области развития, сформулированных в Декларации тысячелетия, предполагающих сокращение детской и материнской смертности.Данные, полученные из ранее проведенных диалогов с участием широкого круга заинтересованных сторон и ранее составленных отчетов о стратегических направлениях развития стран, были обобщены для изучения факторов успеха в 10 странах: Бангладеш, Вьетнам, Египет, Камбоджа, Китай, Лаосская Народно-Демократическая Республика, Непал, Перу, Руанда и Эфиопия. С помощью рамочного подхода данные из докладов стран были проанализированы и обобщены, в результате чего были сделаны выводы по теме с описаниями или объяснениями.Успешные подходы к воплощению планов действия и программ были отнесены к четырем стратегическим областям: руководство и партнерство с большим количеством заинтересованных сторон, сфера здравоохранения, другие сферы экономики и ответственность за ресурсы и результаты. Была проведена оценка систематического и согласованного вклада из различных секторов, в основу которого были заложены высокоэффективные мероприятия. В сфере здравоохранения основные стратегии планов действий и программ включали определение стандартов, сбор и применение данных, повышение финансовой защиты, а также доступности и качества услуг. В других сферах стратегии включали инвестирование в системы образования для девочек, водоснабжение и область санитарии и гигиены, сокращение масштабов бедности, обеспечение продовольственной безопасности и безопасности питания и развитие инфраструктуры. Усиление механизмов подотчетности в странах было достигнуто за счет совершенствования и использования систем данных для планирования и анализа хода развития.Снижение уровней материнской и детской смертности в 10 странах, демонстрирующих ускоренный прогресс, может быть связано с систематическим и согласованным вкладом, внесенным в результате реализации стратегических планов и программ, в сферу здравоохранения и другие сферы. Подходы, которые использовали достигшие успеха страны, могут быть применены в других странах, стремящихся ускорить продвижение по пути к достижению целей в области устойчивого развития.

Shyama Kuruvilla and colleagues present findings across 12 country case studies of multisectoral collaboration, showing how diverse sectors intentionally shape new ways of collaborating and learning, using “business not as usual” strategies to transform situations and achieve shared goals. WE PRESENT a model of enabling factors for effective multisectoral collaboration for improvements in health and sustainable development: DRIVE CHANGE: assess whether desired change is better off achieved by multisectoral collaboration; drive forward collaboration by mobilising a critical mass of policy and public attention. DEFINE: frame the problem strategically and holistically so that all sectors and stakeholders can see the benefits of collaboration and contribution to the public good. DESIGN: create solutions relevant to context, building on existing mechanisms, and leverage the strengths of diverse sectors for collective impact. RELATE: ensure resources for multisectoral collaboration mechanisms, including for open communication and deliberation on evidence, norms, and innovation across all components of collaboration. REALISE: learn by doing, and adapt with regular feedback. Remain open to redefining and redesigning the collaboration to ensure relevance, effectiveness, and responsiveness to change CAPTURE SUCCESS: agree on success markers, using qualitative and quantitative methods to monitor results regularly and comprehensively, and learn from both failures and successes to inform action and sustain gains.

Stakeholders from a range of sectors --including health, finance, planning, water and sanitation, nutrition and education--and from diverse constituencies --including government, nongovernmental organizations, private sector and academic institutions --all contribute to the improvement of women's, children's and adolescents' health. Multistakeholder dialogues are structured processes used to bring stakeholders together to develop a shared understanding of issues, evidence and plans of action. (1) The sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the Global strategy for womens, childrens and adolescents' health (2016-2030) emphasize the importance of multistakeholder and cross-sector collaboration. (2,3) Multistakeholder dialogues can facilitate these processes, and their benefits and challenges have been shown in a variety of sectors and contexts. (1) Few multistakeholder dialogues have been systematically documented and evaluated, which is required to understand how they can be most effectively undertaken to support implementation and evaluation. This paper describes multistakeholder dialogues conducted as part of the Success factors for women's and children's health studies. (4,5) When the studies started in 2012, only 10 low- and middle-income countries were on track to meet both millennium development goals (MDGs) 4 and 5A, to reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds and reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters, respectively. These countries were Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Nepal, Peru, Rwanda and Viet Nam. (5) Between 2014 and 2015, these countries conducted dialogues to understand which policies or programmes, both within and outside the health sector, contributed to progress. They then documented the results in country policy reports. (4) The policy and programme findings across the country multistakeholder dialogues are published elsewhere. (6) Here, we describe the processes, identify strengths and challenges and highlight key lessons for future efforts, by drawing on the perspectives of those who participated in the design and implementation of the dialogues. In total, 407 stakeholders across the 10 countries engaged in the dialogues. While initiated by international study partners, the dialogues in each country were led by health ministries and convened by World Health Organization (WHO) country teams (or an organization identified by WHO) with key development partners. (4) National consultants in most countries, three international consultants and international partner organizations provided technical support. The dialogues followed three phases (Table 1). Phase 1 was preparatory. International partners contacted national conveners and provided a background literature and data review. In most countries, the convening organization contracted a national consultant to facilitate the dialogues and update the background information. A first draft report, on the policies and programmes potentially associated with mortality reductions, was distributed to participants. Phase 2 was conducting the multistakeholder meetings. (4) Participants agreed on four plausibility criteria to determine which policy and programme inputs were likely to be associated with mortality reductions (Box 1). In most countries the meetings were held over two days. In one country, individual interviews replaced the meeting because of contextual constraints. In two countries, follow-up meetings were convened to ensure participation from sectors outside health. Phase 3 was dissemination of findings and follow up. Findings were further validated using key informant interviews in some countries. The final country policy reports were prepared by the international consultants, reviewed by national stakeholders, and signed-off by health ministries. (4) Plans for dissemination and follow-up action varied in each country. The phases, timing and costs associated with the multistakeholder dialogues are detailed in Table 1. …

Box 1 The Global strategy for women's, children's and adolescents' health (2016-2030) Objectives of the global strategy: * Survive: end preventable mortality; * Thrive: promote health and well-being; and * Transform: expand enabling environments. Five drivers of change to achieve the objectives based on the global strategy action areas: * People: individual potential and community engagement; * Political effectiveness: country leadership, financing, accountability; * Programmes: health system, multisector, humanitarian, research and innovation; * Partnerships: Every Woman Every Child Partnerships, Including the Global Financing Facility, the United Nations and multilateral H6 partnership, Unified Accountability Framework and Independent Accountability Panel, Innovation Marketplace and other national, regional and global partnerships; and * Principles: country-led, universal, sustainable, human-rights based, equity-driven, gender-responsive, evidence-informed, partnership-driven, people-centred, community-owned, accountable, aligned with development effectiveness and humanitarian norms. The Global strategy for women's, children's and adolescents' health (2016-2030) provides a roadmap for ending preventable deaths of women, children and adolescents by 2030 and helping them achieve their potential for and rights to health and well-being in all settings. (1) The global strategy has three objectives: survive (end preventable deaths); thrive (ensure health and well-being); and transform (expand enabling environments). These objectives are aligned with 17 targets within nine of the sustainable development goals (SDGs),2 including SDG 3 on health and other SDGs related to the political, social, economic and environmental determinants of health and sustainable development. Like the SDGs, the global strategy is universal in scope and multisectoral in action, aiming for transformative change across numerous challenging areas for health and sustainable development (Box 1). (1) The strategy was developed through evidence reviews and syntheses and a global stakeholder consultation, (3,4) and draws on new thinking about priorities and approaches for health and sustainable development. (4) Particular attention was given to experience gained and lessons learnt by countries during implementation of the previous Global strategy for women's and children's health (2010-2015) (5) and achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs). (6,7) A five-year operational framework with up-to-date technical resources has also been developed to support country-led implementation of the global strategy. This framework will be regularly updated until 2030. (1,3) Evidence shows that progress is required across a set of overlapping and mutually reinforcing areas to improve the health, dignity and well-being of women, children and adolescents. (4,7,8) Key areas for action were set out in the first global strategy (2010-2015), including health financing; the health system and workforce; access to essential interventions and life-saving commodities; national leadership; and accountability. (5) Based on emergent evidence, sociopolitical and environmental changes and the SDGs, the current global strategy (2016-2030) includes new strategic areas, for example adolescent health; humanitarian and fragile settings; an integrated life-course approach to health recognizing the links across different stages; multisector approaches; and guiding principles such as universality, human rights, equity and development effectiveness. (1) Evidence indicates that countries can accelerate progress in health and sustainable development through integrated action within the health sector and across social, economic and environmental sectors. (7,9) For example, through investments across sectors, the Chinese government lifted 439 million people out of poverty between 1990 and 2015, reduced child and maternal mortality by over 80% and 72%, respectively, and raised secondary school enrolment to over 99%, with equal numbers of boys and girls enrolled. …

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) mobilized global commitments to promote health, socioeconomic, and sustainable development. Trends indicate that the health MDGs may not be achieved by 2015, in part because of insufficient coordination across related health, socioeconomic, and environmental initiatives. Explicitly acknowledging the need for such collaboration, the Meikirch Model of Health posits that: Health is a state of wellbeing emergent from conducive interactions between individuals' potentials, life's demands, and social and environmental determinants. Health results throughout the life course when individuals' potentials – and social and environmental determinants – suffice to respond satisfactorily to the demands of life. Life's demands can be physiological, psychosocial, or environmental, and vary across contexts, but in every case unsatisfactory responses lead to disease. This conceptualization of the integrative nature of health could contribute to ongoing efforts to strengthen cooperation across actors and sectors to improve individual and population health – leading up to 2015 and beyond.

A new Global Investment Framework for Women's and Children's Health demonstrates how investment in women's and children's health will secure high health, social, and economic returns. We costed health systems strengthening and six investment packages for: maternal and newborn health, child health, immunisation, family planning, HIV/AIDS, and malaria. Nutrition is a cross-cutting theme. We then used simulation modelling to estimate the health and socioeconomic returns of these investments. Increasing health expenditure by just $5 per person per year up to 2035 in 74 high-burden countries could yield up to nine times that value in economic and social benefits. These returns include greater gross domestic product (GDP) growth through improved productivity, and prevention of the needless deaths of 147 million children, 32 million stillbirths, and 5 million women by 2035. These gains could be achieved by an additional investment of $30 billion per year, equivalent to a 2% increase above current spending.

Learning together, from success and from failure

Global momentum around women's, children's, and adolescents' health, coupled with the ambitious and equalizing agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), has exposed a tension between the need for comprehensive, multi-actor, rights-based approaches that seek to "close the gaps" and a growing economic and political imperative to demonstrate efficiency, effectiveness, and returns on specific investments. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a framework to measure "results" in a way that offers a more nuanced understanding of the impact of human rights-based approaches and their complexity, as well as their contextual, multi-sectoral, and evolving nature. We argue that the impact of human rights-based approaches is best measured across a spectrum of change-at the individual, programmatic, structural, and societal levels. Such an analysis would allow for more accurate assessments of the cumulative effect of these changes. The paper also underscores the long-overdue need to better define the parameters of a human rights-based approach to health. This is an important part of the research agenda on human rights and health in the context of the SDGs and the Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health, and amid calls for better measurement and greater accountability for resources, results, and rights at all levels. While this paper focuses on women's, children's, and adolescents' health, the proposed framework can apply as readily to other areas of health and provides a new frame of reference for assessing the impact of human rights-based approaches.

Every preventable death poses a challenge to health, development, and human rights initiatives. Although the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) prioritize reducing maternal and child mortality, progress is unequal and the sustainability of related efforts beyond 2015 is a concern. Strategies that link the MDGs and human rights would facilitate more comprehensive, equitable, and sustainable progress in health and development. Strategies include: ensuring entitlements that link human rights provisions with laws and resources; building capacities for different contexts and challenges; promoting integration and innovation to catalyze progress; combating inequality and discrimination; committing to accountability for resources and results; and emphasizing sustainability.

The hope that policy-making is a rational process lies at the heart of policy science and democratic practice. However, what constitutes rationality is not clear. In policy deliberations, scientific, democratic, moral, and ecological concerns are often at odds. Harold Lasswell, in instituting the contemporary policy sciences, found that John Dewey's pragmatist philosophy provided an integrative foundation that took into account all these considerations. As the policy sciences developed with a predominantly empirical focus on discrete aspects of policy-making, this holistic perspective was lost for a while. Contemporary theorists are reclaiming pragmatist philosophy as a framework for public policy and administration. In this article, key postulates of pragmatist philosophy are transposed to policy science by developing a new theoretical model of transactive rationality. This model is developed in light of current policy analyses, and against the backdrop of three classical policy science theories of rationality: linear and bounded rationalism; incrementalism; and mixed-scanning. Transactive rationality is a "fourth approach" that, by integrating scientific, democratic, moral, and ecological considerations, serves as a more holistic, explanatory, and normative guide for public policy and democratic practice.

SUMMARY Public health concerns underlie a considerable portion of the global burden of disease, increasing the utility and need for promoting and assessing the knowledge about public health issues. Health literacy is generally agreed upon as a means to find, understand, analyze and use information to make better decisions about health and to ultimately reduce inequities in health. A public health literacy knowledge scale was tested in China, Mexico, Ghana and India. A somewhat unexpected finding, which was that experts ‘scored’ less on the scale than the general public, led to consideration of differences between clinical and public health approaches to health literacy and their implications. These differences in perspective, for instance consideration of single case effects versus impacts at the societal level, pose significant challenges to developing and assessing health literacy. We suggest that a comprehensive approach to health literacy will include both clinical and public health approaches.

Rationality bashing has become a popular sport. Critiques have quite rightly challenged models of rational planning that follow a linear progression from predefined ends to achieved goals. There have been several alternative theoretical and empirical developments including incrementalist projects, network theories, critical communication approaches, and heuristic models.

The increased demand for evidence-based practice in health policy in recent years has provoked a parallel increase in diverse evidence-based outputs designed to translate knowledge from researchers to policy makers and practitioners. Such knowledge translation ideally creates user-friendly outputs, tailored to meet information needs in a particular context for a particular audience. Yet matching users' knowledge needs to the most suitable output can be challenging. We have developed an evidence synthesis framework to help knowledge users, brokers, commissioners and producers decide which type of output offers the best 'fit' between 'need' and 'response'. We conducted a four-strand literature search for characteristics and methods of evidence synthesis outputs using databases of peer reviewed literature, specific journals, grey literature and references in relevant documents. Eight experts in synthesis designed to get research into policy and practice were also consulted to hone issues for consideration and ascertain key studies. In all, 24 documents were included in the literature review. From these we identified essential characteristics to consider when planning an output-Readability, Relevance, Rigour and Resources-which we then used to develop a process for matching users' knowledge needs with an appropriate evidence synthesis output. We also identified 10 distinct evidence synthesis outputs, classifying them in the evidence synthesis framework under four domains: key features, utility, technical characteristics and resources, and in relation to six primary audience groups-professionals, practitioners, researchers, academics, advocates and policy makers. Users' knowledge needs vary and meeting them successfully requires collaborative planning. The Framework should facilitate a more systematic assessment of the balance of essential characteristics required to select the best output for the purpose.

Information is vital for health and development, but the world’s scientific knowledge remains largely out of reach for many countries. To attain global health equity, relevant information and the technologies to deliver it must be widely available and effectively used. The Health InterNetwork initiative is a unique partnership created to bridge the digital divide in health, based on the principle of equitable access to health information. Launched as part of the United Nations Millennium Action Plan with the World Health Organization as its lead agency, the Health InterNetwork aims to improve public health by facilitating the flow of health information, using the Internet. The core elements of the project are content, Internet connectivity, and capacity building.

Background The health Millennium Development Goals (4, 5, 6) impose the same ambitious 2015 targets on every country. Few low-income countries are on track to reach them. Some authors have proposed country-specific targets as a more informative method by which countries can measure their progress against their potential. Methods This paper demonstrates a supplementary approach to assess individual country progress that complements the global goals by adjusting for socioeconomic resources and prior time trends. A minimum performance target adjusts for time and national GDP. Fast-track targets, based on best-performing countries’ progress within regional and income groups, adjust for health and non-health sector factors known to affect maternal and child health. Results Measuring by the minimum performance target, 74% and 59% of low- and middle-income countries are on track for reducing child mortality and maternal mortality, respectively, compared with 69% and 22% using global MDGs. Only 20% and 7% of low- and middle-income countries are on track for the child and maternal mortality fast-track targets. Conclusions Supplementary targets in maternal and child health, adjusted for each country's resources and policy performance can help countries know if they are truly underperforming relative to their potential. Adjusted targets can also flag countries that have surpassed their potential, and open opportunities for learning from success. Funding Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health and the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, as part of the Success Factors Study on reducing maternal and child mortality. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12992-014-0067-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This study compared house-to-house survey and rapid rural appraisal as methods used to identify people with disabilities in a sample rural population in South India. The research showed that by using these methods, two distinctly different populations were identified. The factors that influenced the identification processes were: local perceptions and definitions of disability; social dynamics, particularly those of gender and age; relationships within the rapid rural appraisal groups and between the health auxiliary and the respondents in the house-to-house survey; and the type of disability and the associated social implications and stigma of that disability. While a few more people were identified through the house-to-house survey, the rapid rural appraisal was a better approach for identifying disability in the community because of the greater community participation. The researchers believe that this community participation provided a greater understanding of the complex contextual dynamics influencing the identification of disability, thereby increasing the validity of the study findings. Another advantage of the rapid rural appraisal was the methodological and analytical simplicity. Both methods, however, failed to identify some individuals with disabilities who were later identified on the follow-up verification visits. Taking into account the factors discussed above, the researchers conclude that no single method could be used to comprehensively identify people with disability in a community. They suggest that a judicious combination of methods which takes into account local perceptions and priorities, includes more specific screening techniques, and facilitates informed voluntary referrals, would be the most effective approach.

People who participate in policy-making, from government, academia,\ud industry and civil society, would all prefer their perspectives be regarded\ud as rational. There is little agreement, however, on what comprises\ud rationality, with conflicting claims of 'scientific sense' and 'democratic\ud sensibility', and disagreement on whether moral considerations are part of\ud rational decision-making.\ud Pragmatist philosopher John Dewey drew from the natural and social\ud sciences, as well as his international political experience, to describe\ud rationality as a characteristic of human agency. He posited that rationality\ud should comprise scientific sense, democratic sensibility and moral\ud imagination in order to resolve problematic situations and support\ud individual and social flourishing.\ud In instituting contemporary policy science, Harold Lasswell considered\ud pragmatist philosophy to be its foundation. However, this pragmatist\ud perspective has since been overlooked. Policy science developed with a\ud primarily empirical focus on discrete aspects of policy-making. There is\ud now an identified need for more integrative and normative theories to\ud better understand and guide public policy.\ud The primary goal of this thesis is to demonstrate that rationality, as\ud defined in pragmatist philosophy, can integrate diverse considerations of\ud policy theory and public participation. In order to make the philosophical\ud concepts more operative, a new theory of policy-making - the Decision Cell\ud 3\ud model - is developed. This model is structured according to key 'pillars' of\ud pragmatist philosophy and shaped by contemporary theoretical and\ud empirical analyses, particularly of health policy. Primary research on the\ud impact of health services and policy research at LSHTM, and on UNICEFcivil\ud society organisation partnerships with respect to children's rights,\ud further informs the development and application of this model.\ud The Decision Cell model also allows for a comparative analysis of\ud normative frameworks for health policy. Mechanisms to facilitate\ud adopting a pragmatist approach to rational policy-making are highlighted,\ud as are the potential advantages and challenges of doing so.

BackgroundPneumonia, diarrhea and measles are the leading causes of death in children worldwide, but have a disproportionately low share of international funding and media attention. In comparison, AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria--diseases that also significantly affect children--receive considerably more funding and have relatively high media coverage. This study investigates the potential relationship between media agenda setting and funding levels in the context of the actual burden of disease.MethodsThe news databases Lexis Nexis, Factiva, and Google News Archive were searched for the diseases AIDS, TB and Malaria and for lower funded pediatric diseases: childhood pneumonia, diarrhea, and measles. A sample of news articles across geographic regions was also analyzed using a qualitative narrative frame analysis of how the media stories were told.ResultsThere were significantly more articles addressing the Global Fund diseases compared to the lower funded pediatric diseases between 1981 and 2008 (1,344,150 versus 291,865 articles). There were also notable differences in the framing of media narratives: 1) There was a high proportion of articles with the primary purpose of raising awareness for AIDS, TB and malaria (46.2%) compared with only 17.9% of the pediatric disease articles. 2) Nearly two-thirds (61.5%) of the AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria articles used a human rights, legal or social justice frame, compared with 46.2% for the lower funded pediatric disease articles, which primarily used an ethical or moral frame.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that lower funded pediatric diseases are presented differently in the media, both quantitatively and qualitatively, than higher funded, higher profile diseases.